Chpt 10 Chpt 10 Pre World WarPre World War IIII

Russia…Communism…StalinRussia…Communism…Stalin Lenin dies in 1924…Joseph Stalin takes Lenin dies in 1924…Joseph Stalin takes

his place as leader of the Communist partyhis place as leader of the Communist party Stalin means “Man of Steel” like his Stalin means “Man of Steel” like his

personality – suspicious, cruel, ruthlesspersonality – suspicious, cruel, ruthless Tried to turn Russia into an industrial Tried to turn Russia into an industrial

power filled with collective farms – ended power filled with collective farms – ended up killing over 10 million – Great Terror – up killing over 10 million – Great Terror – imprisoned/killed anyone who he felt was imprisoned/killed anyone who he felt was a real or suspected traitora real or suspected traitor

Fear and massive propaganda kept Stalin Fear and massive propaganda kept Stalin in powerin power

Italy…Fascism...MussoliniItaly…Fascism...Mussolini Benito Mussolini – wounded in WWI – felt like Benito Mussolini – wounded in WWI – felt like

many other Italians – that his country had been many other Italians – that his country had been shortchanged in the Paris Treatyshortchanged in the Paris Treaty

He (calling himself He (calling himself Il DuceIl Duce) joined with others ) joined with others who were dissatisfied to form a Fascist Partywho were dissatisfied to form a Fascist Party

Fascism Fascism = nation more important than individual= nation more important than individual Blackshirts (Thugs) terrorized the people into Blackshirts (Thugs) terrorized the people into

following orders – the frightened King made Il following orders – the frightened King made Il Duce Prime MinisterDuce Prime Minister

Outlawed political parties, set up secret police, Outlawed political parties, set up secret police, set up fascist youth groups and created up a set up fascist youth groups and created up a dictatorshipdictatorship

Germany…Nazism…HitlerGermany…Nazism…Hitler Wounded in WWI Adolf Hitler, an Austrian painter, was Wounded in WWI Adolf Hitler, an Austrian painter, was

also disgusted by the outcome of the Paris Treatyalso disgusted by the outcome of the Paris Treaty He joined the National Socialist German Workers Party He joined the National Socialist German Workers Party

or or NaziNazi Party – stood for German Ethnic Solidarity – as a Party – stood for German Ethnic Solidarity – as a great public speaker - he became the leader and tried to great public speaker - he became the leader and tried to overthrow the GR gov’t – sent to prison for 5 yrs – overthrow the GR gov’t – sent to prison for 5 yrs – served 9 mos.served 9 mos.

Wrote autobiography Wrote autobiography Mein KampfMein Kampf (my struggle) in (my struggle) in prisonprison

Believed that groups (Jews) – anti-Semitism - with in GR Believed that groups (Jews) – anti-Semitism - with in GR had weakened the country and lost the war and had to had weakened the country and lost the war and had to be gotten rid of be gotten rid of

He wanted to beef up the military and expand GR He wanted to beef up the military and expand GR borders to include GR living in other nationsborders to include GR living in other nations

Wanted to purify the “Aryan” race – blond hair – blue Wanted to purify the “Aryan” race – blond hair – blue eyes – get “rid” of all who did not fit the typeeyes – get “rid” of all who did not fit the type

Germanys troubles…Germanys troubles… Massive debt after WWI, high unemployment, Massive debt after WWI, high unemployment,

devastating inflationdevastating inflation US stock market crash….loss of American US stock market crash….loss of American

investors…investors… Hitler and the Nazi’s promised to stabilize the Hitler and the Nazi’s promised to stabilize the

country, rebuild the economy, and restore the country, rebuild the economy, and restore the empire that had been lostempire that had been lost

By 1933 the Nazi party was the largest political By 1933 the Nazi party was the largest political party in GR party in GR ReichstagReichstag (parliament) – Hitler (parliament) – Hitler became the head of the GR statebecame the head of the GR state

Gave himself the title Gave himself the title Der FuhrerDer Fuhrer (the leader) as (the leader) as the new dictator of GR with full support of the the new dictator of GR with full support of the ReichstagReichstag

Hitler is added by his secret police, state Hitler is added by his secret police, state controlled press, state controlled education controlled press, state controlled education system – Hitler was a German Godsystem – Hitler was a German God

