Ell =I =I MIMI • NMI MI NMI MN MI IMO INII MN MO MIN IMO MI INN MI INN 111•1

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Kai, emop,ao-ToTtiTn ep geca)- 1..cao-a, OTT 7TOTE Tp6777p TOUT ' eryEVET0' e71"Ei, 11,411TOt

KaTEV697Cra T a e7,- tv7 8€ i'),uaT a 76.iv 247rapTtaTelni, obraTt

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eKei,vos ryAp ol) ,utivicrcip,evos Tas 'ciXXas 7rOXecs, axxa Kai evavTla (pan Tais 7rXeio-Talc 7rpo-

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pco pat, of µEv axxo, Tas /...xxo ilcr as TLKT€LV

Kai, KaXcin 8oico6o-ac K6pac TratcSeimo-Oac, Kai criTcp allIATT(W ICIETptCOTCItT(p Tp496oval Kai, iilfrco

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eicriv, arra) Kat Tas K6pas of aXXot "EXX7ives

i)pekt4-oi;o-as 4itovpry€1,v Tac "Lb, aiv

oi3To)Tp€91)op,4vac witis xp?) 7rpocr8oK71crat pxyaXel,ov

av TI yeivijorat;

x36

CONSTITUTION OF THE LACEDAEMONIANS

r, \_\c,' ITT occurred to me one day that Sparta, though among the Most thinly populated of states, was evidently the most powerful and most celebrated city in Greece ; and I fell to wondering how this could have happened: But when I considered the institutions of the Spartans, I wondered no longer.

Lycurgus, who gave them the laws that they 2 obey, and to which they owe their prosperity, I do regard with wonder ; and I think that he reached • the utmost limit of wisdom. For . it was not by imitating other states, but by devising a system .

utterly different from that of most others, that he I made his country pre-eminently prosperous.

First, to begin at the beginning, I will take the 3 begetting of children.' In other states the girl's who are destined to become mothers and are brought up in the approved fashion, live on the very plainest fare, with . a most meagre allowanCe of delicacies. Wine is either withheld altogether, or, if allowed them, is diluted with water. The rest of the Greeks expect their girls to imitate the sedentary life that is typical of handicraftsmen—to keep quiet and do wool-work. How, then, is it to be expected that women so brought up will bear fine children ?

The prose Constitution of the Lacedaemonians by Critias began with the same point. See Introduction III.

137

ps• pm ow um moo ow ow 4

XENOPHON

4 '0 8E AtiKoOpyos ecroifras µ Ev Ka2 SooXas

7rape'xetv iKavas nrjo-aTo elvat, 'm/s 4Xeu-

04pats ,u,47tcyrov voiLto•as elvat 7-7/v TeKvo7rottav

7rpc1)Tov tav o-col.tao-Ker:v gTaev oOnv '7,TT011 TO

0i)Xti Toy 'cippevos cboXou. g7retra 8E 8p6,uou Kai,

eiaTrep Tols c'tv8pcio-tv, o.ijTco Ka),

Tai's OnXetats at-y(4as 7rpOs a,A,X4X,as e7ioi77 ac, v,op,4-cov E ci,u9hoT4pcov icrxvpc4 kat Ta, 'efc ryova

eppco,uev&rTepa ylyvecrOat.

5 'Evet ye idiv ryvv?) 7rpOs liv8pa gXGot, Opitiv ,

Tan 'CiXXOUS TOP '717JC7)TOU xpOvov u,,euTpan

Tdis yvvatrt cr-vv6vTas, Kat, To6rov Tavavria g,yvco.

gariKe yap a18elo-Gat /Lb, elat6vTa ,O950livat, al8d-

crOat e E tOvTa. oiiTco 8E cruv6v7-cov t-oeetvoT4pws

tav 06,47, erchio'v at'yrc7)v gxetv, 1ppco,uev4o-Tepa 8a

eytyvecrOat, ei TI OXCII,CTTOt, aiTCO pziX•Xov 1') el 6 8taKopot aX?4Xwv elev. rp6s 8E ToOTots, Kai,

etvonaticras 'rob Or6Te OcnAotvTo gKacrTot yvvaitca

ayecrOac gTaeev Ev alcitais Tc7)v CrOJILLCiTCOV Tan

ryCip,01.1S vot€Zo - Oat, kat ToOTo crv,uckjpov T9 dyewict

7 vo/..4cov. er ye p,bTot erv,uRatn yEpatii vcav

'xetv, Op@v Talc T71XGKOt;TOVc 95VXCiTTOLTaS p,et-

xio-Ta Tas yvvaCKas TAvavTia, Kai Tot5Tov eV61.14CTE'

T(1) yap 7rpe0-(3157 47roincrev, Ovoiov av8pOs cre2)114 TE /cal, Aktocip ayaaecin, Tbirrov bray. o,u4vr

8 TeKvovotij•acreat. el 8E Tts ai3 yvvatKr, tal)

o-vvoticeiv 001.5X017- 0,' T4ICV(011 SE c'tcoX6ycov

'77-1,01)p,oi.,97, Ica?, 1, 61.1.011 77"01910•EV, v/vTtva 138

INN MI nil OM MI MO =II OM •

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, 1. 4-8

But Lycurgus thought the labour of slave women 4 sufficient to supply clothing. He believed mother-hood to ,be the most important function of freeborn woman. 'Therefore, in the first place, he insisted on physical training' for the female no less than for` the Apale sex : moreover, he instituted races and trials 'of. strength for women competitors as for men, believing that., if both parents are strong they produce, more vigorous offspring.

He noticed, too, that, during the time immediately 5 succeeding marriage, it was usual elsewhere for the husband's to have unlimited intercourse with his wife: The rule that he adopted was the opposite of this : for he laid it down that the husband. should be ashamed to be v seen entering his wife's room or leaving it. With this restriction on intercourse the desire of the one for the other must necessarily be increased, and their offspring' was bound to be more vigorous than if they' were surfeited with one another. In 6 addition' to this, he withdrew from men the right to take .a- , wife whenever they chose, and insisted on their marrying in the prime of their manhood, be-lieving that this too promoted the production of fine children: It might happen; however, that an old 7 man had a young wife ; and he observed that old men keep a very jealous watch over their young wives. To meet these cases he instituted an entirely different system by requiring the elderly husband to introduce into his house.- same man whose physical and moral qualities he admired, in order to beget children. On 'the other hand, in case a man did not want to 8 cohabit with his wife and nevertheless desired children of whom he could be proud, he made it lawful for him to choose a woman who was the

139

XENOPHON

ebcrercvov kai 76vvalav weicrarm .r6v gxorra

4ic Ta67'77S TEICII07FOLEI0reat.

9 Kai 7roXXA /lay 'rotaD-ra o-uvexcLpet• ar 're yap

7vvaices 81-rrok oitcovs 13otAovrat KaT4x6tv OL TE

'civ8pec 1186X95ok Toffs 7ratcri, irpoo-Xap,Ocivetv, o'i

'rob' 'Lb, rybovs Kai TC-is 8vvaiu,ecos KoivcovoDo - c, Tc7)v

sa Xpn itiCiTC011 011K arrt7rotoDvTat.

10 llepl, tay. TeKvo7rottas OVTW TallaIrta 'ryllan

Toffs ei,X,Xots Ei Tt 81a44porras /cal KaTa p1760os

Kal Kari lo-xim av8pas 77J Z7rcipTv el.7r€T4XECTEP,

13otiX.6.tevos 47rt(TKO7TEL,TCO.

