wwi mrs. newman. long-term causes- main militarism- aggressive preparation for war alliances- triple...
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Long-term Causes- MAIN
• Militarism- aggressive preparation for war• Alliances-
• Triple Alliance- GY, Au-Hu, Italy• Triple Entente- GB, FR, RU
• Imperialism- competition over land & resources
• Nationalism- some ethnic groups didn’t have their own nation or were being ruled by another ethnic group (wanted independence)
Immediate cause- “Spark that lit the fuse for WWI”
• By 1914, Serbia (supported by Russia) wanted to create a large Slavic state in the Balkans, which Au-Hu wanted to prevent.
• A group of terrorists- The Black Hand, wanted Serbia to be free of Au-Hu rule.
• June 28, 1914- Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.
•Gavrilo Princip shot & killed the Archduke &
his wife
Timeline of events leading to WWI-1914
AU-HU sent an ultimatum to Serbia (after AU-HU received support from GY)
July 23, 1914
Serbia rejects the ultimatum
AU-HU declares war on Serbia
RU orders troops to the AU-HU & German border
GY warns RU to stop sending troops w/in 12 hours
RU ignores warning & GY declares war on RU (Aug.1)
GY declares war on FR & GY demands that Belgium allow German troops to pass through to get to FR. (Aug. 3)
Belgium (ally of GB) refuses
GB declares war on GY (Aug. 4)
Starting the War- Alliances
• The Triple Alliance now became the
Central Powers- Germany &
Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Italy dropped out of the TA and joined the Allies)
• The Triple Entente now became the
Allies- Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy
Germany’s Strategy
• Schlieffen Plan- two front war w/ FR & RU• Defeat FR quickly and
then go after RU
Count Alfred von Schlieffen
Govt. Propaganda- ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause
German propaganda
Many believed war would be over in weeks.
War Technology in WWI- “Total War”
• Machine guns *poison gas• Trench warfare *airplanes• Artillery *tanks• submarines
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/videos#world-war-i-packs
Problems with trench warfare
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU&edufilter=vH8ntV7keCE-ZLl5wRMzNg
The Fronts
• The Western Front-First Battle of the Marne
(Sep. 6-10, 1914)– French halted the Germans and the battle turned into a stalemate (neither side winning/losing) in the trenches
-Schlieffen Plan ruined
• The Eastern Front
-RU defeated by GY at the Battle of Tannenberg (Aug. 30, 1914). (RU slow to mobilize troops)
-AU-Hu defeated by RU and kicked out of Serbia
-GY, Au-Hu, and Bulgaria join forces & defeat the Russians & push them back (Serbia was attacked & eliminated from the war)
Battles near Verdun and the Somme River-1916
• Trench warfare was deadly and neither side ever gained much ground
• Verdun- French vs. Germans (over 300,000 killed)
• Somme- British/French vs. Germans (approx. 1 million killed), only a few miles gained by each side
http://www.history.com/videos/1916-battle-of-the-somme#1916-battle-of-the-somme
U.S. enters WWI
• U.S. tried to remain neutral at first
• England had set up a blockade on Germany (to prevent supplies from getting through)
• GY started their own blockade against GB by using unrestricted submarine warfare with u-boats
http://www.history.com/videos/wwi-firsts#wwi-firsts
The RMS Lusitania• May 7,
1915- Lusitania sunk by GY’s u-boat
• 1,100 killed (128 Americans)
• U.S. very upset
• GY stops unrestricted submarine warfare• Resumes
April 1917p.510-513 “Special Report”
Zimmermann Note/Telegram
• Telegram sent by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire- Arthur Zimmermann (Jan. 16, 1917- which was forwarded to the German ambassador in Mexico- von Eckardt)
• Stated GY (when it won WWI) would help Mexico regain land it had lost to the U.S. if Mexico attacked the U.S.
• Britain intercepted the telegram
• U.S. declares war on GY- April 6, 1917
The End is Coming… the war that is!
• Entry of the U.S. in 1917 gave the Allies a much-needed psychological boost, along with fresh men & material
An American “Doughboy”
The Home Front
• Total War- complete mobilization of resources & people
• Govt's. expanded their powers & drafted tens of millions of young men for military service• Set up price, wage, & rent controls;
rationed food supplies & materials
• Women took over jobs now that the men had gone to war• When the men returned, the women
were out of a job
Russian Revolution• 1914- Czar Nicholas
made the decision for Russia to go to war (Russia was unprepared)
• 1915- Nicholas moved his headquarters to the war front
• Back at the palace, Czarina Alexandra ran the govt., with the help/advice of Rasputin.
The Romanov Family
Rasputin- “The Mad Monk”
• Self-described holy man
• Convinced the Czarina he had “powers” to heal her son (Alexis) who had hemophilia
• Given power to make key decisions at court (which most didn’t like)
• Dec. 1916- murdered
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76MQqlx7x1w&edufilter=vH8ntV7keCE-ZLl5wRMzNg
March Revolution-1917
• Women textile workers led a strike & later riots started over shortages of bread & fuel
• Czar Nicholas forced to abdicate
• Provisional Govt.- temporary govt. was set up in Russia.
• Soviets- local councils of workers, peasants, and soldiers
Vladimir Lenin • Leader of the Bolshevik Party
• Early 1900s- fled Russia to avoid arrest by the czarist regime
• GY arranged for Lenin’s return during WWI (to stir up trouble). Arrived in 1917
• Slogan- “Peace, Land, Bread”
• Nov. 1917- Lenin/Bolsheviks take over
• Romanovs assassinated-July 1918
Bolshevik Reforms
1. All farmland distributed among the peasants
2. Gave control of factories to the workers
3. 1918- Signed a truce with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)- stopped war b/w GY & RU
Boris Kustodiev’s 1920 painting "Bolshevik"
Soviet Union/USSR
• 1922- Russia becomes the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Soviet Union)
• Capital- Moscow
• Bolsheviks renamed the Communist Party
• Lenin dies in 1924 & is replaced by Joseph Stalin
*sickle- the peasants/farmers*hammer- the workers*red- blood spilt by the workers who fought for freedom*yellow star- life and energy of the sun; five points of the star symbolize the single unity and international representation of the government — 5 recognized continents.
Second Battle of the Marne• By April 1918- German
troops were within 50 miles of Paris
• July 1918- GY stopped by French, Moroccan, & U.S. troops in the Second Battle of the Marne
• GY pushed back & the Allies moved towards GY
The End of WWI
• By Sep. 1918- the war is lost for GY
• Nov. 11, 1918- GY signed an armistice (truce, an agreement to stop fighting)
Peace Treaty
• Jan. 1919- Paris Peace Conference
• The Big Four- U.S., FR, GB, IT • Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson
• GY & RU not invited (????)
• Wilson’s plan for peace- “Fourteen Points”• League of Nations- organization of countries, to
prevent war (formed Jan. 25, 1919)
Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)
• Article 231- “War Guilt Clause”- GY & AU-HU started the war
• GY had to pay reparations (war damages)
• $32-33 billion• 2010- GY finished paying
the US• 2020- the rest of the world
• GY forced to reduce its army to 100,000 men
• Cut back its navy• Eliminate its air force • The Rhineland was
established (neutral, de-militarized zone) between FR and GY
New Countries Established
• Finland• Latvia• Estonia• Lithuania• Poland• Czechoslovakia• Austria• Hungary• Yugoslavia
• New Countries had many ethnic groups within them, which will lead to later conflicts.