By the late 1930s – Hitler’s economic policies By the late 1930s – Hitler’s economic policies – rearmament and massive public works – rearmament and massive public works projects – ended the depression in GRprojects – ended the depression in GR

GR people loved him for itGR people loved him for it However his political initiatives restricted However his political initiatives restricted

personal freedomspersonal freedoms He openly attacked Jews, communists, and He openly attacked Jews, communists, and

socialistssocialists

JapanJapan Small Pacific island nation – unhappy with its Small Pacific island nation – unhappy with its

lack of resources and markets – land poor and lack of resources and markets – land poor and population rich – Japan wanted to set up an population rich – Japan wanted to set up an empire – ruled by a constitutional monarchyempire – ruled by a constitutional monarchy

Japanese military seized mineral rich Manchuria Japanese military seized mineral rich Manchuria (Chinese) renames it Manchukuo and continued (Chinese) renames it Manchukuo and continued to take more control over Chinese territory over to take more control over Chinese territory over the next 5 yearsthe next 5 years

Japans army easily won more land as Chinese Japans army easily won more land as Chinese army General Jiang Jieshi and Chinese army General Jiang Jieshi and Chinese communists General Mao Zedong continue the communists General Mao Zedong continue the civil war in Chinacivil war in China

Acts of Aggression…Acts of Aggression… IT, GR, JAP began aggressive actionsIT, GR, JAP began aggressive actions Neither the League of Nations nor other Neither the League of Nations nor other

democratic nations were successful in democratic nations were successful in stopping the aggressionstopping the aggression

The League of Nations had no standing army The League of Nations had no standing army and no real power to enforce their decrees – and no real power to enforce their decrees – it was only as strong as its members resolve it was only as strong as its members resolve – the Depression caused a severe lack of – the Depression caused a severe lack of resolve all over the world – their enemies resolve all over the world – their enemies found that the League was long on words – found that the League was long on words – short on actionsshort on actions

GR Aggression…GR Aggression…

Hitler worked to restore GR strength and Hitler worked to restore GR strength and nullifying the Treaty of Versaillesnullifying the Treaty of Versailles

Rebuilt the economy, the army, navy, and Rebuilt the economy, the army, navy, and air force – in defiance of the Treatyair force – in defiance of the Treaty

Wanted Wanted ReichReich or state for GR people or state for GR people LebensraumLebensraum or living space for GR people or living space for GR people He reclaimed the Saar region and sent his He reclaimed the Saar region and sent his

troops into the Rhinelandtroops into the Rhineland

IT Aggression…IT Aggression…

Mussolini had his troops invade EthiopiaMussolini had his troops invade Ethiopia The leader of independent Ethiopia - Haile The leader of independent Ethiopia - Haile

Selassie appealed to the League of Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for helpNations for help

The League of Nations did little to nothing The League of Nations did little to nothing to stop the aggressionto stop the aggression

Spanish Civil War…Spanish Civil War…

Nationalist groups in Spain rebelled Nationalist groups in Spain rebelled against the democratic Republic lead gov’t against the democratic Republic lead gov’t

Hitler and Mussolini set troops and aid to Hitler and Mussolini set troops and aid to help the rebellion alonghelp the rebellion along

Nationalist leader Gen. Franciso Franco Nationalist leader Gen. Franciso Franco helped them test the latest in tank warfarehelped them test the latest in tank warfare

RUS gave some aid to SP while BR, FR, RUS gave some aid to SP while BR, FR, US hated the bloodshed but did nothingUS hated the bloodshed but did nothing

German Expansion…German Expansion… 1936 – GR troops take over the Rhineland1936 – GR troops take over the Rhineland 1938 – Hitler annexes Austria (1938 – Hitler annexes Austria (AnschlussAnschluss) )

and takes Sudetenland (Gr. people in Czech.)and takes Sudetenland (Gr. people in Czech.) 1938 BR & FR meet and agree to 1938 BR & FR meet and agree to

appeasement – appeasement – neither was prepared for neither was prepared for another war and many leaders were more another war and many leaders were more concerned with RUS than GRconcerned with RUS than GR