II. ' Eyco IZEUTOL, 47r4 Kai repi ryevo-e(os

0o0t,o,uat Kai Tov 7rat8elav bcaT4pcov

orachvicat. Tc7n) 1.11) TOIVVV AN,X001 c EXX4VC611) of cf)CiorTKOVTES

ICCiX,XIC•Ta Tok yids. vat8eim,v, 47retSav Tc'txt,a-ra

arras 01 raiSes Ta X€76,u6va avvtc -oortv, 61)0t)c

47r' airroic 7rat8aroyan 06pciworras 495taracrtv,

ez)(91)c sa 7T- Itt7rotio-tv etc &SacriceiXwv ,u,a0no-o-

tavovs Kai rypcii.kikaTa Kai /1.011011d17) Kai, Ta Ev

Iraiarpct.- 7rpbs 6a TOVTOLS Tc7)v 7rai8cov 77-68 Xec as

inro,84,aacrtv etvaXiivovo-t, o-cLp,aTa sa p..eTaRoXais 8ta0p67rrovo-t• criTov yE ,(Av atrTok

7acr7r .gpa vo,u1ovcrtv.

2 0 sa AincoDp7os avTi kcal/ Top 18ia gICaTTOV

7rat8a7coyais 8oz5Xous 495to-Tcivat av pa 47r4•Tno-6

KpaTery airrrov E gnirep at itayta-rat apxal

1 i.e. at Sparta.

1 40

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, x. 8-11. 2

mother of a fine family and of high birth, and if he obtained her husband's consent, to make her the mother of his children.

He gave his sanction to many similar arrangements. 9 For the wives 1 want to take charge of two households, and the husbands want to get brothers for their sons, brothers who are members of the family and share in its influence, but claim no part of the money.

Thus his regulations with regard to the begetting 10 of children 'were in sharp contrast with those of other states. Whether he succeeded in populating Sparta with a race of men remarkable for their size and strength anyone who chooses may judge for himself.

IL Having dealt with the subject of birth, I wish next to explain the educational system of Lycurgus, and how it differs from other systems.

In the other Greek states parents who profess to give their sons the best education place their boys under the care and control of a moral tutor 2 as soon as they can understand what is said to them, and send them to a school to learn letters, music and the exercises of the wrestling-ground. Moreover, they soften the children's feet by giving them sandals, and pamper their bodies with changes of clothing ; and it is customary to allow them as much food as they can eat.

Lycurgus, on the contrary, instead of leaving each 2 father to appoint a' slave to act as tutor, gave the duty of controlling the boys to a member of the class from which the highest offices are filled, in

2 I have adopted for iratacrywyds the term used at Oxford for a person who has charge of, but does not teach, an under-graduate.

141

MD ill I= • • =II MOP MN NM OM ONO IMO INN IIIIIII • MI OM •

XENOPHON

KaGicrTavTat, Os vat8ov6,uos KaXeiTat. ToOTov S6 Kiiptov g7roincre Kai, ciOpo4'etv Toin 7rai8as- Kai, 67 -1,(7Ko7roDrra, Et Tcs pOlovpryotri, lo-xvp6s KOX,tietV. g8coKe abTii) Kat Tc7)1)

7̀700.)1TCOV paGrT/1001)6pOilc, 07TCOS Ttitcopoiev oTe

.Sgot• 63' o-Te 7roXViv 11.61, 7roXX77m S6 71-etOc`o

3 EIKEZ, avirTrapelvat. aril, 7€ µ;)v 'roc; ciwaXinietv

Tan 7r68as i7ro84p,ao-tv 'eTaev chn7ro87)o-ict Kpa-T6vetv, vol4cov, el TOOT' italCijo:TEtall, 7ro?ti, tav 14,ov av 6pOlci8e gaivetv, eto-OaX4crTepov S6 77-pavi) KaTaSaivetv, Kai, 77-7784)o -at dS avaGopeiv Kai,

Spap,Eiv eaTTov T611 1 al/V71-0&,17- 01/, El 9)07C11/C(NOS

4 Tan 77-68as, 7) TO!) i7ro8e8e,u4vov. icai cirri ye

'rob' 4..taTiots 8ta0p67rTestreat 6,6p,t(rev 414 ipaTtr gTOVc 7rpocre0i,eo-Oat, vo,u4 -(ov oiitcos 77-pos

(An Kai, 7rpOs7r7) liktetvov av wapecrKevda0at. 6 TtTOV rye µiv g7- a€ TOGOVTOV gxovTa crv iugoXeimcv

TOv erpeva, cos LT-6 7rX7)ailovi3s. p,b) toi7rOTE Oap6--

veo-Oat, ToD n ev&eo -T4pcos 8tdletv fa/ direipcos gXELV, 1/01.40011 TOUS 015TCO 7Tat8EVOiLgVOUS 1.1,a11,X0V

116) av 86vao-Oat, el 8eljo-etev, ao-tTijo-avTas g7T171-0-

14)Grat, ,Lta,XXOU 8' au, el vapa77eX0ein, aw-O Tot)

.a,OToO O(TOV 77 -XE10) xp6vov 7r-t7-a0i)vat, 73TT011 8'

av 61kov 8eicrOat, eilx€pgo-Tepov S6 7rpOs 'ray '4xecv

6 gpiopa rcat L7tetvoT4pcos (3' av els

1 1-?w, wanting in the MSS. and in S., is twice supplied by Cobet.

1 trv,ufioNet5etv is the conjecture of V. Portus for crul.tf3ovNet;e1v,

and etpeva that of Schneider for .Ippepa. The prefect took his meals with the class of which he had charge. But Stobaeus' text runs aiTay 7€ p.0 TOCTOFITOY exeiv (for which read itrO(eiv)

1 42

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, H. 2-6

fact to the " Warden " as he is called. He gave this person authority to gather the boys together, to take charge of them and to punish them severely in case of misconduct. He also assigned to him a staff of youths provided with whips to chastise them when necessary ; and the result is that modesty and obedience are inseparable companions at Sparta. 3 Instead of softening the boys' feet with sandals he required them to harden their feet by going without shoes. He believed that if this habit were cultivated it would enable them to climb hills more easily and descend steep inclines with less danger, and that a youth who had accustomed himself to go barefoot would leap and jump and run more nimbly than a boy in sandals. And instead of 4 letting them be pampered in the matter of clothing, he introduced the custom of wearing one garment throughout the year, believing that they would thus be better prepared to face changes of heat and cold. As to the food, he required 5 the prefect to bring with him 1 such a moderate amount of it that the boys would never suffer from repletion, and would know what 'it was to go with their hunger unsatisfied ; for he believed that those Who . underwent.this training would be better able to continue working on an empty stomach, if necessary, and would be capable of carrying on longer without extra food, if the word of command were given to do so : they would want fewer delicacies and would accommodate themselves more readily to anything put before them, and at the same time would enjoy better health. He also thought that a diet which 6 avvel3o6Aevev los, "he recommended them to eat so moderately that they " ; and this is probably right.

143

IMO MI UM II•111 NMI ISO OEM NM INN IIIIIII 2110111111111111111111111111131111111111111111111111111111111111111•11

XENOPHON

AKOS av at'iciveo-Oat 71'7v iiaStva, TA aZitaTa

7rotoficrav Tpoyfyiv ttEtXXov crvXXa,u0(ivetv l'irjcra-ro

1411) 8ta7-XaTimovo-av Tct) CTITCp.

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ry,u,6vcos p,b) ai)ToEc ot'iK g&oKe Xa,u, tetivetv wv ail

7rpoo-84aiTat, ICXg71- 7-6t1) 8 g9511K61.1 gCTT GP a T(1) Xt iU,(1)

7 g7rucoupoDvTas. Kai, (vs,tal) 01)IC (1.7ropoiv Tt Soin

ecbCpCEV cari-ois rye 11.11XaVa, (70at '1471) Tpo(Hv, ot)Uva

oiktat, TOVTO aryvoeiv• 8)7X01) 51'1 TOP p,4XXovTa

KXcenret;etv Kai IlVICTOS arypt)71)EZI) Set /cal p,e01

avara,v Kai, EvEUp€UEty, Kai, KaTacriarovs.

