WRLFMD Quarterly Report

April to June 2015

Reference Laboratory Contract Report

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Contents 1. Global Summary .............................................................. 3

2. Summary of samples ....................................................... 6

3. Virology Results .............................................................. 7

4. Detailed Sequence Analysis ........................................... 10

5. Vaccine matching .......................................................... 20

6. Vaccine strain recommendations .................................. 22

7. Recent FMD publications .............................................. 23

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

1. Global Summary

1.1. Africa

Algeria Twelve outbreaks of FMD type O were reported in March and April 2015. Sequence analysis undertaken by IZSLER demonstrates that the causative virus belongs to the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage and is very closely related to FMD viruses recovered from Tunisia and Algeria during 2014. Angola An outbreak of FMD type SAT 2 has been reported in cattle at Ombalela, Bondo-Caila, Cuangar, Cunado Cubango (close to the border with Namibia) in May 2015. Botswana Two further outbreaks of FMD type SAT 2 have been reported in cattle in Ngamiland in March and April 2015. A third outbreak (as yet untyped) was reported in Kobongo Ntema Crush, Chobe west, Chobe, Chobe on the border with Namibia’s Caprivi Strip. Genotyping on both outbreak viruses is awaited from the BVI. Ethiopia FMDV types O (EA-3) and SAT 2 (topotype VII) were isolated from samples collected from cattle between November 2014 and March 2015. Mauritania FMDV type SAT 2 (topotype VII) was isolated from four of five samples collected from cattle in December 2014 at Tarringuel, Boudami Kerkedaye, M’Bout, Kaedi near to the border with Senegal. This is the first report of FMD in Mauritania since type A was isolated in 2006. Mozambique Two outbreaks of FMD type SAT 2 were reported in cattle in Maputo and Gaza in May and June, respectively. Samples have been submitted to the BVI and genotyping is awaited. Namibia Seventeen outbreaks of FMD type SAT 2 have been reported in May and June 2015 along the border area with Angola. Samples have been submitted to the BVI and genotyping is awaited. Zimbabwe Three sets of outbreaks have been reported. One is in the Matabeleland South/Matabeleland North area involving 10 locations and has not yet been typed. The second included 29 locations (April to June 2015) in Midlands, Matabeleland South, Masvingo and Manicaland and has been typed as FMDV SAT 2. The third involved three locations close to the Chirisa Game Park (Midlands) in June 2015 and remains to be typed.

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

1.2. Asia

Afghanistan Twenty one samples were received on the 31/03/2015. FMDV types O (ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10) and Asia 1 (ASIA/Sindh-08) were isolated and genotyped. Two samples were mixtures of types O and Asia 1. Bahrain FMDV type O (ME-SA/Ind-2001d) was detected in nine samples from cattle and sheep collected in February and March 2015. P.R. China FMDV type A (ASIA/Sea-97 G2) was reported in pigs in Gongan, Jingzhou , Hubei in May 2015. Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China FMDV type O (CATHAY) was isolated from two or four samples collected from pig in April 2015. Mongolia FMDV type O (SEA/Mya-98) was isolated from four samples collected from cattle in April 2015. Oman FMDV type SAT 2 (topotype VII) was isolated from three of four samples collected from cattle in Rumais, Muscat in April 2015. This is the first report of SAT 2 in Oman. Pakistan Thirty two samples were received on 24/02/2015 which had been collected from cattle and water buffalo between 18/01/2014 and 09/02/2015. FMDV types O (ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10), A (ASIA/Iran-05FAR-09 and FAR-11) and Asia 1 (ASIA/Sindh-08) were identified. Three samples were mixtures of type O and type A and one was a mixture of type O and type Asia 1. Republic of Korea (South Korea) FMDV type O (SEA/Mya-98) continues to cause problems in South Korea with 64 outbreaks being reported in March and April 2015. Taiwan POC FMDV type A was detected in sub-clinically infected cattle on Kinmen Island in May 2015. Genotyping at the NVRI (Taiwan) showed the virus to belong to topotype ASIA lineage Sea-97

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

1.3. South America

No outbreaks reported

Uncharacterised FMD viruses

A number of outbreaks have occurred where samples have not been sent to the WRLFMD. It is probable that the countries involved have performed their own genetic characterisation; however, through the OIE/FAO Laboratory Network we would also like to encourage the submission of samples (or complete VP1 sequences) to the WRLFMD.