1938 – 1938 – Munich PactMunich Pact – BR Pr Minister Neville – BR Pr Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler – agreed to give Chamberlain met with Hitler – agreed to give up the Sudetenland for a period of peaceup the Sudetenland for a period of peace

FDR Opposes Aggression…FDR Opposes Aggression…

1937 JAP violence in China took place 1937 JAP violence in China took place without a declaration of warwithout a declaration of war

Speaking from Chicago FDR said that no Speaking from Chicago FDR said that no country is truly isolated and suggested that country is truly isolated and suggested that peace loving nations should band together peace loving nations should band together to fight the aggressionto fight the aggression

Many Americans criticized FDR for his Many Americans criticized FDR for his ideas and he backed down from his ideas and he backed down from his interventionist views for a timeinterventionist views for a time

Poland…Poland…

1939 – BR & FR warned Hitler to stay out of 1939 – BR & FR warned Hitler to stay out of Poland – they promised aid to POL because Poland – they promised aid to POL because they saw Hitler's intent they saw Hitler's intent

Hitler violated the Munich Pact and invaded POLHitler violated the Munich Pact and invaded POL More concerned with RUS than BR and FR - More concerned with RUS than BR and FR -

Hitler signed an agreement with the Soviet Hitler signed an agreement with the Soviet Union not wanting to fight another two-fronted Union not wanting to fight another two-fronted war – war – Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression PactNazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact was was signed – publically promised not to attack each signed – publically promised not to attack each other – agreed to invade and divide POLother – agreed to invade and divide POL

Blitzkrieg… Blitzkrieg… BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg – Lightening War – Tanks, artillery – Lightening War – Tanks, artillery

and soldiers carried by truck move in quickly and soldiers carried by truck move in quickly before the foe had time to reactbefore the foe had time to react

Sept., 1939 - Poland was completely taken Sept., 1939 - Poland was completely taken over within one month – Stalin (RUS) quickly over within one month – Stalin (RUS) quickly moved from the east and took the rest of moved from the east and took the rest of Poland for the Soviet UnionPoland for the Soviet Union

BR and FR declared war on GR but did BR and FR declared war on GR but did nothing to save POLnothing to save POL

April 9 1940 – Hitler launched attack on April 9 1940 – Hitler launched attack on Norway and Denmark – May 10 – blitzed Norway and Denmark – May 10 – blitzed Netherlands, Belgium and FRNetherlands, Belgium and FR

Axis Powers…Axis Powers… Eventually included GR, IT, JAP plus othersEventually included GR, IT, JAP plus others

Sitzkrieg…Sitzkrieg…

““Sit-Down” war or Phony War – an 8 Sit-Down” war or Phony War – an 8 month period of waiting, watching, setting month period of waiting, watching, setting up, getting ready to strike up, getting ready to strike

April 1940 – GR attacked Denmark and April 1940 – GR attacked Denmark and Norway – fell immediatelyNorway – fell immediately

May 1940 – Sent a blitzkreig to Belgium, May 1940 – Sent a blitzkreig to Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg – all fell Netherlands and Luxembourg – all fell immediatelyimmediately

It seemed that Hitler was unstoppableIt seemed that Hitler was unstoppable

Maginot Line…Maginot Line…

FR had prepared for GR invasion – had FR had prepared for GR invasion – had set up armed fortresses along its western set up armed fortresses along its western border called the border called the Maginot LineMaginot Line

Between the GR and FR the area was Between the GR and FR the area was called the Ardennes – hilly, forested area called the Ardennes – hilly, forested area that was considered invasion proofthat was considered invasion proof

WRONG – GR tanks ran right through the WRONG – GR tanks ran right through the lines of defense and pushed towards the lines of defense and pushed towards the English Chanel – hoping to pin the Allies English Chanel – hoping to pin the Allies against the beachagainst the beach

Miracle of Dunkirk…Miracle of Dunkirk…

But for a few GR tactical errors – the BR But for a few GR tactical errors – the BR were able to evacuate their troops from were able to evacuate their troops from the FR port of Dunkirkthe FR port of Dunkirk

338,000 FR and BR troops were able to 338,000 FR and BR troops were able to escape by way of 900 civilian boats, escape by way of 900 civilian boats, yachts and fishing trolls across the English yachts and fishing trolls across the English Chanel – codenamed Operation DynamoChanel – codenamed Operation Dynamo