SE eTocktguv TOV pagXXOUTd. Tt Vilif6Great. TafiTa

Oily S^ 'Tali? a 8'11X01) 5Tt pllaaVtiCCOTEpOln TC7)V

71-1,7.718eicov leovXop,evos Tan 7ratSac irote'iv Kai,

7roXekttKarr4povs. OVTWS brat8evcrev.

8 E67rot 8' av 0731) TLS, Ti 8i7ra, &rep TO K-A.47TTEt1)

('Aryarnv 446/14e, 77- oXXas 7rXirycls e7re.8aXe

ciXto - Koktgvcp ; OTt, 4n g7(;), Kai, Tet,XXa, Ocra

ci,v0pavot St&icrKovcrt, KoXcq-ovat 76v ,t,di KaX6)s

157rripeToDvTa. KaKe`ivoL OUV Tan (iXtaKotavovc

9 4.)c KaKCoc ICX4'7TTOLTac Ttp,copoOrrat. Kal eog

7rXeto-Tovs apvcicrat Tvpoin [7rap 'Opelas]

KaX;v eels iaao-TcryoDy Toirrovs 1/1,XXOLS g714Tae,

TOUTO S) 87/X6)Grat, Kai g1) TOUT() OovX61.tevos, 5Tt

gcrTi.v 3 -Xliyov xptivoi, lary4cravTa 7roXbv xpOvov

€1,8oKtp,o -Drra e4palvecrOat. 87/Xoirrat, SE ev

Anabasis, Iv. vi. 14. 2 At this altar the annual scourging of Spartan boys and

youths took place, according to Plutarch and Pausanias ; but

144

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, IL 6-9

made their bodies slim would do more to increase their height than, one that consisted of flesh-forming food.

On the other hand, lest they should feel too much the pinch of hunger, 1 while not giving them the oppor-tunity of taking what they wanted without trouble he allowed them to alleviate their hunger by stealing"' / something. It was not on account of a difficulty in 7 providing for them that 1,-4,,,Qncouraged them to get their food by their own cunning. No one, I suppose, can fail to see that. Obviously a man who intends to take to thieving must spend sleepless nights and play the deceiver and lie in ambush by day, and moreover, if he means to make a capture, he must have spies ready. There can be no doubt then, that all this education was planned by him in order to make the boys more resourceful in getting supplies, and better fighting men.

Someone may ask : But why, if he believed 8 stealing to be a fine thing, did he have the boy who was caught beaten with many stripes ? I reply : Becaus6 in all cases men punish a learner for not carrying out properly whatever he is taught to do. So the Spartans chastise those who get caught for stealing . badly. He made it a point of honour to 9 steal as many cheeses as possible [from the altar of Artemis Orthia],a but appointed others to scourge the thieves, meaning to show thereby that by enduring pain for a short time one may win

\) lasting fame and felicity. It is shown herein that

this custom seems to have no connexion with that of punish-ing those who were caught thieving. It is not improbable that. the whole of this sentence is an interpolation ; if not, the text is corrupt beyond restoration.

VOL. II. 145

MS • • ill MB IIIIIIII • :1 IIIMI MIN MO •

OM MI MI MN ill UM • — NMI NM MN • IOW OM

XENOPHON

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TOES' vataiv 5 71 (iya0Ov 8olcot7J civat Kai Koxaetv, et Tt jiitapTcivoicv. Toirro aS 7T011jUas oterpaE€

(21,8771.1,0vec-Tgpotn elvat Tan wa68as• o1)8v yap oi5Tcoc aliSoOpTat, oUTE 7rai,8Es oijTe (1,118pEs

11 eoc Talc 'cipxov -ras. c`os Kai €1 '7r0Te ttn8Els rr6xot aaip Trapdm, p,778' toc gpThuot of 7raiSes apxovi-os ELEV, gOriKe 74-15. Dols. 4KciaT77s Toll

TOpC6TaTOV 7. 651/ eipbcov lipxetv• UJI CITE 01)8471- 0TE

e/CCE 01 vai8es. gnaw, (IpxovT6s 12 AEICTgOV 84 ,uot 8o elvat . Kai 77-epi -1-(7)0

7rat8tKrov t'pc;.rwv• 60T1 ryap 'II Kai, TOVTO Tr p6s. wat8elay. of /lb) Tolvvy li,XXot" Dawes' rJ ceki (P7T - Ep BoccoTol, (lay) Kai, 'Talcs 01) u74vTEc (;11,i,XoPpyti.

e 61)(77re p 8ta, xapiTrov (off!, xpc'ovTat• eicrl Kai, oi varrcit7racrt, TOU 8taX47€(70at Toin

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v.t',,u,4-ev• €1 8E Tcs 7rat8Oss o-(;),uaTos Op€76p,evos Oavetri, araxt,crTov TofiTo 9E4' Troi,r)crev EV AaKe-" ,

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(15po8i,a-ta aTrxorrat.

1 f Kal S. with the MSS.: was removed by Schafer. 146

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, u. 9-13

where there is need of swiftness, the slothful, as usual, gets little profit and many troubles.

In order that the boys might never lack a ruler 10 even when the Warden was away, he gave authority to any ; citizen who chanced to.be present to require them to do anything that he thought right, and to punish them for misconduct. This had the effect .of making the boys more respectful ; in fact boys'and men alike respect their rulers above every-thing. And that a ruler might not be lacking to 11 the bp ys even when no grown man happened to be pregent; he selected the keenest of the prefects, and gave to, each the command of a division. And so at Spartathe bOys are never without a ruler.

I think I ought to say something also about intimacy 12 with: boys, since this matter also has a bearing :on -education. • In other. ' • Greek states, for . instance among • the Boeotians, man and boy live together, like married people ; 1 elsewhere, among the Eleians, for ,example, consent is won, by means of favours. Some; on the ,other hand, entirely forbid suitors to talk: with boys;

The customs instituted by Lycurgus were opposed 13 to' all Ofthese. 'If someone, being himself an holiest Man, admired'a boy's' soul and tried to make of him an ideal- friend without reproach and to associate With him, he approved, and believed in the excellenCe of this: kind of training. But if it WAS clear that the attraction lay in the boy's outwardtchuty, he banned the connexion as an abomination ; and thus he purged the relationship of all impurity, so that in Lacedae-mon it resembled parental and brotherly love.

BYMP081WIrts viii. 34,

147

INS NS MI MB all 111111 MB INN INS 11111 INN MI NMI 111111 INI1 MI

XENOPHON

14 TO ,u4vTot TaVTa Arta-TeicrOat 2J7r6 TWCOV 0?)

0a111121,C0• ev iroXXais ryap Tit5v miXecov 01 VO /Mt 01)IC eVaVTIOLVTat Talc irpOs Toin ircaSas hrtev iutatc.

CH tav 4377 ratSeta apriTat 77 -re Acucanitidi Tc7n, 11X -X,cov `EXX?jvcov. E (37roT4pas 8' ain-cin)

kal EirrretNa-repot kai alkuov4a-repot Kai. joy Set 471cpaT4crrepot av8pes (1,7roTeXoDrrac,O govX61.1,evos kai TafiTa evtalcoveto-Ow.