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

2. Summary of samples

Summary of samples collected and received by WRLFMD® (April to June 2015)

Country

No of

samples

Virus isolation in cell culture/ELISA rRT-PCR for FMD

(or SVD) virus (where appropriate) FMD virus serotypes

NVD O A C SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 Asia 1 Positive Negative

BAHRAIN 15 9 - - - 0 - - 6 10 5

ETHIOPIA 10 3 - - 1 4 - - 3 10 -

HONG KONG, SAR

OF PRC 4 2 - - - - - - 2 4 -

MAURITANIA 5 - - - - 4* - - 1* 4* 1*

MONGOLIA 4 4 - - - - - - - 4 -

OMAN 4 - - - - 3 - - 1 4 -

TAIWAN 6 - - - - - - - 6 - 6

TANZANIA 41 8 - - 29 - - - 4 40 1

TOTAL 110 37 - - 30 11 - 3 32 97 13

* All five samples received from Mauritania were positive for FMD. Three were positive by VI and RT-PCR, one was positive by VI only and one was positive by RT-PCR only

Sample results pending from previous report: AFGHANISTAN 21 11 - - - - - 3 9 21 -

TOTAL 21 11 - - - - - 3 9 21 -

Abbreviations used in table:

VI / ELISA FMD (or SVD) virus serotype identified following virus isolation in cell culture and antigen detection ELISA

FMD foot-and-mouth disease

SVD swine vesicular disease

NVD no FMD, SVD or vesicular stomatitis virus detected

NT not tested

rRT-PCR Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for FMD (or SVD) viral genome

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

3. Virology Results

Detailed virology results for clinical samples tested by the WRLFMD® (April to June 2015)

Country WRL for FMD

Sample Identification

Species Date of

Collection

Results

VI / ELISA rRT-PCR

Final report

BAHRAIN BAR 1/2015 CATTLE 26-Feb-15 NEG POS FMDV GD

BAR 2/2015 CATTLE 26-Feb-15 O POS O

BAR 3/2015 CATTLE 05-Mar-15 O POS O

BAR 4/2015 CATTLE 05-Mar-15 O POS O

BAR 5/2015 CATTLE 08-Mar-15 O POS O

BAR 6/2015 SHEEP 16-Mar-15 NEG NEG NVD

BAR 7/2015 SHEEP 16-Mar-15 NEG NEG NVD

BAR 8/2015 SHEEP 16-Mar-15 O POS O

BAR 9/2015 SHEEP 16-Mar-15 NEG NEG NVD

BAR 10/2015 SHEEP 16-Mar-15 NEG NEG NVD

BAR 11/2015 SHEEP 16-Mar-15 NEG NEG NVD

BAR 12/2015 SHEEP 16-Mar-15 O POS O

BAR 13/2015 CALF 18-Mar-15 O POS O

BAR 14/2015 CALF 18-Mar-15 O POS O

BAR 15/2015 CALF 18-Mar-15 O POS O

ETHIOPIA ETH 19/2014 BOVINE 27-Nov-14 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

ETH 20/2014 BOVINE 31-Dec-14 NEG POS FMDV GD

ETH 21/2014 BOVINE 31-Dec-14 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

ETH 22/2014 BOVINE 31-Dec-14 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

ETH 1/2015 BOVINE 01-Jan-15 NEG POS FMDV GD

ETH 2/2015 BOVINE 11-Mar-15 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

