wwi: the great war 1914-1918. in the decades before the war: what role did otto von bismarck play...
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WWI: The Great WarWWI: The Great War
1914-19181914-1918
In the decades before the war: In the decades before the war:
What role did Otto von Bismarck play until What role did Otto von Bismarck play until he was dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II ?he was dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II ?
What did the new Kaiser/Emperor do?What did the new Kaiser/Emperor do?
#5: How did political leaders encourage #5: How did political leaders encourage the drift toward war?the drift toward war? Military leadersMilitary leaders Popular opinion?Popular opinion?
Balance of Power- AlliancesBalance of Power- Alliances
Issues for each countryIssues for each country Ottoman – “Sick man of Europe”Ottoman – “Sick man of Europe” French – Desperate to restore its prideFrench – Desperate to restore its pride Austria-Hungary - A dozen nationalitiesAustria-Hungary - A dozen nationalities Balkans - A simmering pot of ethnicitiesBalkans - A simmering pot of ethnicities Germany - A new powerhouse in the center of EuropeGermany - A new powerhouse in the center of Europe Britain- An island unto itselfBritain- An island unto itself Russia – The “big slow bear” of EuropeRussia – The “big slow bear” of Europe Belgium – Weak but guaranteed neutrality (since 1839)Belgium – Weak but guaranteed neutrality (since 1839)
Alliances and the First World War:
Triple Alliance, 1882Then Bismarck allied with Italy and Austria-Hungary
the TRIPLE ALLIANCE, 1882…this kept Germany safe.
Alliances and the First World War:
Germany encircledWhen Kaiser Wilhelm II became Emperor, he dumped the Russian alliance. He kept the Triple Alliance, but…
Alliances and the First World War:
Franco-Russian Alliance, 1892Instead, in 1892, Russia made an alliance with FRANCE.Although it was only a DEFENSIVE alliance, it was Germany’s worst nightmare!
Alliances and the First World War:
Webs of Alliances
There were many more alliances.
Alliances and the First World War:
Anglo-Japanese Naval Agreement, 1902
A very important one was the 1902 Anglo-Japanese naval alliance, which freed up Great Britain from protecting its Empire in the far east…
Alliances and the First World War:
Triple Entente, 1907In 1907 Russia joined Britain and France to make the Triple Entente.
Europe had divided into two massive superpower blocs. People thought this BALANCE OF POWER would keep the peace.
Alliances and the First World War:
The BalkansBut Russia was also allied to Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. When trouble erupted in the Balkans in 1914, the nations found their alliances dragged them into war…LATER, ITALY WILL NOT HONOR its alliance and will join other side…
GermanyGermany versus versus Great BritainGreat Britain
Between Napoleon’s Between Napoleon’s 1815 downfall and 1815 downfall and 1904, Great Britain 1904, Great Britain sought no alliances. sought no alliances. It kept a tiny standing It kept a tiny standing army and no army and no conscription.conscription.
A German Navy Toast of the EraA German Navy Toast of the Era
We will never forgo our hate.We will never forgo our hate.
Hate by water and hate by land.Hate by water and hate by land.
Hate of the head and hate of the hand.Hate of the head and hate of the hand.
Hate of the hammer and hate of the Hate of the hammer and hate of the Crown.Crown.
Hate of the seventy millions choking Hate of the seventy millions choking down.down.
We love as one, we hate as oneWe love as one, we hate as one
We have one foe and one alone: We have one foe and one alone: England!England!
Why did Germany regard England as its mortal enemy ?
Image analysis: Can you name the Image analysis: Can you name the members of the Triple Entente? members of the Triple Entente?
Concerns of each?Concerns of each? Britain: Britain:
Naval buildupNaval buildup
RussianRussian A-H in Slavic landsA-H in Slavic lands
• Slavic NationalismSlavic Nationalism GermanyGermany The Dardanelles problemThe Dardanelles problem
FranceFrance Franco-Prussian memoryFranco-Prussian memory Alsace-Lorraine stolenAlsace-Lorraine stolen
The Balkan Powder KegThe Balkan Powder KegCompare the two maps below…Compare the two maps below…
Nationalism Nationalism GreeceGreece AlbaniaAlbania BulgariaBulgaria RomaniaRomania SerbiaSerbia
• Wanted to annex Wanted to annex Bosnia and Bosnia and HerzogoveniaHerzogovenia
1835By 1914…
The The CatalystCatalyst of the War: June 28 of the War: June 28thth 1914 1914…a shot heard round the world…a shot heard round the world
Sarajevo- city now in Bosnia-Sarajevo- city now in Bosnia-Herzegovina Herzegovina Area was controlled by Austria-Area was controlled by Austria-
HungaryHungary Large Serbian PopulationLarge Serbian Population
Archduke Ferdinand was shot and Archduke Ferdinand was shot and killed by a Serbian nationalist-killed by a Serbian nationalist-Assassin, Gavrilo Princip, a member Assassin, Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand… They of the Black Hand… They wanted ???wanted ??? B-H united with SERBIAB-H united with SERBIA
Archduke (prince) Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungarian empire
What was the blank check?What was the blank check?and the ultimatum…?and the ultimatum…?