Churchill called it the Miracle of DunkirkChurchill called it the Miracle of Dunkirk

New BR Prime Minister Winston Churchill New BR Prime Minister Winston Churchill warned his people that “wars are not won warned his people that “wars are not won by evacuations”by evacuations”

GR took Paris and forced FR to surrender GR took Paris and forced FR to surrender in the same manner that ended WWIin the same manner that ended WWI

Occupied FR = Northern section of FR Occupied FR = Northern section of FR controlled by the GRcontrolled by the GR

Unoccupied FR or Vichy France = Unoccupied FR or Vichy France = supposedly neutral but did collaborate with supposedly neutral but did collaborate with the Nazisthe Nazis

Battle of Britain…Battle of Britain…

July 1940 - Codenamed Operation Sealion July 1940 - Codenamed Operation Sealion all depended on the GR Luftwaffe all depended on the GR Luftwaffe destroying the BR RAF and gaining control destroying the BR RAF and gaining control of the air over the English Chanelof the air over the English Chanel

Air battle fought over land and seaAir battle fought over land and sea RAF lost 1,000 planes – GR lost over RAF lost 1,000 planes – GR lost over

1,700 planes1,700 planes GR bombed civilian and military targets GR bombed civilian and military targets

destroying houses, factories, churchesdestroying houses, factories, churches

Edwin Murrow – Blitz - Youtube

The Blitz… The Blitz…

Months long bombing campaign on the Months long bombing campaign on the city of London known as The Blitzcity of London known as The Blitz

The bombing was intended to soften up The bombing was intended to soften up Britain so that an amphibious assault Britain so that an amphibious assault would be possiblewould be possible

But BR held on and Hitler mistakenly But BR held on and Hitler mistakenly postponed the invasion due to winter postponed the invasion due to winter weather and the RAF still flying strongweather and the RAF still flying strong

US Favors Isolationism…US Favors Isolationism…

FDR shared Churchill’s concerns but he FDR shared Churchill’s concerns but he knew that most Americans wanted to stay knew that most Americans wanted to stay out of another warout of another war

Most of the US was more concerned about Most of the US was more concerned about the effects of the Great Depression than the effects of the Great Depression than another war in Europeanother war in Europe

Many believed that the US’s involvement Many believed that the US’s involvement had been a deadly mistake – with all that had been a deadly mistake – with all that happened since WWI – did our happened since WWI – did our involvement do any good?involvement do any good?

Why DID the US get in WWI?Why DID the US get in WWI?

Books/articles theorized why the US got into Books/articles theorized why the US got into WWIWWI

Big business had conspired to get the US Big business had conspired to get the US into WWI in order to make huge profits off of into WWI in order to make huge profits off of the warthe war

Nye Committee investigated – US Bankers Nye Committee investigated – US Bankers and Arms Mfg. “Merchants of Death” did and Arms Mfg. “Merchants of Death” did actually compel the US into the waractually compel the US into the war

Made Americans that much more IsolationistMade Americans that much more Isolationist

Neutrality Acts…Neutrality Acts…

To avoid the mistake again Congress passed To avoid the mistake again Congress passed the the Neutrality ActNeutrality Act of 1935, 1936, 1937 – of 1935, 1936, 1937 – imposed restrictions on Americans during imposed restrictions on Americans during times of wartimes of war

Citizens could not sail on ships of nations Citizens could not sail on ships of nations that were at warthat were at war

Could not make loans or trade arms or Could not make loans or trade arms or ammo to nations at warammo to nations at war

Acts did not distinguish between Axis or Acts did not distinguish between Axis or AlliesAllies

Neutrality Act of 1939…Neutrality Act of 1939…

FDR wanted to help fellow democratic FDR wanted to help fellow democratic countries who were at war – convinced countries who were at war – convinced congress to pass new neutrality actscongress to pass new neutrality acts

Cash and Carry provision – nations at war Cash and Carry provision – nations at war could buy goods and arms if they had cash could buy goods and arms if they had cash up front to pay and had their own ships to up front to pay and had their own ships to transport them backtransport them back

Since the BR navy was dominate on the Since the BR navy was dominate on the oceans – Cash and Carry really helped the oceans – Cash and Carry really helped the AlliesAllies