III. "OTav rye /1.7)1) Ek vatScov els TO ktetpa-ictoDcrOat 6cOatvwat, TnytKairra 01 1.Lev c'tXXot wailovo-t /Lev (1'76 wat8arywryaw, watiovat Se ar6 St8ao-KciXwv, eipxovut Se oi)84ves 'jT1, aUTOJV, c'tXX' can-ov6,uovs. 21.96ta,criv. o 8e Avicolipyos. kai TOUTWV

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3 jitnxavijo-wro. 47rdiels 8 /cal eG Tis TabsTa 07ot, 1.78evOss gTt 76)11 KaNcini Tvryvivetv, 47ro1ncre #(2,6vov 'ran elc 877,uocriov aa,A,a tcaC Tan toiSoidvovc bcciarcov 77-t,u,EXeicr-19at, cos ,u,17 avoSeikicio•avTes 4861C4t0t 7TaVTd7Taalli CV T Tr6x6t 7avotvTo.

4 Hpos Se TOt/trOtS' T6 aiSeio-Gai icrxvp&s. 4A-4licrtios cat f3ovX6,u,evos arroic /cal Ev Tats OSois

6r4Ta€V h/TOS iiLaTiou Ta.) xdpe gxetv, atryi) Se 7ropei)ecr9at, 7repti3X47retv Se ,unSap,a, aXX.' can-a. Ta 7rp6 Tc7n) 7TObwv Opay. 'gvBa Sll kai 8C7X,ov 7€76nrrat, "(SW T?) appal 41A0V Kal etc To o-coOpovEiv icrxvp6TepOv 40-71 74)5 07/XelaS

5 Ot ■ o-ecos, bcetvcov 7oUV iTTOV AaV clv OCOVO

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, ii. 14—m. 5

I am not surprised, however, that people refuse 14 to' believe this. For in many states the laws are not opposed to the indulgence of these appe-tites.

I have now dealt with the Spartan system of edu-cation, and that of the other Greek states. Which system turns out men more obedient, more respectful, and more strictly temperate, anyone who chooses may once more judge for himself.

r? III. When a boy ceases to be a child, and begins to be a lad, others release him from his moral tutor and his schoolmaster : he is then no longer under a ruler and is allowed to go his own way. Here again Lycurgus introduced a wholly different system. For he observed that at this time of life 2 self-will makes strong root in a boy's mind, a tendency to insolence manifests itself, and a keen appetite for pleasure in different forms takes posses-sion of him.. At this stage, therefore, he imposed on him a , round of work, and contrived a con-stint round of occupation. The penalty for shirking 3 the duties was exclusion from all future honours. He thus caused not only the public authorities, but their relations also to take pains that the lads did not incur the' contempt of their fellow citizens by flinching from their tasks.

Moreover, wishing modesty to be firmly rooted 4 in them, he required them to keep their hands under their cloaks, to walk in silence, not to look about them, but to fix their eyes on the ground. The effect of this rule has been to prove that even in 'thp matter of decorum the male is stronger than the female Sex. At any rate you would expect a 5

149 148

-is ow me — um am as am am um MIN • MIN NMI MI MI MI MS UM UM

XENOPHON

aK060aLc i) .,'WV a68GVwv, iTTOL &v b'p,,ttaTa peTauTplAirats 17 TCov xaXKCov, a1,877poveaTgpovs

a ll aVTOUS 7)74orato Kai at)Tc7iv Tc'Ov Ev TOC:c

OaXet,u,ots vapinvwv. gret8av els TO cinA,1,Tt(iv "

eye acbttccovTat, &yaw-774 avTcov /Cat TO eporrritnv aKoDo-at.

Kai Tc7w kav ail 7rat8tcriccov ofiTcos bre,u€X.40 n . IV. IIept ye tap/ TitiV 7)0CLUTCOP 7rOXINJ #11,(iXt(TT a

40-77- 0(18age, V0 IU4(01) TOirl- OVS, el -71votvTo oZovs 71-X€1,c ,Tov t547retv e7,1 cityat9Ov 7r6X€1.

2 Opicv ow', oZS av ittiXta-Ta cpaovetKla E'rry4vriTat, ?OUTGO') Kat xopoin (1,taKpoaToTciTovs rytyvo,u,Evovc Kai ryvp,vtKoOs ayO)vac eteto0eaToTtiTovc, gvo,utt'ev, Et Kai TOk 770r011Tac GrVIL8d,XXOL els 'gptv Trepi apeTi)s, oriTcos. (Iv Kai TOUTOVS eTrl 7T'XeiCTT011

(19511ClleiCreat av8payaetas. cks Oily To6Tovs ,Tvv48aXev, 47774o-ol.tat.

3 AipoOvTat TOtVVP al)T6i1) 01 eg)OpOt EFC Tcov afciza- 6vTa, Tpds 'av8pas• oirrot 17r7raryp4Tat Ka-

XoDvTat. To6Tcov ̀jicacrTos iiv8pas 4KaTOv KaTaX4yet, 8tacrachnvq-cov, 6Tov gv€Ka Tovc 11,4

4 7rpoTtit4, Tolls OE (17ro8oKtp,get. of oily xcivovTes Troll KaX(.4 TroXektoDut Tols Te (1700- Tel-

Xactv al)ToOs. Kai Tots alpegelo-tv (1149' can- 6:w, Kai vapackvXci,Trovo-tv etXX4Xovs, Tt vapa Ta Kaxa vop4,tteva 15q8tovpryCoo-t.

5 Kai, arm? rytryveTat 1. 0€04)1XECTILT1) TE Kai

1 Longinus and Stobaeus quote this with 300aAp.ois," eyes," in place of ecaci,uois, " bridal chambers " ; and the fornier cen-, sures the use of rap6qvcov for Kopaw., meaning "pupils "'of the eye.

2 Cyrnpaedia, II. i. 22.

150

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, Sri. 5—iv. 5

stone image to utter a sound sooner than those lads you would sooner attract the attention of a bronze figure ; you might think them more modest even than .a young bride in the bridal chamber.' When they have taken their place at a public meal, you must be content if you can get an answer to a question.

Such was the care that he bestowed on the growing lads.

IV. For those who had reached the prime of life he showed by far the deepest solicitude. For he believed that if these were of the right stamp they must exercise a powerful influence for good on the state. He saw that where the spirit of rivalry 2 is 2 strongest among the people, there the choruses are most worth hearing and the athletic contests afford the finest spectacle. He believed, therefore, that if he could match the young men together in a strife of valour, they too would reach a high level of manly excellence. 3 I will proceed to explain, therefore, hoW he instituted matches between the young men.

The Ephors, then, pick out three of the very best 3 among them. These three are called Commanders of the Guard. Each of them enrols a hundred others, stating his reasons for preferring one and rejecting another. The result is that those who fail to win 4 the honour are at war both with those who sent them away and with their successful rivals ; and they are On the watch for any lapse from the - code of honour.

Here then you find that kind of strife that is 5

Cyropaedia, vii. ii. 26. 15 1

INN mai ma am ow me Es me ism am all MIN— IMO MI • MIMI MINI MI IMO

XENOPHON

vo?uTIKaYrciTn Ems, gv if; evro848ettvrat i.aV & Sei 'moldy TOv ciryaeov, ro As 8' gKcirepot aCT/COUCTW,

577- COS act KpartaTOt eCTOVTat, AV Se Ti 8417, Ka0' 6 gva a' prjeovo-t Til 7r6Xet, 7ravT1 a.04vec. avaryxn

8' at'rrois de Vac 47nkteXeiaeat. Kai, ryclp 7TV/CTEI5Otlat 86cl gptll 67r0V az) p.flciXioa c• 8taXt,etv ktEUTOt TOYS ttaX011 ,4110VS 'was 761/0p,EVOS* Koptos. 7)i■ 84 715 a7rEtell Tip StaXtrov71,, eileet airriv O 7rat8ov6,uos 470, Tan 645, 6povs. of Se

p,eryaXeicos, KaGtorcivat SovX6,uevot eh T6 p,9j7ro7e Opyip To0 pi?) veiGecreac Tots v6/cots Kparivrat.

