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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wto55cf8653550346484b968648 1/30

PRESENTED BY:

•

Dharmendra Kumar Singh• Rishi Kant Sharma

• Manish Kumar Singh

• Tapas Gorai

• Raman Kumar

NETAJI SUBHAS INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

SEPTEMBER, 2012

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To have an understanding of WTO and the principles andfunctions of WTO

• To study the structure of WTO

• To study the role of WTO

• To study the relevance of WTO

• To study the provision of TRIPs, TRIMs of WTO

• To have a no!ledge of different agreements done under

WTO guidance

• To study role of WTO in developing countries

• To study the current issues of WTO

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What i th! W"#$% T#a%! O#&a'i(ati"')

"The World Trade Organi#ation is

$mem%er&driven', !ith decisions taen %y General

agreement among all mem%er of governments and itdeals !ith the rules of trade %et!een nations at a

glo%al or near&glo%al level( )ut there is more to it

than that(*

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They deal !ith+ agriculture, tetiles and clothing,

%aning, telecommunications, government purchases,industrial standards and product safety, food

sanitation regulations, intellectual property, and much

more(

The WTO agreements are lengthy and comple

%ecause they are legal tets covering a !ide range of

activities(

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WTO: Th! B!&i''i'&* Hit"#+

• The World Trade Organi#ation -WTO. came into

%eing on /anuary 0st 0112( It !as the outcome of the

lengthy -0134&0115. 6ruguay round of G7TT

negotiations( The WTO !as essentially an etension

of G7TT(• It etended G7TT in t!o ma8or !ays( 9irst G7TT

%ecame only one of the three ma8or trade agreements

that !ent into the WTO -the other t!o %eing the

General 7greement on Trade in Services -G7TS. andthe agreements on Trade Related 7spects of

Intellectual Property Rights -TRIPS..(

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CONTI

•Second the WTO !as put on a much sounderinstitutional footing than G7TT( With G7TT the

support services that helped maintain the agreement

had come into %eing in an ad hoc manner as the need

arose( The WTO %y contrast is a fully fledgedinstitution -G7TT also !as, at least formally, only an

agreement %et!een contracting parties and had no

independent eistence of its o!n !hile the WTO is a

corporate %ody recogni#ed under international la!.(

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FACT FI-E OF WTO

:ocation Geneva, S!it#erland

;sta%lished 0 /anuary 0112

<reated %y 6ruguay Round negotiations

-0134&15.

Mem%ership 021 countries till /une =>0?

)udget 031 million S!iss francs

for =>>1

Secretariat staff 4=2

@ead Pascal :amy -Airector&

General.

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C.##!'t WTO /!/!#

• 02? mem%ers

• O%servers-?0.

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Wh+ WTO)

• To arrange the implementation,administration and operations ofmultilateral -involving three or more

participants. and Plurilateral trade

agreements -po!er !hich shared %et!eendifferent countries.

• To arrange the forum for deli%erations for

the mem%er nations in regard to theirmultilateral trade relations in issues deal!ith under the agreements

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CONTI

• To provide a frame!or forimplementing of the results arising out ofthe deli%erations -long and care fullagreementsBconsideration. !hich taen

place at ministerial conference level

• To manage the created understanding onrules and procedure governing thesettlement of disputes

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CONTI

•

To manage effectively and efficiency thetrade policy revie! mechanism -TRIM.

• To create more together relationship !ithall nations in respect of glo%al economic

policy&maing, it !ould cooperate !ith

the IM9 and the !orld %an C itsaffiliated Organisations(

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FUNCTIONS OF WTO

• 7dministering WTO trade agreements

• 9orum for trade negotiations

• @andling trade disputes

• Monitoring national trade policies

• Technical assistance and training for developing

countries

• <ooperation !ith other international organi#ations

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PRINCIP-ES OF WTO

The %asic principles of the WTO -according to the WTO.+

• T#a%! With".t Di#i/i'ati"'