Opposition to Cash and Carry…Opposition to Cash and Carry…

Many citizens were opposed to Many citizens were opposed to Cash and Cash and CarryCarry – they saw it as a way that FDR – they saw it as a way that FDR was getting us involved in another was getting us involved in another overseas waroverseas war

Between 1940-1941 a great debate raged Between 1940-1941 a great debate raged in the US about the US’s involvementin the US about the US’s involvement

Debate increased after FR fell and left BR Debate increased after FR fell and left BR alone to fight against GRalone to fight against GR

Many wanted aid to be sent to BRMany wanted aid to be sent to BR

Argument for Neutrality…Argument for Neutrality…

By giving aid to the Allies – we were By giving aid to the Allies – we were harming the Axis and that that may lead to harming the Axis and that that may lead to the US joining the warthe US joining the war

America First Committee – isolationist America First Committee – isolationist group – held rallies – had speakers – group – held rallies – had speakers – openly criticizing FDR and his policiesopenly criticizing FDR and his policies

Charles Lindbergh became a spokesman Charles Lindbergh became a spokesman for the Committeefor the Committee

Inching to Involvement… Inching to Involvement…

Edw. R. Murrow – CBS – reported live Edw. R. Murrow – CBS – reported live from London during The Blitz – grabbing from London during The Blitz – grabbing Americans attention with his reports about Americans attention with his reports about the families being driven from their homesthe families being driven from their homes

Many now felt that the US needed to at Many now felt that the US needed to at least be ready to defend itselfleast be ready to defend itself

Selective Service Act passed Congress - Selective Service Act passed Congress - training of 1.2 million soldiers and 800,000 training of 1.2 million soldiers and 800,000 reservistsreservists

Tripartite PactTripartite Pact

At the same time that the US was At the same time that the US was preparing …..GR, IT, Japan signed an preparing …..GR, IT, Japan signed an alliance – the alliance – the Tripartite PactTripartite Pact - in Sept - in Sept 1940 1940

Japan signed a neutrality pact with RUS in Japan signed a neutrality pact with RUS in 19411941

Japan was now ready to challenge for Japan was now ready to challenge for supreme control in Asia and the supreme control in Asia and the PacificPacific

The American ResponseThe American Response

Watching Japan closely – FDR built up the Watching Japan closely – FDR built up the Naval Fleet – moved the American Pacific Naval Fleet – moved the American Pacific Fleet from California to Pearl Harbor, Fleet from California to Pearl Harbor, HawaiiHawaii

Americans were not interested in getting Americans were not interested in getting into another warinto another war

The Depression was still gripping the US The Depression was still gripping the US economy – most wanted to remain economy – most wanted to remain isolationist. isolationist.

FDR Makes Exchange…FDR Makes Exchange…

FDR made a deal with BR – giving BR 50 FDR made a deal with BR – giving BR 50 WWI era battleships in exchange for 8 BR WWI era battleships in exchange for 8 BR defense basesdefense bases

BR needed the destroyers to convoy BR needed the destroyers to convoy goods across the Atlanticgoods across the Atlantic

FDR did this without Congressional FDR did this without Congressional approval because he felt that it was an approval because he felt that it was an emergencyemergency

Election of 1940…Election of 1940… Democrat FDR ran for Democrat FDR ran for

an unprecedented third an unprecedented third term as President of the term as President of the USUS

Wendell WillkieWendell Willkie – – Republican dark horse Republican dark horse was FDR opponentwas FDR opponent

FDR won by an electoral FDR won by an electoral vote of 449 to 82vote of 449 to 82

Lend-Lease Program…Lend-Lease Program… FDR compared the situation to a fire at a FDR compared the situation to a fire at a

neighbors house – he asks to borrow your neighbors house – he asks to borrow your hose to put out the fire – you don’t stand hose to put out the fire – you don’t stand there and debate itthere and debate it

US is a “Great Arsenal of Democracy”US is a “Great Arsenal of Democracy” March 1941 – March 1941 – Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act was passed – was passed –

sell, transfer, exchange, lease, lend any sell, transfer, exchange, lease, lend any defense item that FDR saw fit in order to defense item that FDR saw fit in order to defend the USdefend the US