ETH 3/2015 BOVINE 13-Mar-15 O POS O

ETH 4/2015 BOVINE 13-Mar-15 O POS O

ETH 5/2015 BOVINE 13-Mar-15 NEG POS FMDV GD

ETH 6/2015 BOVINE 18-Mar-15 SAT 1, O POS SAT 1, O

HONG KONG,

SAR OF PRC

HKN 1/2015 PIG 27-Apr-15 O POS O

HKN 2/2015 PIG 28-Apr-15 O POS O

HKN 3/2015 PIG 28-Apr-15 NEG POS FMDV GD

HKN 4/2015 PIG 28-Apr-15 NEG POS FMDV GD

MAURITANIA MAU 1/2014 CATTLE 30-Dec-14 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

MAU 2/2014 CATTLE 30-Dec-14 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

MAU 3/2014 CATTLE 30-Dec-14 SAT 2 NEG SAT 2

MAU 4/2014 CATTLE 30-Dec-14 NEG POS FMDV GD

MAU 5/2014 CATTLE 30-Dec-14 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

MONGOLIA MOG 1/2015 CATTLE 28-Feb-15 O POS O

MOG 2/2015 CATTLE 28-Feb-15 O POS O

MOG 3/2015 CATTLE 28-Feb-15 O POS O

MOG 4/2015 CATTLE 28-Feb-15 O POS O

OMAN OMN 1/2015 CATTLE 23-Apr-15 NEG POS FMDV GD

OMN 2/2015 CATTLE 23-Apr-15 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

OMN 3/2015 CATTLE 23-Apr-15 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

OMN 4/2015 CATTLE 23-Apr-15 SAT 2 POS SAT 2

TAIWAN TAW 1/2014 CATTLE 02-May-15 NEG NEG NVD

TAW 2/2015 CATTLE 23-Apr-15 NEG NEG NVD

TAW 3/2015 CATTLE 23-Apr-15 NEG NEG NVD

TAW 4/2015 CATTLE 09-May-15 NEG NEG NVD

TAW 5/2015 CATTLE 09-May-15 NEG NEG NVD

TAW 6/2015 CATTLE 09-May-15 NEG NEG NVD

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Country WRL for FMD

Sample Identification

Species Date of

Collection

Results

VI / ELISA rRT-PCR

Final report

TANZANIA TAN 1/2014 BOVINE 20-May-14 NEG POS FMDV GD

TAN 2/2014 BOVINE 20-May-14 NEG POS FMDV GD

TAN 3/2014 BOVINE 24-May-14 O POS O

TAN 4/2014 BOVINE 24-May-14 O POS O

TAN 5/2014 BOVINE 24-May-14 O POS O

TAN 6/2014 BOVINE 24-May-14 O POS O

TAN 7/2014 BOVINE 25-May-14 O POS O

TAN 8/2014 BOVINE 25-May-14 O POS O

TAN 9/2014 BOVINE 25-May-14 O POS O

TAN 10/2014 BOVINE 25-May-14 O POS O

TAN 11/2014 BOVINE 18-Aug-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 12/2014 BOVINE 18-Aug-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 13/2014 BOVINE 24-Aug-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 14/2014 BOVINE 24-Aug-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 15/2014 BOVINE 24-Aug-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 16/2014 BOVINE 24-Aug-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 17/2014 BOVINE 02-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 18/2014 BOVINE 02-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 19/2014 BOVINE 03-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 20/2014 BOVINE 03-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 21/2014 BOVINE 09-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 22/2014 BOVINE 09-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 23/2014 BOVINE 09-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 24/2014 BOVINE 09-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 25/2014 BOVINE 09-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 26/2014 BOVINE 09-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 27/2014 BOVINE 09-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 28/2014 BOVINE 09-Sep-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 29/2014 BOVINE 09-Oct-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 30/2014 BOVINE 09-Oct-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 31/2014 BOVINE 09-Oct-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 32/2014 BOVINE 15-Oct-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 33/2014 BOVINE 16-Oct-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 34/2014 BOVINE 16-Oct-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 35/2014 BOVINE 07-Nov-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 36/2014 BOVINE 07-Nov-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 37/2014 BOVINE 07-Nov-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 38/2014 BOVINE 07-Nov-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TAN 39/2014 BOVINE 08-Nov-14 NEG POS FMDV GD