1 M"t3a4".#!%'ati"' 5MFN6: t#!ati'& "th!# 7!"7$!

!8.a$$+ 6nder the WTO agreements, countries cannot

normally discriminate %et!een their trading partners( Grantsomeone a special favour -such as a lo!er customs duty rate for

one of their products. and you have to do the same for all other

WTO mem%ers(

2 Nati"'a$ t#!at/!'t: T#!ati'& 3"#!i&'!# a'% $"a$!8.a$$+ Imported and locally&produced goods should %e

treated eDually E at least after the foreign goods have entered

the maret( The same should apply to foreign and domestic

services, and to foreign and local trademars, copyrights and

patents(

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CONTI

• F#!!# t#a%!: &#a%.a$$+, th#".&h '!&"tiati"'

:o!ering trade %arriers is one of the most o%vious means ofencouraging trade( The %arriers concerned include customs

duties -or tariffs. and measures such as import %ans or Duotas

that restrict Duantities selectively

•

P#!%itai$it+: th#".&h i'%i'& a'% t#a'7a#!'+ Sometimes, promising not to raise a trade %arrier can %e as

important as lo!ering one, %ecause the promise gives

%usinesses a clearer vie! of their future opportunities( With

sta%ility and predicta%ility, investment is encouraged, 8o%s arecreated and consumers can fully en8oy the %enefits of

competition E choice and lo!er prices( The multilateral

trading system is an attempt %y governments to mae the

%usiness environment sta%le and predicta%le(

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CONTI

•

P#"/"ti'& 3ai# "/7!titi"'The WTO is sometimes descri%ed as a "free trade* institution,

%ut that is not entirely accurate( The system does allo! tariffs

and, in limited circumstances, other forms of protection( More

accurately, it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and

undistorted competition(

• E'".#a&i'& %!4!$"7/!'t a'% !"'"/i #!3"#/

The WTO system contri%utes to development( On the other

hand, developing countries need flei%ility in the time they

tae to implement the system's agreements( 7nd the

agreements themselves inherit the earlier provisions of G7TT

that allo! for special assistance and trade concessions for

developing countries(

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STRUCTURES OF WTO

MinisterialConference

GeneralCouncil

DisputeSettlement

Body

Trade PolicyReview Body

Goods Councilntellectual

PropertyCouncil

ServicesCouncil

TheCommittee

on T!D and T!"

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RO-E OF WTO

•

The main goal of WTO is to help the trading industry to %ecome smooth, fair, free and predicta%le( It !as organi#ed to

%ecome the administrator of multilateral trade and %usiness

agreements %et!een its mem%er nations( It supports all

occurring negotiations for latest agreements for trade( WTO

also tries to resolve trade disputes %et!een mem%er nations(

• Multi&lateral agreements are al!ays made %et!een several

countries in the past( )ecause of this, such agreements %ecome

very difficult to negotiate %ut are so po!erful and influential

once all the parties agree and sign the multi&lateral agreement(WTO acts as the administrator( If there are unfair trade

practices or dumping and there is complain filed, the staff of

WTO are epected to investigate and chec if there are

violations %ased on the multi&lateral agreements(

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TRIM, AND TRIPS OF WTO

0. 7greement on Trade&Related Investment Measures -TRIMs.

• TRIMs refers to certain conditions or restrictions imposed %y a

governments in respect of foreign investment in the country

• The agreement on TRIMs provides that no contracting party

shall apply any TRIM !hich is inconsistent !ith the WTO

7rticles(

=.7greement on Trade&Related 7spects of Intellectual Property

Rights -TRIPS.