““The Slavs are made to be subservient…The Slavs are made to be subservient…Serbia must learn to fear us again.”Serbia must learn to fear us again.”
48 Hours to repond…48 Hours to repond… How did Serbia respond?How did Serbia respond? How was A-H planning to respond?How was A-H planning to respond?
Who declared war on who first?Who declared war on who first?
How did France get How did France get into the war?into the war?
Britain?Britain?
Austrian Artillery in RussiaAustrian Artillery in Russia
What difficulties did Russia What difficulties did Russia have as it mobilized for war?have as it mobilized for war?
Germany’s Schlieffen PlanGermany’s Schlieffen Plan20 years old20 years old
““Paris for lunch, St. Paris for lunch, St. Petersburg for dinner”Petersburg for dinner”
Belgium’s neutrality ??Belgium’s neutrality ?? Britain enters the War!Britain enters the War! Italy bows out !Italy bows out ! Germans Near Paris Germans Near Paris
(Sept 1914)(Sept 1914) Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne
Troops move to the Front in Taxis!Troops move to the Front in Taxis!Europe is mobilized!!!Europe is mobilized!!!
The First German Offensive in The First German Offensive in France: The MarneFrance: The Marne
Just miles from Just miles from Paris, the Paris, the Offensive is Offensive is stopped.stopped.
Battle of the Battle of the Marne (river) the Marne (river) the Germans are Germans are pushed backpushed back
Let’s Review: Causes of WWILet’s Review: Causes of WWI Long Term:Long Term:
Militarism and military buildupMilitarism and military buildup Alliances formationAlliances formation Nationalist tensions in the BalkansNationalist tensions in the Balkans Imperlialistic rivalry of Great powersImperlialistic rivalry of Great powers
Short Term:Short Term: Anarchist organization against A-H : Black HandAnarchist organization against A-H : Black Hand Assassination of Franz FerdinandAssassination of Franz Ferdinand Germany’s blank checkGermany’s blank check A-H’s strict ultimatumA-H’s strict ultimatum
It is said that in WWI It is said that in WWI each alliance was each alliance was
pulled into war by its pulled into war by its weakest member…weakest member…
Who were the Who were the weakest members of weakest members of each side? What each side? What were their were their weaknesses?weaknesses?
Why is WWI called a total war?Why is WWI called a total war?
What was the role of government in What was the role of government in WWI?WWI?
German U-Boats: What Other New German U-Boats: What Other New Weapons?Weapons?
New Powerful ShipsNew Powerful Ships
Steel ships powered Steel ships powered by diesel enginesby diesel engines
Turrets capable of Turrets capable of sending shells milessending shells miles
RadioRadio
How did the war change the role of How did the war change the role of women in society?women in society?
Women will get the right to vote in US and Britain after the war.
Trench warfare ensues, Stalemate is commonTrench warfare ensues, Stalemate is common
““The Furnace”:The Furnace”: Verdun, 1916 Verdun, 191610 months battle…10 months battle…A War of Attrition and French A War of Attrition and French ElanElan
Gen Petain: They shall not pass!
German Gen Falkenhayn: “Bleed them white!”
40 million shells are fired / 600,000 men die
Verdun: Bleed Them White!Verdun: Bleed Them White! The town of Verdun-sur-Meuse was chosen by Gen. The town of Verdun-sur-Meuse was chosen by Gen.