TAN 40/2014 BOVINE 08-Nov-14 NEG NEG NVD

TAN 41/2014 BOVINE 08-Nov-14 SAT 1 POS SAT 1

TOTAL: 110

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Country WRL for FMD

Sample Identification

Species Date of

Collection

Results

VI / ELISA rRT-PCR

Final report

Carried over from previous quarterly report:

Country WRL for FMD

Sample Identification

Species Date of

Collection

Results

VI/ELISA RT-PCR

Final report

AFGHANISTAN AFG 22/2013 BOVINE 27-Jul-13 NEG POS FMDV GD

AFG 23/2013 BOVINE 18-Dec-13

ASIA-1,

O POS ASIA-1, O

AFG 24/2013 BOVINE 23-Dec-13 NEG POS FMDV GD

AFG 25/2013 BOVINE 24-Dec-13 NEG POS FMDV GD

AFG 26/2013 BOVINE 26-Dec-13 NEG POS FMDV GD

AFG 27/2013 BOVINE 28-Dec-13

O, ASIA-

1 POS O, ASIA-1

AFG 28/2013 BOVINE 30-Dec-13 NEG POS FMDV GD

AFG 29/2013 BOVINE 30-Dec-13 NEG POS FMDV GD

AFG 30/2013 BOVINE 30-Dec-13 NEG POS FMDV GD

AFG 31/2013 BOVINE 30-Dec-13 O POS O

AFG 32/2013 BOVINE 30-Dec-13 NEG POS FMDV GD

AFG 1/2014 BOVINE 03-Apr-14 O POS O

AFG 2/2014 BOVINE 09-Apr-14 O POS O

AFG 3/2014 BOVINE 12-Apr-14 O POS O

AFG 4/2014 BOVINE 19-Apr-14 ASIA-1 POS ASIA-1

AFG 5/2014 BOVINE 23-Apr-14 O POS O

AFG 6/2014 BOVINE 24-Apr-14 O POS O

AFG 7/2014 BOVINE 26-Apr-14 O POS O

AFG 8/2014 BOVINE 28-Apr-14 O POS O

AFG 9/2014 BOVINE 02-May-14 O POS O

AFG 10/2014 BOVINE 11-May-14 NEG POS FMDV GD

TOTAL: 20

Abbreviations used in table:

FMD(V) Foot-and-mouth disease (virus) FMDV GD Genome detected FMDV NGD Genome not detected (samples submitted in Trizol, only rRT-

PCR carried out) VI/ELISA FMDV serotype identified following virus isolation in cell culture

and antigen ELISA rRT-PCR Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on

epithelial suspension for FMD (or SVD) viral genome NVD No foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or

vesicular stomatitis virus detected NT Not tested

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

4. Detailed Sequence Analysis

An up-to-date list and reports of FMD viruses characterised by sequencing can be found at the following website: http://www.wrlfmd.org/fmd_genotyping/2015.htm.

Results from samples received at WRLFMD (status of samples being tested) are shown in Table 1 and a summary of all samples received by WRLFMD for this period is shown in chapter 2. A complete list of clinical sample diagnostics made by the WRLFMD between April to June 2015 is shown in chapter 3.

WRLFMD Batch No. Date received Country Serotype No. of samples No. of sequences Sequencing status

WRLFMD/2015/00002 24/02/2015 Pakistan O 13 17 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00002 24/02/2015 Pakistan A 8 11 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00002 24/02/2015 Pakistan Asia 1 5 6 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00002 24/02/2015 Pakistan A+O 3 - Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00002 24/02/2015 Pakistan Asia 1+O 1 - Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00003 31/03/2015 Afghanistan O 9 11 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00003 31/03/2015 Afghanistan O+Asia 1 2 - Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00003 31/03/2015 Afghanistan Asia 1 2 3 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00004 01/04/2015 Bahrain O 9 9 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00005 09/04/2015 Mongolia O 4 4 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00006 13/04/2015 Mauritania SAT 2 4 4 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00007 30/04/2015 Oman SAT 2 3 3 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00008 30/04/2015 Tanzania O 8 - Pending