By 1945 - $40 billion in lend-lease items to By 1945 - $40 billion in lend-lease items to the Allies and RUSthe Allies and RUS

The Lend-Lease Act was an economic The Lend-Lease Act was an economic

declaration of war against GRdeclaration of war against GR

Atlantic Charter…Atlantic Charter…

FDR and Churchill met secretly on board a FDR and Churchill met secretly on board a ship off the coast of Newfoundland to ship off the coast of Newfoundland to discuss BR situation and how they wanted discuss BR situation and how they wanted the world to be after Hitler's defeat the world to be after Hitler's defeat

Signed the Signed the Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter – supported – supported national self-determination and a system national self-determination and a system of international general securityof international general security

German U-boats…German U-boats…

Hitler knew that the US was aiding BR by Hitler knew that the US was aiding BR by transporting supplies to Iceland so that BR could transporting supplies to Iceland so that BR could get them easilyget them easily

Fall 1941, Hitler order U-boats to attack any and all Fall 1941, Hitler order U-boats to attack any and all US ships US ships

Shot at the USS Greer, hit the USS Kearny, and Shot at the USS Greer, hit the USS Kearny, and sank the USS Reuben Jamessank the USS Reuben James

Attacks shocked and angered US – moving the US Attacks shocked and angered US – moving the US closer to a declaration of war on GRcloser to a declaration of war on GR

FDR gave the navy orders to attack all U-boatsFDR gave the navy orders to attack all U-boats

JapanJapan

1940 – Japan takes FR colonies of Indochina 1940 – Japan takes FR colonies of Indochina 1941 – FDR froze JAP assets in the US and cut 1941 – FDR froze JAP assets in the US and cut

off all tradeoff all trade Diplomats pressed FDR to stay calm – but many Diplomats pressed FDR to stay calm – but many

Gov’t officials knew that JAP was planning to Gov’t officials knew that JAP was planning to seize more land from decoded secret messagesseize more land from decoded secret messages

Hideki TojoHideki Tojo became Prime Minister of JAP and became Prime Minister of JAP and supported war with the USsupported war with the US

FDR still wanted peace – suggested opening FDR still wanted peace – suggested opening trade back up if no further aggression occurredtrade back up if no further aggression occurred

Japan…Japan…

Japan moved its naval fleet towards Japan moved its naval fleet towards southeast Asia – the US demanded its southeast Asia – the US demanded its withdraw and the end of the Tripartite Pactwithdraw and the end of the Tripartite Pact

JAP moved more ships to the area JAP moved more ships to the area They decided that the US naval fleet had They decided that the US naval fleet had

to be removed from Hawaii if their plans to be removed from Hawaii if their plans for Asia were to be achievedfor Asia were to be achieved

Climb Mt. Niataka! ---- Tora! Tora! Tora!Climb Mt. Niataka! ---- Tora! Tora! Tora!

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

7:00 am Dec. 7, 1941 – Army radar 7:00 am Dec. 7, 1941 – Army radar reported that planes were headed to Oahureported that planes were headed to Oahu

An Officer on duty decided that they were An Officer on duty decided that they were American and did nothing furtherAmerican and did nothing further

By 8:00 am –180 JAP warplanes began By 8:00 am –180 JAP warplanes began bombing Pearl Harborbombing Pearl Harbor

The US Pacific Fleet lay anchor at Pearl The US Pacific Fleet lay anchor at Pearl Harbor – an area of less than 3 sq. miles Harbor – an area of less than 3 sq. miles

Japanese Devastation…Japanese Devastation…

In less than 2 hours – 2,388 Americans In less than 2 hours – 2,388 Americans were dead, 1,200 wounded, 300 were dead, 1,200 wounded, 300 warplanes damaged or destroyed, 18 warplanes damaged or destroyed, 18 warships were sunk or heavily damaged warships were sunk or heavily damaged including 8 of 9 battleships, 3 destroyers including 8 of 9 battleships, 3 destroyers were unusable, 3 light cruisers were were unusable, 3 light cruisers were damageddamaged

The JAP had lost only 29 planes The JAP had lost only 29 planes

The Good News… The Good News…

The most important ships – aircraft carriers – The most important ships – aircraft carriers – were out at sea at the time of the attackwere out at sea at the time of the attack

7 heavy cruisers were out at sea as well7 heavy cruisers were out at sea as well Of the battleships in Pearl Harbor – only 3 Of the battleships in Pearl Harbor – only 3

suffered irreparable damage – USS Arizona, suffered irreparable damage – USS Arizona, USS Oklahoma, USS UtahUSS Oklahoma, USS Utah

US submarines survived unharmed as did US submarines survived unharmed as did refueling stations and maintenance facilities refueling stations and maintenance facilities

Pearl Harbor was a very shallow port….Pearl Harbor was a very shallow port….

