WWII

Ch 23, Sect 1: Dictators & War Soviet Union• 1917 Russian Rev led by Lenin• 1924 Lenin dies, replaced by Josef Stalin• Stalin-Man of Steel-killed rivals, sent people to gulags in Great Terror,

10 million dead• Stalin wanted to industrialize factories & collectively run farms Italy• Didn’t get land promised in WWI• Post WWI economy in depression, weak government, war veterans

can’t find jobs• Benito Mussolini founded Fascist Party (followers were Black Shirts)• Given power because he was anti-liberal & anti-Socialist• Outlawed other political parties, labor unions, freedom of press;

created secret police

Ch 23, Sect 1: Dictators & WarGermany• Weimar Republic formed at end of WWI, arranged German surrender• Severe econ troubles due to reparations & Great Depression• Nazi Party-National Socialist German Workers Party-led by Adolf Hitler• Hitler attempts to take over during Beer Hall Putsch; jailed & wrote Mein Kampf (manifesto of beliefs

including anti-Semitism)• Pres of Weimar Republic made Hitler the Chancellor of Germany & later became President with no

opposition from Reichstag• Germans followed him because improved economy; Hitler enacts Nuremburg Laws to take away rights,

property, citizenship from Jews

Japan• 1920s reduced military, allowed suffrage for all men, legalized unions, allowed different political parties• Military leaders argued that expansion would help economic problems of 1930s (Great Depression)• 1931 Japan attacked Manchuria in NE China• 1937 Japan gained control over coastal China & attacked Chinese capital (Rape of Nanking)_________________________________________________________________________________________

Totalitarianism-GLOSSARYFascist Party-(pg 773)

Ch 23, Sect 1: Dictators & WarWeakness of League of Nations• No US support, no power to take action against aggressionFighting in Spain• Spanish Civil War-fascists led by General Francisco Franco seize power-Hitler & Mussolini send help• USSR, Britain, France, & US help Spain’s Republic gov against fascistsAggression Unchecked• Hitler given Czechoslovakia (Sudentenland) by Britain’s PM Chamberlain to begin appeasement• European leaders didn’t want another world war; others want a stronger Germany to help fight off

Soviets• Many thought Soviet communism was bigger threat than FascismHitler & Mussolini Alliance• Hitler reclaimed parts of France (Saar)• Hitler wants to unite all German speaking people to make Lebensraum (“living space”)• Hitler takes Austria (Anschluss)• Hitler begins to rebuild military (violation of Treaty of Versailles)• Mussolini invades Ethiopia (leader Haile Selassie ask League of Nations for help)_____________________________________________________________________________

Appeasement-Anti-Semitism-

Ch 23, Sect 2: Isolation to Involvement• 1934 Senate committee led by Gerald Nye concluded that “merchants of death” had pulled

US into WWI only to sell weapons; isolationists want to focus on fixing problems of Great Depression & believed our only threat were Soviets & Japan

• US Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 declared no sailing on ships who were at war or giving loans to warring nations

• Oct 1937 FDR Quarantine Speech -criticized Japanese terror, wants peaceful alliance• Spring 1939 Hitler violates Munich Pact, takes Czechoslovakia• August 1939 Germany signs Non-Aggression Pact with Soviets• Sept 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland in blitzkrieg (lightning war-use of speed &

firepower)• Sept 17, 1939 Soviets invade Poland; France & Britain declare war but do not attack “phony

war”• US Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed buying weapons from US if paid cash & carried back on

own ships; “cash & carry” program helped Britain so many US isolationists protested we were violating neutrality

• April 1940 Germany attacks Denmark & Norway• May 1940 Germany attacks Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg; Germany attacks

Ardennes Forest in France; Britain evacuates troops out of French port of Dunkirk; Germans take over Paris & force French to surrender; France divided into Nazi N & Unoccupied S (Vichy Regime); New British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill

• July 1940 Germany begins Operation Sea Lion (Hitler’s plan to invade Britain through blitz bombing “Battle of Britain”

• Sept 1940 Germany, Italy, Japan sign Tripartite Pact alliance• January 1941 FDR delivers Four Freedoms Speech after his

reelection to encourage Congress to declare war• March 1941 Britain needs help (CBS reporter Edward Murrow

informs Americans about London blitz bombing, Congress authorizes sale or lending of “defense articles” to support Allies “Lend or Lease Act”

• June 1941 Germany invades Soviets• August 1941 FDR anti-Nazi & wants to help European allies; FDR &

Churchill secretly meet to discuss British problems & hopes for post-Hitler Europe; signed Atlantic Charter