Falkenhayn to "bleed white" the French!Falkenhayn to "bleed white" the French! Important protected route to ParisImportant protected route to Paris Very Historic Site (Attila the Hun fought the Franks here; Very Historic Site (Attila the Hun fought the Franks here;
Treaty of Verdun 843 between Charlemagne’s grandsons; Treaty of Verdun 843 between Charlemagne’s grandsons; Battle site in Franco-Prussian War)Battle site in Franco-Prussian War)
600,000 dead; 400,000 injured = over 1 million600,000 dead; 400,000 injured = over 1 million longest battle of warlongest battle of war French prevail in the end…new hopeFrench prevail in the end…new hope
Battle of the Somme at same time: a British attack to Battle of the Somme at same time: a British attack to relieve the attack on French at Verdun relieve the attack on French at Verdun another 1 million casualtiesanother 1 million casualties
The Eastern FrontThe Eastern Front Russian forces invade Russian forces invade
Germany and AHGermany and AH Battle of Tannenberg, 9/1914Battle of Tannenberg, 9/1914
Symbol of Czar’s inabilitySymbol of Czar’s inability Lack of railroads & industryLack of railroads & industry
1917 - Russia in Turmoil1917 - Russia in Turmoil
1.7 MILLION 1.7 MILLION RUSSIANS WERE RUSSIANS WERE KILLED IN WWIKILLED IN WWI4 million casualties….4 million casualties….
Later, Czar Nicholas and Later, Czar Nicholas and his whole family are his whole family are ordered executed by ordered executed by Marxist leader Vladimir Marxist leader Vladimir LeninLenin
In Russia…2 Groups of Angry SocialistsIn Russia…2 Groups of Angry Socialists Note how names are opposite of their positionNote how names are opposite of their position
Social Revolutionaries Social Revolutionaries wanted wanted democraticdemocratic socialism socialism power from peasantspower from peasants
Social DemocratsSocial Democrats Want complete revolution: MarxistWant complete revolution: Marxist Power from urban workersPower from urban workers Lenin at the London meeting 1905Lenin at the London meeting 1905 Divided over waiting: Divided over waiting: MensheviksMensheviks or or Revolution NOW: Revolution NOW: BolsheviksBolsheviks
• “ “Majority” Majority”
1917 Revolution: led by 1917 Revolution: led by Kerensky’s SRsKerensky’s SRs
Stage 1: February RevoltStage 1: February Revolt Begins with bread riots in streetsBegins with bread riots in streets Uncaring Czar returns to war frontUncaring Czar returns to war front
1917: February Soldiers in 1917: February Soldiers in PetrogradPetrograd support support riotersrioters
Duma RestartedDuma Restarted Czar is blocked from returning, then abdicatesCzar is blocked from returning, then abdicates Thousands of soldiers refuse to fightThousands of soldiers refuse to fight
February Revolution February Revolution The Provisional GovernmentThe Provisional Government
The Duma, or ParliamentThe Duma, or Parliament President President Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky, a , a
Social Revolutionary, moderateSocial Revolutionary, moderate Wants constitutional socialist Wants constitutional socialist
democracydemocracy The Duma’s WWI decision: The Duma’s WWI decision:
• Keep fighting!Keep fighting!
The Soviets The Soviets = “councils”= “councils” Factories and military barracksFactories and military barracks Bolsheviks dominate Petrograd SovietBolsheviks dominate Petrograd Soviet
Stage 2: The (more famous) Stage 2: The (more famous) October RevolutionOctober Revolution
Lenin leads his Social Democrats to physically Lenin leads his Social Democrats to physically overthrow Kerensky and the Dumaoverthrow Kerensky and the Duma
Propaganda Film by Bosheviks by Bosheviks
Lenin and Bolsheviks Get Russia Lenin and Bolsheviks Get Russia out of “Imperialists War”out of “Imperialists War”
Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk Russians make peace with GermanyRussians make peace with Germany Lose 25% of lands to Germany Lose 25% of lands to Germany
The Russian Civil WarThe Russian Civil War Kerensky fleesKerensky flees
White movement White movement opposes Marxist opposes Marxist extremesextremes Fights the Fights the
Communists (Communists (RedsReds)) US and European US and European
countries sent countries sent troopstroops
Lenin and Gen. Lenin and Gen. Leon Trotsky are Leon Trotsky are better organized better organized than the Whites, so than the Whites, so Reds triumphReds triumph Reds versus Whites :
who drew this cartoon?
Lenin Restored OrderLenin Restored Order
Kronstadt Revolt: He puts it down brutallyKronstadt Revolt: He puts it down brutally New Economic Policy: temporary New Economic Policy: temporary
capitalismcapitalism New Name: Union of Soviet Socialist New Name: Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR)Republics (USSR) New? Capital: MoscowNew? Capital: Moscow New Party Name: Communist PartyNew Party Name: Communist Party Sets up Gulags for anti-revolutionariesSets up Gulags for anti-revolutionaries
Stalin after Stalin after LeninLenin
1925-531925-53•Command Communist Economy
•5 Year Plans
•Collective Ownership
•Gulags
Ottoman Front: DardanellesOttoman Front: Dardanelles Gallipoli Peninsula, to help RussiaGallipoli Peninsula, to help Russia
ANZAC disaster (Australia-New Zealand Army Corp)(Australia-New Zealand Army Corp)
Younger Winston Churchill’s mistake?Younger Winston Churchill’s mistake?