7 Toic rye 1.4v rip leifinTlIdIV iiXtKlav vvrepa- KOcrw, g jni '787.7 Kai, at 11,4ryto-rat, apxai Ka01- crravTac, of /,z) cXXot EXXnves c't4) eX6vTes carritw TO 10- XUOT grt 471 -11-LEXEECIOat o-TpaTei)ea-Oat, giucos airras g71-1TaTTOUCTIV, O SE AvKo5pryos TOGS TnXt-Karrots V6/14/.1.011E7TanCre ICaXXWTOV avat, TO 07/pav, a 114 Ti 87712.6 OV KWX110t, '71- COT ovatvTo kat

oiiTot p.1786 717. TT011 TC7.11, nOCLUTWV aTpaTtCOTLK01.1S 7r6votis bro(f) gpetv.

V. `‘.A. kav 07.)V EICaC•TV liXtlact g110 111.004T7ICTEV

AvKoOpryos 477-1Tn8e6p,aTa, axe8Ov etprrac• diav 8E Ka t 7ra0l, SiaiTav KaTea-Keila•e, PUP wetpcia-oitcat Styyeia-eat.

2 AtiKoOpryos. Tautly r-apaXagc`ov ToiN%irapi-lciras WO - 76p Toin AXA,ovs c'EX:Xlivass OrKOt 0 - K77v0fIVTaT,

71/07‘)S 4v TOt /PrOtc 7rXctoTa kt8covpryeio-eat, els 7.6 95avepo'v €1 1;yaye Ta o-vcrK7jvca, oirrcos 7)ryoz'ip,evos

Horsemanship, ii. 1. I Lit. "moved the Syskania out into the open." See

Introduction 152

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, iv. 5-v. 2

dearest to the gods, and in the highest sense political—the strife that sets the standard of a brave man's conduct ; and in which either party exerts itself to the end that it may never fall below its best, and that, when the time comes, every member of it may support the state with all his might. 1 And they are bound, too, to keep themselves 6 fit, for one effect of the strife is that they spar when-ever they meet ; but anyone present has a right to part the combatants. If anyone refuses to obey the mediator the Warden takes him to the Ephors ; and they fine him heavily, in order to make him realize that lie must never yield to a sudden impulse to disobey the laws.

To come to those who have passed the time of 7 youth, and are now eligible to hold the great offices of state. While absolving these from the duty of bestowing further attention on their bodily strength, the other Greeks require them to continue serving in the army. But Lycurgus established the principle that for citizens of that age, hunting was the noblest occupation, except when some public duty pre-vented, in order that they might be able to stand the fatigues of soldiering as well as the younger men.

V. I have given a fairly- complete account of the institutions of Lycurgus so far as they apply to the successive stages of life. I will now try to describe the system that he established for all alike.

Lycurgus found the Spartans boarding at home 2 like the other Greeks, and came to the conclusion that the custom was responsible for a great deal of misconduct. He therefore established the public messes outside in the open,2 thinking that this

VOL. a. G* 153

XENOPHON

71Kto-T' av 77-apa,3atve0- 6at, Ta vpoo-TaTT1 ,,u,eva.

3 Kat criTio 7€ 1 gTa€v a 1)-rois, GUS iu4Te 157rep7TX71 -

policy-eat, 11,4TE ev8ceic 71,7vccr9at. TroA,Xa 8 F Kac

t

vaplaoya yiryveTat, (1,7rO Troy arypevo,agvow. of OE 7rXoz50-tot E GrTty OTE Kea apTOV civTvra,paRelX,Xovortv .

450-Te OUTS 13771,1,6s ?TOTE 7) Tpci7r4a Op0.1TC1JV • 71,-

yvcrat, Ea-T' av 8ca6Kriv6icrtv, o6Te 7roXv8(i7ravoc.

4 Kai, TOV TrOTov avovat'io-ac Tas 2 c'tvaniKaias'

,7r6o- Ets, ai orch(;,?■.Novo-tcrcLp,aTa, o-95(iXXOvo- c

ryvd),u,ac, j)?)KEV O7r6Te 8t-41V/17 gicao - To; T-Ivetv,

orn- co zio,u4cov (ifiXaOLTaT61) Te Kat 9)8to-Tov

TroTOv rytryvecrOat. 06Tco 7E p,i1v orvorKnvoiniTow 7Tc3s. av TLC 7) iP7T

Xt,XV6taC 7) 01LOciAtIrytac abTOv ()Um) 8t,a00€1.-

5 pete ; Kai, (yap fay Tats ei,XXats 71-6Xeo - tv (`)5

TO voN,O of `4NAKes (1XX4Xots Cri'lVEUTt, CjIP7refi

Kai,E'XaxiorT77 ai',8%os vaparytryveTat,. AvKoDpryoss

v Tr? fi-n-cipTri 204Lt€ Trat&oco- Ga,t, Ta 7r OXX a Tan veo.)T4povc inrO 711c Tc7)v ryepacT4pow 4c7retpias,

6 Kat 74 6)7 E7rtxwUptov TOLC 4tXtTiotc Xyco -Oat

o Tt ay KaXc7is Tic 71'6XEL Troti;Grri jjCIT I 6<EZ

9)fctaTa /lb) i')/3ptv, 'nKta-ra OE Trapotvi,av,;ktaTa

7 ,K alaxpovprytav Kat, .alo-xpoXoyiav eyy try vecrOat. clrya(M c'vn-eprygeTat Kat Tc;,8€ n geco

al,T7pTt5* veporaTeiv TE ryap c'tvayKg.ovTat, Ev T17

otKa8€ aybO8cp Kai, TO i7r6 •OnfOU

Xerecit 7 .rtiu,€X€1,crOat, €18OTes, OTt anc eveutqrep

1

1 At the public meals each had his own cup : there was no passing of cups along as at Athens and elsewhere. Critias in Ath,encaus, x. 432 D and xi. 463 E.

'5 4

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, V. 2-7

would reduce 'disregard of orders to a minimum. The amount of food he.- allowed was just enough to 3 prevent them from getting either too much or too little to eat.. But many extras are supplied from the spoilsof the chase ; and for these rich men some-times ,substitute wheaten bread. Consequently the board is never bare -until the company breaks up, and never extravagantly furnished. Another of his 4 reforms was the abolition of compulsory drinking,' Which, is the undoing alike of body of mind. But he allowed everyone to drink when he was thirsty, believing that drink is then most harmless and most Welcome.

'Now what opportunity did these public messes give a man to ruin himself or his estate by gluttony or wine-bibbing ? Note that in other states the 5 company usually consists of men of the same age, where modesty is apt to be conspicuous by its absence from the board. But Lycurgus introduced mixed companies 2 at Sparta, so that the experience of the elders might contribUte largely ,to the education of the juniors. In point of fact, by the custom of the 6 country the conversation at the public mealsturns on the great deeds wrought in the state, and so there is little room for insolence or drunken uproar, for unseemly conduct or indecent talk. And the system 7 of feeding in the open has other good results. They Must needs walk home after the meal, and, of course, must take good care not- - to stumble under the influence of drink (for they know that they will not

2 Something - Appears to be lost after Itv‘,u*. Schneider suggested avipite Tas hAtKlas garf, " mixed the ages, so that.":.

155

7€ Stephanus : TE S. with the MSS. Tas Madvig: Tag oinc S. with the MSS.

• OM • MINI MI— NMI 11111 On NMI OM MIN MIN NM UM OM UM MI INN OM

XENOPHON

. g8eivvovv aTaktevoDo-t• /Cal 5p95vp go-a in.1.4pa xpno•T4ov• °Mg (yap viro chavoi) TOv grt 'gicclopovpov geo-Tt 7ropeijeo-Oat.