Axis Powers-Germany, Italy, JapanAllied Powers-Britain, France (later US, USSR, China)

Ch 23, Sect 3: America Enters WarCauses• Japan-industrial & economic leader in Pacific &

resented US presence in Guam & Philippines• FDR tried to stop Japanese expansion into China by

placing embargo on supplies to Japan• 1941 General Hideki Tojo became Japan’s Prime

Minister, tried to maintain US neutrality but continued expansion into China

• Summer 1941 US & Japan attempt to negotiate but by November 1941, all negotiations stalled & Gen Tojo decided to make 1st strike against US

Attack on Pearl Harbor• Japan’s navy sailed for Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (main US naval

base in Pacific) on Dec 7, 1941• Surprise attack planned by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto to

prevent US from mounting resistance to Japanese expansion• Attack consisted of two waves of bombing aircraft, beginning

at 7:55 am and lasted for 110 minutes, after a radar warning was ignored by US

• Nearly 2,500 people killed, 8 battleships severely damaged, 160 aircraft destroyed, & 128 aircraft damaged, allowing free access to raw materials for Japanese for 6 months BUT most important US aircraft carriers out at sea & untouched

• Japanese cancelled next wave of bombing, fled b/c feared counterstrike

Effects• Soviets had converted to Allied side after German

invasion in June 1941; despite allying with communists, Americans realized need to declare war on Japan

• December 8, 1941 Congress approved declaration of war; FDR gave “Day of Infamy” speech; Germany, Italy declare war on US

• 16 million Americans serve in military; establishment of Women’s Auxiliary (Army) Corps-WACs

• US industry mobilized, production increased ; War Production Board oversaw conversion of peacetime industry to war industry; massive wartime spending ended Great Depression

Ch 23: Sect 3: America Enters War Early War in Pacific• Dec 1941 Japanese destroyed US Army under General

Douglas MacArthur & took Guam, Wake Island, & Hong Kong; May 1942 Philippines under Japanese control & US forced to flee Manila into Bataan; Japanese forced 75,000 Allied POWs (prisoners of war) to march up Bataan Peninsula (7000 died on Bataan Death March)

• April 1942 Japanese dominated SE Asia & western Pacific; as retaliation for Pearl Harbor, FDR ordered bombing of Tokyo (Doolittle Raid)

• May 1942 US aircraft attacked Japanese ships off NE coast of Australia (Battle of Coral Sea); forced Japanese to cancel invasion of New Guinea (1st strategic defeat for Japanese)

Ch 24, Sect 1: Allies Turn Tide in Europe• Axis Powers-no coordinated strategy, common enemies but separate goals (Hitler-domination

Europe, Mussolini-domination of Med Sea, Japan-domination Pacific); Allied Powers-unified goal of defeating Germany (Europe First strategy) because bigger threat than Japan

• FDR wants to be “arsenal of democracy” but problem is how to deliver supplies to Allies; Hitler cut off Atlantic from US supply deliveries; Allies use convoys & radar

• Germany sends 1st army into Russia toward Leningrad, 2nd army toward Moscow, & 3rd army Stalingrad; Hitler wants control of Russian oil fields & needs control of Stalingrad; Germans starving, sick, & frostbitten so surrender Jan 1943 (end of German plans to dominate Europe)

• Stalin wants US & Brits to relieve Soviets by opening 2nd front in France but Allies thought less effort to invade N Africa & take out Italians; Battle of El Alamein in Egypt was Allied victory led by Gen Dwight Eisenhower; Germans led by Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) stopped by Allies; Eisenhower promoted George Patton (“Blood & Guts”)

• Jan 1943 Roosevelt & Churchill met in Casablanca, Morocco; decide to increase German bombing, to invade Italy, & to accept only unconditional surrender

• July 1943 Allies invade Sicily (Italy) under Eisenhower to trap Axis powers but escape to Italy; Sept 1943 Italy surrenders to Allies & declares war on Germans; Hitler rescues Mussolini & places him in charge of puppet state in N Italy

• Early 1942 Allies begins strategic bombing by day & saturation bombing by night in Germany; Allies helped by Afr Amer Tuskegee Airmen; paved way for all out offensive by Allies

Ch 24, Sect 1: Allies Turn Tide in Pacific• May 1942 Japanese attacked US, British, & Dutch colonies; gaining

control in Pacific until Battle of Coral Sea was turning point• Admiral Yamamoto was commander of Japanese forces in Pacific;

wanted to take Midway (US naval base in Pacific) so US would have to retreat back to California & Japan could establish military presence in Aleutian Islands (off coast of Alaska)

• Admiral Chester Nimitz (commander of US Navy) intercepted Japanese messages with Navajo Code Talkers; sent his only aircraft carriers to guard Midway