Joining the Allies…Joining the Allies…

Many Americans were concerned because Many Americans were concerned because the RUS had just joined the Allies after the RUS had just joined the Allies after GER invasion of RUS in June 1941GER invasion of RUS in June 1941

Pearl Harbor changed their opinionsPearl Harbor changed their opinions It ended all thoughts of isolationismIt ended all thoughts of isolationism

““a date which will live in infamy”a date which will live in infamy”

FDR went to FDR went to Congress and asked Congress and asked for a declaration of for a declaration of war – unanimous war – unanimous support but for 1 vote support but for 1 vote in both houses of in both houses of Congress – 388-1Congress – 388-1

Dec. 10, 1941 GR Dec. 10, 1941 GR and IT declare war on and IT declare war on the USthe US

Patriotism in the US…Patriotism in the US…

Spirit of patriotism Spirit of patriotism and service swept and service swept across the US – across the US – Americans joined the Americans joined the military, volunteered military, volunteered with the Red Cross, with the Red Cross, and moved into to and moved into to new jobs to help new jobs to help their countrytheir country

War Time Statistics…War Time Statistics… WWII – 16 million Americans servedWWII – 16 million Americans served 1941-1942 – Army grew from 1.4 to 3 million 1941-1942 – Army grew from 1.4 to 3 million

– Navy from 300,000 to 600,000 – Marines – Navy from 300,000 to 600,000 – Marines went from 54,000 to 150,000went from 54,000 to 150,000

300,000 MEX-AM, 25,000 NAT-AM, 1 million 300,000 MEX-AM, 25,000 NAT-AM, 1 million AA – although they served in segregated AA – although they served in segregated units and were often used for support only at units and were often used for support only at first but as casualties mounted – they saw first but as casualties mounted – they saw more combat and even served in white unitsmore combat and even served in white units

Women in the Military…Women in the Military…

350,000 women also joined the war effort350,000 women also joined the war effort 1943 - Women’s Army Corp (WAC) – served 1943 - Women’s Army Corp (WAC) – served

as clerical workers, truck drivers, lab as clerical workers, truck drivers, lab technicians, instructors for the Armytechnicians, instructors for the Army

150,000 women volunteered, 15,000 served 150,000 women volunteered, 15,000 served abroad, 600 rec’d medals abroad, 600 rec’d medals

57,000 served in the Women’s Nurses Corp57,000 served in the Women’s Nurses Corp 10 of 1,000s joined women’s groups in the 10 of 1,000s joined women’s groups in the

Navy and Coast Guard auxillariesNavy and Coast Guard auxillaries

Mobilization…Mobilization… Began with the Lend-Lease ActBegan with the Lend-Lease Act FDR knew that war production was key to FDR knew that war production was key to

winning the war in Europewinning the war in Europe 1942 – War Production Board (WPB) – 1942 – War Production Board (WPB) –

oversaw conversion of peace time production oversaw conversion of peace time production to war-time productionto war-time production

Other agencies were set up to allocate Other agencies were set up to allocate materials, regulate production, negotiate with materials, regulate production, negotiate with unions, set up contracts, control inflationunions, set up contracts, control inflation

Office of War Mobilization (OWM) – oversaw Office of War Mobilization (OWM) – oversaw everything dealing with war productioneverything dealing with war production

End of the Depression…End of the Depression… Massive defense spending ended the Depression – Massive defense spending ended the Depression –

for the first time in a decade there was a job for for the first time in a decade there was a job for every workerevery worker

Every year of the war – production goals were set Every year of the war – production goals were set and every year they were metand every year they were met

Ford Motor Co. went from cars to B-24 Liberator Ford Motor Co. went from cars to B-24 Liberator bombers – producing 8,000bombers – producing 8,000