8 KaTattaedy rye pip (!) AineofTryos OTt ay.?) TWV aUTCOV criTcov Ot f.GEV 8ta7rovot,p,evot eb'xpoi T6

Kal ei5crapKot eiipcooToi elo-tv, of avovot

Treckvo-npevot Te ala•xpoi, Kai. acrOeveis ava- cAatvOvTat, (An TOUT OV 7)11,4X.710"61 1, bvoc7w,

571. /cal 57-av at'prIn Tts 4auToD ryva%uri cf)t,o- 7rovfi, apKoiwTcos TO o wµa gxcov avacibaiveTat,

71'47'ae6 TZ.P aei rpeo-01')TaTov 4v yup,vacricp

bccicrTr 1 jvitteXeio-Gat jog 7r6vovs airrois 2 9 gXcirrovc Tc7iv criTicov 71.,ryveo-Oat. Kal 4101 1.16

OM 61 TO in- co crcloaVivat SoKEE. obK &i °in/ eaSion ye TLS E5 pot'r.rapTtaTc.'Ov oirre ifytetvo-Tepovs OUTE TOES 0-C6/MC t xp7)atimoT4povs• Otkoion

ryclp ci7r1) TE TOW weXclw civo xetpc7w cl7r6 TparjXov ryvttvc'4vTat.

VI. 'Evavna rye /tap 'g71) CO Kai Taeoi's '77*XEICTOtc. Ev ti.Ev yap Tais li.XXats 7r1/Xecrb Tmv

&vi-o0 g/caoros Kai 7rai8 COY Kai 01KETC7J11 /Cal xp7),u4Tcov apxovcrty• 0 8E AvKoDpryog Kai-a-

u-Kew:Co -at gouXop.evos, 4.)s av p4786 /3Xcl7rTovTes c6roXa6otgv Tt of roX1,Tat clX,XijXcov arya0Ov, 6roi-17e 'imam) C CUT TOV OILOtan T c7P gauToD TiOv

2 aXXoTptcov ()rm. Crrav 84 T1S 6189, 5T1 OZTOt

rwaT4pess 76)11 vat800v, air-r6s 'cipxec, civcifyKy

OrTTCOS pxelv,c;io -7rep TiOv gavToii' lipxeo-Oat

f3ot'aOtTO. 1p 84 Tts wais 7TOTE 7TX7Ir y XCLI3C6

aXXov KaTetrry TrpOs TOP 7raT4pa, atoypov

1 bccia•rce MSS.: S. reads itccicrTow with Hermann.

156

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, v. 7—vI. 2

stay on ht the table) ; and they must do in the dark what they do in the day. Indeed, those who are still in the army are not even allowed a torch to guide them.

Lycurgus had also observed the effects of the 8 same rations on the hard worker and the idler ; that the formerhas a fresh colour, firm flesh and plenty of vigour; while the latter looks puffy, ugly and weak. He saw the importance of this ; and reflecting that even a man who works hard of his own will because it is his duty to do so, looks in pretty good condition, he feifiiiria the senior for the time being in every gymnasium to take care that the tasks set should be not too small for the rations allowed. And I think 9 that in this matter too he succeeded. So it would not be easy to find healthier or handier men than the Spartans. , For their exercises train the legs, arms and neck equally.

VI. In the following respects, again, his institutions differ from the ordinary type. In most states every man has control ,of his own children, , servants and goods. Lycurgus wanted to secure that the citizens should get some advantage from one another with-out doing any harm. He therefore gave every father authority over other men's children as well as over his own. When a man knows that fathers 2 have this power, he is bound to rule the children over whom he exercises authority as he would wish his own to be ruled.' If a boy tells his own father when he has been whipped by another father, it is

1 The text of this sentence is open to suspicion. OVT0i Tarim can hardly be sound.

1 The text as altered by Hug. ; Tovous is highly probable: the MSS. have tos FAVOTE airrol Val-Toys, and S. merely omits aka, but this is not satisfactory.

1 57

MIN NM MI ION IBM IMO MI I= SIM IIIIII MEI NIB AM 1111111 NM

am ass us am som we ow on Ns am

XENOPHON

eaTi, 1.417 ()UK aa,a,ac 77-X77ryac e iaied,XXEIV TCP 1.116E. 4T0) 71"6aTetlOtlertl) CIAA,75X0IS 111,7186 a10-Xp011 7Tp0O - -- TCLTTEW TOES watolv.

3 Tvoincre 8E Kai, olic4Tats, et TO 8€710€1,77, xpi)o-Oat Kai Tots aXXoTptots. Kai KVZJWV 8F Onpetirticcini o-vv1Hrt Kotvcoviay. wcrTE of itav 8€6,u,evot vapaka- Xobo-tv E7r6 04pav, 6 8e 1.4 arrOs o-xoX4cov 7)84cos 6c71-4t7ret. ilrvots 8E dm-airrcos xprovTat. 6 ryap acrOeojo-ac 861106.4 OvjyaTos Taxi) vot RovXnOcis dcbtiao-Oat, w-ov I81) rt7r7rov Chra, Xal3cLv iccu xpno-cipxvos IcaX(tic droicaOto-Tno-tv.

4 Ot') lap 068' isei'vO rye 7rapa TOES 11,XXOLS elOtcr-tavov E7r0677QEV k-terTpSeico-Oat. 57rou yap av inrO 04pas 6-kirto-06Tes 8€7706icrt Tiov hrtT7186b(01,, ?IV 11,11 ovvecicevao7L4vot Tvxwc7&, Kai, 67-a30a Miuce Tot)c ftEV vvratu4vovs KaTaXeivetv Ta 7TE71-017,11.41/a; TOINn

8eo,abovs civolavTas Ta o- 4/..tav7pa,XaR6vTas "Oo-cov av 84covrat, o-71/..v7vap,botis KaTaXoreiv. TOG-7apoDy orn.cos ktera8t86v-tes ciX7v4Xots Kai OL Ta eaticpa )gxovTes !LET gX0110 - 1, 7T (11)TCOP TijV Til xd)pct, 671-67av TWOS 8€710(o'atv.

VII. Tvarria rye pip Kai Tc't8e Tols eiX.Xots `'EX.Xnort Ka74CIT710 - Ell 6 Avicoilpyos gy Tij,•..ffc'tp717 v61_14/..ta. Ev 1.1,6 yap 847rOU Talc caXats 7r6Xect vaiv-rec xpn,u,aT4OvTat go-ov 8v'vavTat. 6 ,ttv yap yewpryei, 6 8e vatnanp€E, 6 8' ,(.17ropEzieTat, ol

2 Kai Texvc7n, rpgcbopTat. u lirtipTp 0 AvKo3pryoc Tots AevEnpots Tc7n) p.4v xpri- ttaTto-kaw cir€1,7re p7p8ev6s al-Teo-Bat, ocra

i.e. so much of it as remained over.

158

NM INN MINI IMO MB UM ME OM MB=

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, vi. 2-VU. 2

a , disgrace if the parent does not give his son :mother Whipping. So completely do they trust one another not to give any improper orders to the children.

He also gave the power of using other men's 3 servants in case of necessity ; and made sporting dogs common preperty to this extent, that any who want them invite their master, and if he is engaged himself he is glad to send the hoUnds. A similar plan of borrowing is applied to horses also ; thus a man who falls ill or wants a carriage or `wishes to get to some place quickly, if he sees a horse anywhere, takes and uses it carefully and duly restores it. •

There is yet another among the customs instituted 4 by him which is not found in other communities.. It was intended to meet the needs of parties belated in the hunting-field with nothing ready to eat. He made a rule that those who had plenty should leave behind the prepared food, 1 and that those who needed 'food should break the seals, take as much as' they Wanted, Seal up the rest and leave it behind. The result of this method of going shares with one another is that even those who have but little receive a share of all that the country yields when-ever they want anything.