• June 1942 Japanese began attack; US sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers with 250 aircraft on board; became turning point for War in Pacific with offensive victory

• Aug 1942 US began Battle of Guadalcanal & drove Japanese out of Solomon Islands; Used combined Army, Navy, & Marines to force Japanese to fight two-front war; US wanted to capture naval bases to bomb Japanese home islands

Ch 24, Sect 2: Home FrontEconomy• War cost $330 billion & national debt skyrocketed• 5 % tax on all working Americans• Increased production of war goods created scarcity of consumer goods, shortages led to

price increases• FDR creates Office of Price Administration (control wages, set maximum prices)• Rationing-issued coupon books that limited amounts of certain goods that consumers

could buy• Office of War Information OWI highlighted reasons for war to media (propaganda) &

downplayed US problems (discrimination)• Growth of black market-illegal underground network for sale of restricted goods• Workers accuse employers of unfair practicesEffects on Women• Many female jobs were outside traditional careers (heavy industry)• Change in customary practices like women quitting jobs when married• ¾ female workers were married• Rosie Riveter was symbol for working women• Government built day care centers & many women sent children to other child care

givers

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Ch 24, Sect 2: Home FrontEffects on Minorities• Few Afr-Amer found employment with national defense employers so they stressed need for “Double V” campaign

(victory against fascism & victory against discrimination)• A Philip Randolph organized Afr-Amer leaders to protest in Wash DC & sent list of demands to FDR; Many joined

organizations like NAACP to fight against segregation• FDR issued Executive Order #8802 (fair hiring practices in any gov funded job & established Fair Employment Practices

Committee)• Congress of Racial Equality CORE worked for nonviolent protest against segregation• War encouraged migration to find work; California population grew while S & SW became cultural, social, political,

economic centers• Bracero program brought farm workers from Mexico to US • Racial violence erupted; Detroit, Michigan fighting over black housing; Los Angeles, California fighting over Zoot Suit

Riots (Mex-Amer zoot suits -- modeled on flashy, mobster attire – ridiculed in white media, military men targeted zoot suit wearing youth)

• German, Italian, Japanese immigrant aliens subject to arrest or deportation; forced to leave West Coast

• Executive Order # 9066 designated certain areas as war zones & Jap-Amer forced to sell property & later sent to internment camps

• Korematsu v US (Supreme Court upheld right of US to wartime internment)• 442nd Regimental Combat team (all Japanese) fought in Italy at end of war

Ch 24, Sect 3: VictoryTehran Conference• Soviets want Allies to open 2nd front • Nov 1943 Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin meet in Tehran, Iran &

agree that Brit & US would invade France & march into GermanyD-Day (Operation Overlord)• Allies set up fake HQ in Calais to convince Germans they were

going to cross the English Channel to land in France so Hitler sent his army there

• June 6, 1944 Surprising the Germans, Allies invaded France in largest landing along 50 mile stretch of Normandy Beach

• Some portions of beach were easier landing but others had German trenches, heavy artillery concrete firing stations, & landmines, while some soldiers drowned after being weighed down with heavy equipment

Ch 24, Sect 3: VictoryLiberation/VE Day in Europe• Soviets advance from E while Allies advance from W into Germany• July 1944 German Gen Erwin Rommel plans to overthrow Hitler & planted bomb

at HQ; 20 ppl killed or wounded but Hitler survived• Aug 1944 Allies liberate Paris • Dec 1944 Hitler ordered counterattack at Ardennes (Battle of Bulge) to divide

British & Americans; Germans caught Allies by surprise when cut telephone lines, changed road signs, & spread confusion during snow storm but Allies push Germans back out of France

• Jan 1945 Because of Battle of Bulge, Allies begin march toward Berlin: Soviets reach Oder R outside Berlin, while Allies advance N into Italy

• April 1945 Mussolini tries to flee to Switzerland but captured & executed; Allies reach Rhine R & later Elbe R outside of Berlin

• April 30, 1945 After nervous breakdown & excessive methamphetamine usage, Hitler & top aides commit suicide

• May 7, 1945 Germans surrender at Gen Eisenhower’s HQ in France; Allies celebrate VE (Victory in Europe) Day; New US President, Harry Truman, after FDR died

Ch 24, Sect 3: Victory• Allies used island-hopping strategy (capturing some Japanese islands to be used as military bases &

ignoring others) • Feb-March 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima (island SE of Tokyo) caused more than 23,000 Allied casualties in

36 days of fighting; Battle of Okinawa fought for control of important air base & caused more than 50,000 Allied casualties