WRLFMD/2015/00008 30/04/2015 Tanzania SAT 1 29 - Pending

WRLFMD/2015/00009 07/05/2015 Ethiopia O 3 3 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00009 07/05/2015 Ethiopia SAT 2 4 4 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00011 29/05/2015 Hong Kong SAR O 2 2 Completed

WRLFMD/2015/00012 29/05/2015 Taiwan POC Pending 5 - Pending

114 77

Table 1: Status of sequencing of samples received by the WRLFMD from April to June 2015 (*) indicates samples carried over from the last quarter)

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Africa:

Ethiopia WRLFMD/2015/00009

Date sequence received: 07/05/2015

No. of samples: 10

O (EA-3): 3

SAT 2 (VII/Alx-12): 4

FMDV-GD: 3

Addis Ababa

Afar

Amhara

Benishangul-Gumuz

Dire Dawa

Gambela

Harari

OromiaSomali

Southern Nations

Tigray

O

SAT 2

FMDV-GD19

2122 3

4

62

20

1

5

O/ETH/18/2012

O/ETH/19/2012

O/ETH/15/2012

O/ETH/9/2011

O/ETH/10/2011

O/ETH/17/2012

O/ETH/16/2012

O/ETH/11/2012

O/ETH/11/2011

O/ETH/12/2011

O/ETH/12/2012

O/ETH/46/2011

O/ETH/3/2011

O/ETH/4/2011

O/ETH/5/2011

O/ETH/42/2011

O/ETH/45/2011

O/ETH/13/2011

O/ETH/18/2011

O/ETH/38/2011

O/ETH/3/2015

O/ETH/4/2015

O/ETH/24/2012

O/ETH/22/2012

O/ETH/25/2012

O/ETH/45/2009

O/ETH/7/2010

O/ETH/8/2010

O/ETH/2/2011

O/ETH/32/2011

O/ETH/1/2011

O/ETH/7/2011

O/ETH/29/2011

O/ETH/34/2011

O/ETH/48/2011

O/ETH/50/2011

O/ETH/49/2011

O/ETH/51/2011

O/ETH/6/2014

O/ETH/3/2004 (FJ798109)

O/ETH/1/2007 (FJ798137)

O/YEM/3/92

O/YEM/4/95

O/NYE/56/89

O/YEM/22/2003

O/YEM/28/2003

O/YEM/1/2004

O/YEM/48/2004

O/KEN/1/99 (KF135267)

O/KEN/3/98 (K15/98)

O/KEN/7/98 (KF135266)

O/ETH/6/2015

O/YEM/3/2006

O/YEM/4/2006

O/YEM/29/2006

O/YEM/36/2009

O/YEM/37/2009

O/YEM/4/2008

O/YEM/7/2008

O/YEM/8/2008

O/YEM/6/2008

O/YEM/5/2008

O/ETH/31/2008

O/ETH/32/2008

O/YEM/10/2008

O/YEM/34/2009

O/YEM/23/2009

O/YEM/24/2009

O/ETH/2/2006 (FJ798127)

O/SUD/2/86 (DQ165075)

EA-3

EA-2

EA-1

WA

EA-4

ME-SA

SEA

CATHAY

ISA-1

ISA-2

EURO-SA

100

100

100

86

100

84

100

99

93

96

96

99

98

89

71

99

100

75

100

87

84

82

74

91

92

81

78

70

98

100

100

99

99

72

77

85

95

72

80

76

0.02

SAT2/ETH/19/2014

SAT2/ETH/21/2014

SAT2/ETH/2/2015

SAT2/OMN/3/2015

SAT2/OMN/2/2015

SAT2/OMN/4/2015

SAT2/ETH/22/2014

SAT2/EGY/24/2014

SAT2/EGY/11/2014

SAT2/EGY/20/2014

SAT2/EGY/22/2014

SAT2/SUD/4/2010 (KF112968)