VII. Nor does this exhaust the list of the customs 'established by Lycurgus at Sparta that are contrary to those of the other Greeks. In other states, I suppose, all men make as much money as they can. One is a farmer, another a ship-owner, another a merchant, and others live by different handicrafts. But at Sparta Lycurgus forbade freeborn citizens` to 2 ! have anything to do with business affairs. He insisted

159

111111 U11111 NIB MIN IMO MI— MI NMI 111111 INN SRN MI MI ENO NMI NM VIII MI NM

XENOPHON

Oepiav Tabs 7r6Xecrt, 7rapacricevget, TavTa gTae 3 itOva gprya a7rr&v volig"etv. Kai, yap Ti, 77-XoDros

eK11, ye cr7rovacTlos, gv0a ic•a fay q5epetv els TA e7riT7j8eta, Opolcos SE .tatTao-Esat T4as E7roincre itd7 7)Sv7-a0€1,as gveKa xplip,ciTwv OperyecrOat, ; cr,A,Xa icap, o)8' 7€ gvelca xp7) luaTto-T4ov• Ov ryap 6- 19717-os. voXvTeXelcit, c'zxxa, crAuxtTo s deVq, K 0 c7--

4 ,u,o0vTat. OUSE 1.4v Toff' ye els TOUS CTU6IC4VOUS 1 )eXELV Savavav xp7j,u,aTa dOpotaT4ov, &EC. T6 Tit') 0*.LaTt 7TOVODVTa 0)95€X€7,1) TOZ \n o-vv6vTas et)8oV)- Tepov e7r0t,Tio-ev 7) TO 8a7ravc'osvTa, 2 e7-14Setas TO ikev ifruxiNis , TO SE 7TX0 -6T01.1 gp701).

5 T6 rye µiv E clUiccov xp7)uaT4 -e0 eat Kai, ev TOG'S' TOtO6TOtc SteKdAvcre. 77-pc7)Tov ,c1,6) yap vO-itucrita Totoirrov KaTec-T4crairo, 8 &IC(iii, VCOV 3 icuivov av eic olKtav eicreX0Ov ob'Te 8ecr7r6Tas oiirre oltaras X48ot• Kai yap xcLpac pxyciAns Kai ciii,cins dycJ-

6 yris Ocovr ay. xpvatov ye Av Kai apryz5pcov 4sevvaTat, Kai aU T6 7rov tavv, O gxcov NutoDTat. TL oily aV bCd Xp111-taTta p,Oc 671-0118gOtTO, gliGa ICTClatc 7rXdous Xinras xpi)o-tc eimkpoalivas wapexel ;

VIII. AX,Xa y p 1571 fhb €'V Zw -cipTy suciAtcrra

7reieovrat Tabs ezpxais TE Kai Tois mip,ots, icrizev PoravTes. eryc'o pevTot a)8' eryxupckrai, ot,uat 77-p6- Tepov TOv AuKoOpyov TallT711/ ebraeiav 4

1 gvetca, which S. adds after crucr,e4vous with the MSS., was removed by Weiske.

▪ ScoravLirra Morns : SawaviZrras S. with the MSS. 8 SeKci,u,vose Dindorf Sitca ,uviim S. With the MSS. • eirraElav Dindorf : EbeVav S. with the MSS.

Agesilaus, ix. 6. I6o

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, VII. 2-VIII. I

on their regarding as their own concern only those activities that make for civic freedom. Indeed, 3 how should wealth be a se—if-611S object there, when he insisted on equal contributions to the food supply and on the same standard of living for all, and thus cut off the attraction of money for indulgence' sake ? Why, there is not even any need of money to spend on cloaks : for their adornment is due not to the price of their clothes, but to the excellent condition of their bodies. Nor yet is there any reason for 4

amassing money in order to spend it on one's mess-mates ; for he made it more respectable to help one's fellows by toiling with the body than by spending money,1 pointing out that toil is an employ-ment of the soul, spending an employment of wealth.

By other enactments he rendered it impossible to 5 make money in unfair ways. In the first place the system of coinage that he established was of such a kind that even a sum of ten minae 2 could not be brought into a house without the master and the servants being aware of it : the money would fill a large space and need a wagon to draw it. Moreover, 6

there is a right of search for gold and silver, and, in the event of discovery, the possessor is fined. Why, then, should money-making be a preoccupation in a state where the pains of its possession are more than the pleasures of its enjoyment ? ,_.

VIII. To continue : we all know that obedienci': i to the magistrates and the laws is found —inthe highest degree in Sparta. For my part, however, I think that Lycurgus did not so much as attempt

.3 Some £40.

161

No me r ass on as on am amp alp MIS MIK ON INN am um En me r r

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, VIII. 1-5

to introduce this habit of discipline until he had ieurecil, agreement' among the ,most important men hi the state. I base my inference on the following 2 facts. .In other states the most powerful citizens do not even wish it to be thought that they fear the ma'gistrates : they believe such fear to be a badge of slavery. But at Sparta the most important men show the utmost deference to the magistrates : they pride themselves on their humility, on running instead of walking' to answer any call, in the belief that, if they lead, the rest will follow along the path of eager obedience. And so it has proved. 1

It is probable also that these same citizens helped 3 to , set up the office of Ephor, having come to the conclusion that obedience is a very great blessing whether in a state or an army or a household. For they thought' that the greater the power of these magistrates the more they would impress the minds of the citizens.' Accordingly, the Ephors are corn- 4 petent to fine whom they choose, and have authority to enact immediate payment : they have authority also to deprive the magistrates of office, and even to imprison' and prefer a capital charge against them. Possessing such wide power they do not, like other states, leave persons elected to office to rule as they like throughout the year, but in common with despots and the presidents of the games, they no sooner see anyone breaking the law than they punish .the offender.

Among many excellent plans contrived by Lycur- s gus for encouraging willing obedience to the laws

1 Tor, tiralco4etv is omitted in the translation. It can hardly be right ; Schneider removed it, and Cobet proposed eh T6 15ircuto6ety, " so as to make them obedient."

XENOPHON

Kagtorcivat, 7rplz) Op,oird.),u,ovac 47rot4craTo Tobs

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1 gX01 Dindorf : tx€1 S. with MSS. 2 Karcorctricat Stobaeus : 'cal KaTaraiicrat S. with the MSS.

t62 1,63

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4 Tots SE 'micas KaKoSatp,oviay. ev µEV yap TaES

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1 T added by Morus : S. omits with the MSS.

1 Herodotus i. 65.

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, VIII. 5—Ix. 4

among the citizens, I think one of the most excellent ints this : , before deliv_ering laws to the people he paid a visit to Delphi,' accompanied by the most important citizens, and inquired of the god whether it was desirable and better for Sparta that she shopld obey the laws that he himself had framed. Only when the god answered that it was better in every way did he deliver them, after enacting that to refuse obedience to laws given by the Pythian god was not only unlawful, but wicked.

10 IX. The following achievement of Lycurgus,'" 4" again, deserves admiration. He caused his people to choose an honourable death in preference to a disgraceful life. And, in fact, one would find on consideration that they actually lose a smaller pro-portion of their men than those who prefer to retire from the danger zone. To tell the truth, escape 2 from premature death more generally goes with valour than with cowardice : for valour is actually easier and pleasanter and more resourceful and mightier. 2 And obviously glory adheres to the side of valour, for • all men want to ally themselves somehow with the brave.

However, it is proper not to pass over the means 3 by which lie contrived to bring about this result. Clearly, what he did was to ensure that the brave should have happiness, and the coward misery. For 4 in other states when a man proves a coward, the only consequence is that he is called a coward. He goes to the same market as the brave man, sits beside him, attends the same gymnasium, if he chooses. But in Lacedaemon everyone would be ashamed to

The sentiment is taken from Tyrtaeus.