• Japanese low on fuel, ammunition, supplies, & pilots (Japanese kamikaze pilots deliberately crashed planes instead of dishonorably surrendering)

• With control of Pacific air bases, Allies could bomb Japanese home islands; Bombed factories, military bases, & cities

• Early 1930s scientists learned that splitting nuclei of atoms released energy; Albert Einstein alerted FDR about need to proceed with development of atomic bomb

• Manhattan Project funded by US government & led by physicist J Robert Oppenheimer from Los Alamos, New Mexico; many scientists from Europe were recruited to help; each group of scientists each worked on small part of project so didn’t know they were putting together an atomic bomb

• July 16, 1945 first atomic bomb tested outside Alamogordo, New Mexico; Pres Harry Truman debated ethical issues associated with dropping atomic bomb on Japanese civilians & decided that dropping bomb once would save more lives than prolonging war

• Aug 6, 1945 US dropped 1st atomic bomb on Hiroshima & within 2 minutes, more than 60,000 out of 344,000 were dead or missing

• Aug 9 Soviet Union declared war on Japanese & invaded Manchuria; US dropped 2nd atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing 35,000

• Aug 15 Emperor Hirohito decided to surrender & Allies celebrate VJ (Victory in Japan) Day

Ch 24, Sect 4: Holocaust (Nazi attempt to kill all Jews; blamed Jews for Germany’s problems, including defeat in WWI)

• 1933 Hitler becomes dictator of Germany, begins persecution of Jews; Encourages boycotts of Jewish businesses, barred from civil service, banking, stock exchange, law, journalism, & medicine

• 1933 First concentration camps (Dachau & Buchenwald) used to imprison “undesirable” member of society; given tattooed numbers, had to wear colored stars; death by starvation & disease,

• 1935 Enacts Nuremberg Laws (denied German citizenship to Jews, banned intermarriage & segregated Jews) & began spread of propaganda

• Nov 9, 1938 After Jewish refugee killed German diplomat in Paris, Nazi officials ordered attacks on Jewish synagogues & businesses; killed 200, injured 600, & arrested 1000s (Kristallnacht-Night of Broken Glass)

• Jan 1942 At Wansee Conference, decide to begin Final Solution (systematic extermination of all Jews living in regions controlled by Third Reich) after invasion of Poland; 1st moved Jews into walled ghetto & then transported by train to death camps (Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibar); at first, soldiers shot Jews & buried in mass graves

• Later, due to stress on soldiers, Jews arrived & were herded into “showers” & killed with insecticide Zyklon B; Bodies burned in crematorium; Belongings were seized & human fat, hair, & teeth were repurposed

Ch 24, Sect 4: Responses to Holocaust• 1933-1937 129,000 Jews fled Germany & Nazi Austria;

most not welcomed into other countries due to anti-Semitism

• 1942 Allies issued statement acknowledging genocide (willful annihilation of racial, political, or cultural group)

• April 1943 British & US hosted Bermuda Conference to discuss possibility of rescuing Jewish refugees

• Early 1944 FDR established War Refugee Board to work with Red Cross saving 1000s of Jews

• July 1944 Soviets were 1st to begin liberating camps; Stalin refused to help Jewish refugees; British & US became more sympathetic

• 1948 US recognizes Israel (Jewish community in Palestine)

Ch 24, Sect 5: Effects of WWII• Establishment of United Nations UN (cooperation among Great Powers, member

nations sat on General Assembly & Allied Nations part of Security Council, provided food & aid to nations in need of help), International Monetary Fund & World Bank (work for global economy & financial stability), signed General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade GATT (expand world trade), UN issued Universal Declaration of Human Rights (drafted by Eleanor Roosevelt, condemn slavery & torture, uphold freedoms)

• Yalta Conference-Big Three (FDR, Stalin, Churchill) agreed that Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania would choose free elections; Potsdam Conference-agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones (Soviet, American, British, & French) & divide Germany into Communist E & Non-Communist W; Japan wrote new constitution with democratic reforms

• US & Soviet became superpowers; US-no battles fought on US soil, booming industry, economic growth, control of atomic bomb; Soviet-largest military, major battles fought there, industry & cities crumbling

• Axis Powers had violated Geneva Convention (international agreement governing humane treatment of soldiers & prisoners), including medical experimentation; Nuremberg Trials sentenced Nazi officials who said they were “following orders”; Tokyo Trials sentenced Japanese officials

• End of imperialism-colonial peoples wanted independence & mother countries didn’t have resources to continue; Beginning of Globalization-US realized that what happened in world affected them; Renewed efforts in US by Afr Amer to work for civil rights