Henry J. Kaisers shipyards made “Liberty Ships” – Henry J. Kaisers shipyards made “Liberty Ships” – large merchant ships – one every 4 ½ dayslarge merchant ships – one every 4 ½ days

US production levels were double of all Axis US production levels were double of all Axis countries combined –Big Advantage for the Alliescountries combined –Big Advantage for the Allies

Japanese AdvanceJapanese Advance

Clark Field (Air Force) was bombed within Clark Field (Air Force) was bombed within hours after Pearl Harbor in the Philippineshours after Pearl Harbor in the Philippines

½ of the of the planes were destroyed½ of the of the planes were destroyed Within days JAP troops landed on the Within days JAP troops landed on the

island – MacArthur withdrew his troops to island – MacArthur withdrew his troops to the Bataan peninsula to prepare for the Bataan peninsula to prepare for evacuationevacuation

4 mos. – US and Filipino troops held their 4 mos. – US and Filipino troops held their defense of the island against the JAPdefense of the island against the JAP

Philippines…Philippines…

FDR ordered MacArthur to withdraw and go to FDR ordered MacArthur to withdraw and go to Australia – realizing they were losing, MacArthur Australia – realizing they were losing, MacArthur takes a small group with him vowing “I shall takes a small group with him vowing “I shall return” – feeling guilt at leaving his troopsreturn” – feeling guilt at leaving his troops

As groups began surrendering, about 2,000 US As groups began surrendering, about 2,000 US & Filipino soldiers and nurses escaped to a fort & Filipino soldiers and nurses escaped to a fort – Corregidor - in Manila Bay to fight for another – Corregidor - in Manila Bay to fight for another monthmonth

Running low on ammunition, food and medicine, Running low on ammunition, food and medicine, 11,000 surrendered to the JAP11,000 surrendered to the JAP

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

When the entire Bataan peninsula fell – When the entire Bataan peninsula fell – 76,000 Americans and Filipinos became 76,000 Americans and Filipinos became prisoners of warprisoners of war

Weak, starved, sick – they were made to Weak, starved, sick – they were made to march 60 miles over 6-12 days to a RR to march 60 miles over 6-12 days to a RR to take them to a prison where they would be take them to a prison where they would be held until the end of the warheld until the end of the war

Over 10,000 died on the march – many Over 10,000 died on the march – many were executed if they could not keep up were executed if they could not keep up

Doolittle Raid…Doolittle Raid…

Nighttime bombing raid set up by FDR to Nighttime bombing raid set up by FDR to retaliate for Pearl Harbor from the decks of retaliate for Pearl Harbor from the decks of the USS Hornet led by Col. James Doolittlethe USS Hornet led by Col. James Doolittle

The Hornet was detected – Doolittle led 16 The Hornet was detected – Doolittle led 16 B-25 bombers on a bombing raid against B-25 bombers on a bombing raid against Tokyo – dropped payload just past noonTokyo – dropped payload just past noon

50 JAP killed – 100 buildings destroyed – 50 JAP killed – 100 buildings destroyed – Pilots then flew to China and crash landedPilots then flew to China and crash landed

Raid did minimal damage but was a morale Raid did minimal damage but was a morale booster for the Americansbooster for the Americans

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea In the waters NE of Australia – First naval In the waters NE of Australia – First naval

combat carried out entirely by aircraftcombat carried out entirely by aircraft Ships never came within sight of each other – Ships never came within sight of each other –

planes were launched from carriers and flew planes were launched from carriers and flew missions 70 miles awaymissions 70 miles away

5 day battle – ½ of each sides planes were 5 day battle – ½ of each sides planes were destroyed – Carrier Lexington destroyed, destroyed – Carrier Lexington destroyed, Yorktown was severely damagedYorktown was severely damaged

1 JAP carrier was sunk, 1 badly damaged and 1 1 JAP carrier was sunk, 1 badly damaged and 1 lost most of its planeslost most of its planes

Militarily is was a draw – However it kept the Militarily is was a draw – However it kept the JAP from taking over islands needed to run JAP from taking over islands needed to run bombing mission over Australia and an eventual bombing mission over Australia and an eventual invasion of that country invasion of that country