I 4 x6s

— INN r MIN MIN MN SIMI •

XENOPHON

12,6 It'V TIS alaXVVOEly T611 KaKOv or6o-K7ivov 77-apa Xafikiv, 7ras av ev 7r-dX,ato-paTt o-tqfp,avac•-rijv. 7roXXciKts 8' 6 Totorrros Kai 8tatpov iuivrov TOYS civTtcr96atptofivTas axcLptcrTos TreptrytryveTat Kai ev

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1 avSpefas S. with the better MSS. 166

NM MINI OM an MI EMI MB NM IMO IIIIII

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, ix. 4–x. 3

(lave a coward with him at the mess or to be matched With him in a wrestling bout. Often when sides are 5 picked for a game of ball he is the odd man left out : in the chorus he is banished to the ignominious place ; in the streets he is bound to make way ; when he occupies a seat lie must needs give it up, even to a junior ; he must support his spinSter relatives at home and must explain to them why they are old maids : he must make the best of a fireside without a wife, and yet pay forfeit for that : he may not stroll about with a cheerful countenance, nor behave as'though he were a man of unsullied fame, or else he must submit to be beaten by his betters. Small 6 wonder, I think, that where such a load of dishonour is laid on the coward, death seems preferable to a, life so dishondured, so ignominious...

c'j X. The law by which Lycurgus encouraged the practice of virtue up to old age—is another excellent measure in my opinion., By requiring men to face the ordeal of election to the Council of Elders near the end of life, he prevented neglect of high principles even in old age. Worthy of admiration also is the pro- 2 tection that he afforded to the old age of good men. For the enactment by which he made the Elders judge§ in trials on the capital charge caused old age to be held in greater honour than the full vigour of man-hood. And surely it is natural that of all contests 3 in the world this should excite the greatest zeal. For noble as are the contests in the Games, they are merely tests of bodily powers. But the contest for the Council judges souls whether they be good. As much then, as the soul surpasses the body, so

Teinovriov Dindorf : o_ reptorTgov S. with the MSS.

167

NM MEI OEN NM MIN r1111111 UN INN 1111111 MI NM • NM MIMI INN MI 1■111 MINI INN

XENO PHON

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8 'AXXa Tap OTt p,b) vaXad)TaTot oi)Tot of v6 1uos

1 ST1 tally Swot/ S. with Monis.

168

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, x. 3-8

much more worthy are the contests of the soul to kthdle zeal than those of the body.

Again, the following surely entitles the work of 4 Lycurgus to high admiration. He observed that where the cult of virtue is left to voluntary effort, the ,virtuous are not strong enough to increase the fane of their fatherland. So he compelled all men at Sparta to practise all the virtues in public life. And therefore, just as private individuals differ from one another in virtue according as they practise or neglect it, so Sparta, as a matter of course, sur-passes all other states in virtue, because sbe alone makes a public duty of gentlemanly conduct. For 5 was not this too a noble rule of his, that whereas other states punish only for wrong done to one's neighbour, he inflicted penalties no less severe on any who openly neglected to live as good a life as possible ? For he believed, it seems, that enslave- 6 ment, fraud, robbery, are crimes that injure only the victims of them ; but the wicked man and the coward are traitors to the whole body politic. And so he had good reason, I think, for visiting their offences with the heaviest penalties.

And he laid on the people the duty of practising the 7 whole virtue of a citizen as a necessity irresistible. For to all who satisfied the requirements of his code he gave equal rights of citizenship, without regard to bodily infirmity or want of money. But the coward who shrank from the task of observing the rules of his code he caused to be no more reckoned among the peers.

Now that these laws are of high antiquity there 8

$ irti.4EA0iiitTat Haase : iirt,u(Atio Oa. S. with the MSS.

169

MI MIN IIIIII — MO MI NMI MINI NM • MI MN MIMI • IMMI • NMI INN

XENOPHON

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2

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4

Oirrw rye 141) KaTcci-Kevac iu,cvcov ,u,6pas ,ttb SteiXcv E Kai, 1,77r4cov Kai (37rAtTc7n). 4Kcia-r77 r5

1 The words Kai xcoorip (10-7riaa should probably come before ?cal 'yap raxurra. There is also a' suspicion that some words

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, x. 8-xi. 4

can be no doubt :, for Lycurgus is said to have lived in the , days of the Heracleidae. Nevertheless, in spite of their antiquity, they are wholly strange to others even at this day. Indeed, it is most astonishing that , all men praise such' institutions, but no -state chooses to imitate them. , 7-X14-4rr . blessin-FThat I have enumerated so far were shared by all alike in peace and in war. But if anyone wishes to discover in what respect Lycurgus' Organisation of the' army on active service was better than other systems, here is the information' that he seeks. •

/The tplioit issue a proclamation stating the age- 2 limit fixed for the levy, first for the cavalry and infantry, and then for the handicraftsmen. Thus the Lacedaemonians are well supplied in the field with all things that are , found useful in civil life. All the implements that an army may require in common are ordered to be assembled, some in carts, some on, baggage animals ; thus anything missing is not at all likely to be overlooked.

In the equipment that he devised for the troops 3 in battle he included a red cloak, because he believed this garment to have least resemblance to women's clothing and'to be most suitable for war, and a brass shield, because it is very soon polished and tarnishes very slowly.' He also permitted men who were past their first youth'to wear long hair, believing that it would make them look taller, more dignified and more terrifying.

The men so equipped were divided into six 4 regiments of cavalry and infantry. The officers of

referring to other details of the equipment have dropped out.

I ;0 171

INN r rrPIM MI aim INN am kr kw

XENOPHON

Te.7n, voXvrt/c6.iv Itopc.7)v gxet 7roViiapxov Xoxafyok TbrTapac, 7revripcovTi)pas OKT0.), 4WD-

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eivat Tov Ev 57,-Xots AaKCOVI/C'im TdetV, 'T") gVaVTICL-

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4ci,Xa7 471-tsbavii, gVCOILOTILPXy 7rapeyyvaTal Els

1 No gap is indicated in S.

1 Or, reading 6rAiroccZy with Stobaeus, " regiment of heavy infantry."

I On account of Hellenica PH. iv. 20 and v. 10 it is thought that 56o, "two," should be read for 74.1-Tapas (s'). 172

THE LACEDAEMONIANS, xi. 4-8

each citizen 1 regiment comprise one colonel, four 2 contains, eight first lieutenants and sixteen second

lieutenants. These regiments at the word of com-mand form sections 3 sometimes (two), sometimes three, and sometimes six abreast.

The prevalent opinion that the Laconian infantry 5 formation is very complicated is the very reverse of the truth. In the , Laconian formation the front rank men are all officers, and each file has all that it requires to make it efficient. 4 The formation is so 6 easy to understand that no one who knows man from man can possibly go wrong. For some have the privilege of leading ; and the rest are under orders to follow. Orders to wheel from column into line of battle are given verbally by the second lieutenant acting as a herald, and the line is formed either thin or deep, by wheeling. Nothing whatever in these movements is difficult to understand. To be sure, 7 the secret of carrying on in a battle with any troops at hand when the line gets into confusion is not so easy to 'grasp, except for soldiers trained under the laws of Lycurgus.

The Lacedaemonians also carry out with perfect ease manoeuvres that instructors in tactics think very very difficult. Thus, when they march in column, every section of course follows in the rear of the section in front of it. Suppose that at such a time an, enemy in order of battle suddenly makes his appearance in front : the word is passed to the

• 'A number, fva, "in single; file," or Go, " two," must have fallen out before 4vwportas.

41 The exact meaning is not clear and the text is possibly corrupt. Weiske suggested warm Tap‘xei, " acts exactly as it should."

173