The The USAUSA tried to stay out of the tried to stay out of the fighting but couldn’tfighting but couldn’t
Germans sink the Lusitania – kill 139 USGermans sink the Lusitania – kill 139 US President Wilson objects:President Wilson objects:
unrestricted attacks by U-boatsunrestricted attacks by U-boats Germans apologizeGermans apologize
• At first Germans promise the At first Germans promise the “Sussex Pledge“Sussex Pledge”” No attacks on passenger shipsNo attacks on passenger ships Warning before attacking merchant vesselsWarning before attacking merchant vessels Sailors given time to get to lifeboatsSailors given time to get to lifeboats
But early 1917, But early 1917, Germans abandon pledgeGermans abandon pledge
Passenger Passenger Liner Liner
LusitaniaLusitania
May 1915May 1915 Over 1000 Died! - 139 Americans are killed as Over 1000 Died! - 139 Americans are killed as
wellwell Though denied at the time by the Brits, this ship Though denied at the time by the Brits, this ship
was carrying War Material which violated the was carrying War Material which violated the rules of war - only recently was this verified.rules of war - only recently was this verified.
Convoys of Military and Civilian Ships Convoys of Military and Civilian Ships were created to stop UBoat attacks- US were created to stop UBoat attacks- US
was helping Britain and Francewas helping Britain and France
Why does US Enter the War?Why does US Enter the War?
1.1. Sussex Pledge abandoned/ uboats !Sussex Pledge abandoned/ uboats !
2.2. AND Final Straw for US Involves… AND Final Straw for US Involves… Arizona, New Mexico and TexasArizona, New Mexico and Texas?!?!
• 1917 British agents intercept a telegram from 1917 British agents intercept a telegram from Germany to the Mexican Embassy Germany to the Mexican Embassy
The Zimmerman TelegramThe Zimmerman Telegram
What were the goals of Woodrow What were the goals of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points? Wilson’s 14 Points?
Prevent future war?Prevent future war? No secret treatiesNo secret treaties Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seas Free trade between nationsFree trade between nations Right of self determination of peopleRight of self determination of people
• Limit colonizationLimit colonization Reduce weaponsReduce weapons League of NationsLeague of Nations
Meanwhile, the Influenza of 1917 Meanwhile, the Influenza of 1917 Was a PandemicWas a Pandemic
Millions die in the Influenza Millions die in the Influenza epidemic of 1917- More die epidemic of 1917- More die in the epidemic than the in the epidemic than the WAR!WAR!
Troops at the Front are Troops at the Front are exhausted- and sick!exhausted- and sick!
AN ESTIMATED 20 MILLION DIE IN THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC!!!-
THAT’S WHY WE ARE SO WORRIED TODAY ABOUT FLU EPIDEMICS!
The End of the War is NearThe End of the War is Near Germany no longer has an Eastern Front Germany no longer has an Eastern Front American forces were entering the American forces were entering the war at 250,000 troops a month!war at 250,000 troops a month!
Wilson: The Yanks are Coming... 22ndnd Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne
• Final Push toward Paris as Germany is depletedFinal Push toward Paris as Germany is depleted Battle of Amiens – Allies push forwardBattle of Amiens – Allies push forward
Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria want peaceOttoman Empire and Bulgaria want peace Austria-Hungary has a revolutionAustria-Hungary has a revolution 11/9/18- Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates and a 11/9/18- Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates and a
German republic is formed German republic is formed November 11 (Veteran’s Day) – Armistice signed - November 11 (Veteran’s Day) – Armistice signed -
End of the War!End of the War!
What were the costs of the War?What were the costs of the War? First World WarFirst World War (1914-18): (1914-18): About 15 million military and civilian deathsAbout 15 million military and civilian deaths About 9 million military battle related deaths. About 9 million military battle related deaths.