• The A&#!!/!'t "' T#a%! R!$at!% A7!t "3 I't!$$!t.a$

P#"7!#t+ Ri&ht -TRIPS. is an international agreementadministered %y the World Trade Organi#ation -WTO. that sets

do!n minimum standards for many forms of intellectual

property -IP. regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO

Mem%ers

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CONTI

•

It !as negotiated at the end of the 6ruguay Round of theGeneral 7greement on Tariffs and Trade -G7TT. in 0115(

• TRIPS contains reDuirements that nationsF la!s must meet for

copyright rights, including the rights of performers, producers

of sound recordings and %roadcasting organi#ationsgeographical indications, including appellations of origin

industrial designs integrated circuit layout&designs patents

monopolies for the developers of ne! plant varieties

trademars trade dress and undisclosed or confidential

information(

• specifies enforcement procedures, remedies, and dispute

resolution procedures(

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THE RE-EVANCE OF WTO

• The system helps promote peace(

• The system allo!s disputes to %e handled constructively(

• 7 system %ased on rules rather than po!er maes lifeeasier for all(

• 9reer trade cuts the cost of living(

• It gives consumers more choice and a %roader range ofDualities to choose from(

• Trade raises incomes(

•

Trade stimulates economic gro!th and that can %e goodne!s for employment

• The %asic principles mae the system economically moreefficient, and they cut costs(

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THE AGREEMENTS

•The WTO is $rules&%ased' its rules are negotiatedagreements

• Overvie!+ a navigational guide

• Plurilateral agreement

• 9urther changes on the hori#on, the Aoha 7genda

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CONTI

• Some of the agreements of WTO+

&Tariffs+ more %indings and closer to #ero

&The 7griculture 7greement+ ne! rules and

commitments

&Tetiles+ %ac in the mainstream

&Intellectual property+ protection and enforcement

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CONTI

The agreement covers five %road issues+

• @o! %asic principles of the trading system and other

international intellectual property agreements should

%e applied

• @o! to give adeDuate protection to intellectual

property rights

• @o! countries should enforce those rights adeDuately

in their o!n territories

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CONTI

• @o! to settle disputes on intellectual property %et!een mem%ers of the WTO

•

Special transitional arrangements during the period!hen the ne! system is %eing introduced

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Developing Countries

@o! the WTO deals !ith the special needs of an

increasingly important group

• In the agreements+ more time, %etter terms

• :egal assistance+ a Secretariat service

• :east&developed countries+ special focus• <ommittees

&Trade and Aevelopment <ommittee

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CONTI

&Su%&committee on :east&Aeveloped <ountries&The Aoha agenda committees

• WTO technical cooperation

•

Participation in the system+ opportunities andconcerns

• ;rosion of preferences

• The a%ility to adapt+ the supply&side

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Recent Issues

• Trade to epand %y 1(2H in =>0> after a dismal =>>1, WTO

reports• Why !as the trade decline so large

• Trade prospects for =>0>

• :amy calls for addressing macro&economic im%alancesthrough cooperation

• ?= WTO mem%ers tae anti&dumping actions during first halfof =>0>

• Transparency mechanism for preferential trade arrangementsset for approval

•

Maret access for :A<s• Trade agreements %et!een developing countries

• Overseeing national trade policies+ the TPRM

• Trade policy revie!s+ ensuring transparency

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CONC-USION

• It is the place !here the mem%er country comes and tals

together and shares their grievance in order to resolve their

pro%lem related to International trade(

• The countries mae their decisions through various councils

and committees, !hose mem%ership consists of all WTO

mem%ers(

• The system helps promote peace, %y handling Aispute of

mem%er countries( It provides free trade !hich cuts the costs

of living and provides more choice of products and Dualities

and stimulates economic gro!th(

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• The WTO agreements cover goods, services and intellectual

property( They spell out the principles of li%erali#ation, and the permitted eceptions( They include individual countries'

commitments to lo!er customs tariffs and other trade %arriers,

and to open and eep open services marets( They set

procedures for settling disputes( They prescri%e special

treatment for developing countries( They reDuire governmentsto mae their trade policies transparent

• WTO deals !ith the special needs of developing countries as

t!o thirds of the WTO mem%ers are developing countries and

they play an increasingly important and active role in the WTO %ecause of their num%ers, %ecause they are %ecoming more

important in the glo%al economy, and %ecause they increasingly

loo to trade as a vital tool in their development efforts(

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