Germany: 1,773,700Germany: 1,773,700 Russia: 1,700,000Russia: 1,700,000 France & Empire: 1,327,000France & Empire: 1,327,000 Austria-Hungary: 1,100,000 Austria-Hungary: 1,100,000 Britain & Empire: 908,371Britain & Empire: 908,371 Italy: 460,000 Italy: 460,000 Turkey: 236,000Turkey: 236,000 Romania: 219,800 Romania: 219,800 USA: 50,585USA: 50,585 Serbia: 45,000 Serbia: 45,000 Belgium: 13,716 Belgium: 13,716
Battle lines in the West were only 30 miles different from the start of the war!!!
Shell shock
The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles
The Big ThreeThe Big Three•Wilson and?Wilson and?What attitudes did What attitudes did European leaders European leaders take at the Peace take at the Peace Conference:Conference:•Clemenceau, Clemenceau, George, Orlando?George, Orlando?
The Big Three + Orlando of Italy
How did boundaries and territory How did boundaries and territory change as a result of the Treaty?change as a result of the Treaty?
Negotiations at Negotiations at Versailles Versailles
Look at Map, 1919Look at Map, 1919
Provisions in the Versailles TreatyProvisions in the Versailles TreatyI.I. Territorial LossesTerritorial Losses
I.I. Germany, Russia, A-H, Ottoman EmpireGermany, Russia, A-H, Ottoman Empire
II.II. Alsace-Lorraine back to France Alsace-Lorraine back to France
II.II. Britain, France gain TerritoriesBritain, France gain TerritoriesI.I. Middle Eastern MandatesMiddle Eastern Mandates
III.III. Reparations – determined by a commission – G.: $31 bill.; Austria, Ottoman broken upReparations – determined by a commission – G.: $31 bill.; Austria, Ottoman broken up
IV.IV. Military RestrictionsMilitary RestrictionsI.I. Austria, Germany’s reduced/demilitarized RhinelandAustria, Germany’s reduced/demilitarized Rhineland
V.V. War Guilt Clause applied to GermanyWar Guilt Clause applied to Germany
VI.VI. League of Nations to avoid future warLeague of Nations to avoid future war
Which of the 14 Points, had it been Which of the 14 Points, had it been implemented by around 1900, implemented by around 1900,
could have most helped avoid the could have most helped avoid the war? war?
Wilson’s Hopes and RealityWilson’s Hopes and Reality
WIILSON’S ORIGINAL 14 POINTSWIILSON’S ORIGINAL 14 POINTS THE ACTUAL TREATYTHE ACTUAL TREATY Ending secret treaties Ending secret treaties
that lead to WWIthat lead to WWI Freedom of the SeasFreedom of the Seas Removing economic Removing economic
barriers to tradebarriers to trade Fairness toward colonial Fairness toward colonial
people’s and self-people’s and self-determinationdetermination
A League of Nations to A League of Nations to ensure lasting peaceensure lasting peace
Secret treaties were found Secret treaties were found impossible to abolish impossible to abolish completelycompletely
The British dominated the The British dominated the seasseas
Countries still had tariffs to Countries still had tariffs to protect domestic industryprotect domestic industry
““Mandates” allowed for the Mandates” allowed for the subjugation of colonial subjugation of colonial peoplespeoples
The League of Nations The League of Nations could only recommend. could only recommend.
• No Germany or RussiaNo Germany or Russia• No USNo US• Japan will drop outJapan will drop out
Why did the US not join the League Why did the US not join the League of Nations?of Nations?
The Wounds that Never Heal…The Wounds that Never Heal…
10 million battle deaths10 million battle deaths 10 million civilian deaths10 million civilian deaths Another 21 million Another 21 million
wounded on both sides of wounded on both sides of the conflictthe conflict
56% of all fighting soldiers 56% of all fighting soldiers in the war became a in the war became a casualty of some sort.casualty of some sort.
First documented cases of “Shell Shock”
The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation
Lasting psychological effects:Lasting psychological effects: Shell Shock, nationalism, pacifism, Shell Shock, nationalism, pacifism,
socialism, cynicismsocialism, cynicism Tombs to the unknown soldiers erected in Tombs to the unknown soldiers erected in
nearly every countrynearly every country
DisillusionedDisillusionedArt of the Lost GenerationArt of the Lost Generation
““The Hero” by George The Hero” by George GroszGrosz
““I saw heroism, but it I saw heroism, but it was blind...instead I was blind...instead I saw misery, stupidity, saw misery, stupidity, cowardice and cowardice and horror.”horror.”
Germany was embittered!Germany was embittered!(social, political, economic upheaval)(social, political, economic upheaval)
The Road Ahead…The Road Ahead…