SAT2/EGY/2/2012 (JX570617)

Alx-12

SAT2/SAU/6/2000 (AF367135)

SAT2/CAR/P12/2000 (VDI 44/1)(HM211082)

SAT2/SEN/27/2009 (KF112967)

SAT2/LIB/1/2003 (JX570631)

SAT2/LIB/7/2003 (JX570632)Lib-03

SAT2/NIG/8/2011

SAT2/NIG/9/2011

SAT2/NIG/7/2011

SAT2/NIG/1/2012

SAT2/NIG/2/2012

SAT2/NIG/3/2012

SAT2/NIG/2/2007 (JX570636)

SAT2/NIG/5/2008

SAT2/NIG/4/2008

SAT2/NIG/1/2008

SAT2/NIG/2/2008

SAT2/NIG/3/2008

SAT2/NIG/8/2008

SAT2/CAR/104/2005

SAT2/CAR/75/2005

SAT2/CAR/85/2005

SAT2/CAR/8/2005 (JX570616)

SAT2/CAR/47/2005

SAT2/CAR/48/2005

SAT2/CAR/50/2005

SAT2/CAR/24/2013

SAT2/CAR/29/2013

SAT2/CAR/42/2013

SAT2/EGY/11/2012 (JX570624)

SAT2/EGY/9/2012 (JX570622)

SAT2/EGY/6/2012 (JX570621)

SAT2/EGY/10/2012 (JX570623)

SAT2/EGY/14/2012 (JX570626)

SAT2/EGY/15/2012 (JX570627)

SAT2/EGY/21/2012 (KF112933)

SAT2/EGY/22/2012 (KF112934)

SAT2/EGY/31/2012 (KF112937)

SAT2/EGY/7/2012* (JX013978)

SAT2/PAT/1/2012 (JX570637)

Ghb-12

VII

XIV

XIII

VIII

IX

XII

X

V

VI XI

II

I

III

IV99

99

91

97

90

97

98

87

98

71

78

99

99

81

82

99

99

87

99

84

99

99

93

95

71

99

99

99

99

71

94

99

96

99

75

99

99

0.05

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Mauritania WRLFMD/2015/00006

Date sequence received: 13/04/2015

No. of samples: 5

SAT 2 (VII): 4

FMDV-GD: 1

SAT2/MAU/2/2014

SAT2/MAU/3/2014

SAT2/MAU/1/2014

SAT2/MAU/5/2014

SAT2/NIG/1/2012

SAT2/NIG/2/2012

SAT2/NIG/3/2012

SAT2/NIG/12/2011

SAT2/NIG/13/2011

SAT2/NIG/7/2011

SAT2/NIG/10/2011

SAT2/NIG/8/2011

SAT2/NIG/9/2011

SAT2/NIG/2/2007 (JX570636)

SAT2/NIG/5/2008

SAT2/NIG/6/2008

SAT2/NIG/7/2008

SAT2/NIG/4/2008

SAT2/NIG/1/2008

SAT2/NIG/2/2008

SAT2/NIG/3/2008

SAT2/NIG/8/2008

SAT2/SUD/1/2007 (GU566071)

SAT2/CAR/2/2012

SAT2/CAR/10/2012

SAT2/CAR/8/2012

SAT2/CAR/12/2013

SAT2/CAR/16/2013

SAT2/LIB/39/2012 (JX570633)

SAT2/LIB/40/2012 (JX570634)

SAT2/LIB/41/2012 (JX570635)

Lib-12

SAT2/SEN/27/2009 (KF112967)

SAT2/NGR/15/2005 (KF112960)

SAT2/LIB/1/2003 (JX570631)

SAT2/LIB/7/2003 (JX570632)

Lib-03

SAT2/CAR/118/2005

SAT2/CAR/119/2005

SAT2/CAR/48/2005

SAT2/CAR/50/2005

SAT2/CAR/47/2005

SAT2/CAR/20/2005

SAT2/CAR/8/2005 (JX570616)

SAT2/CAR/9/2005

SAT2/CAR/58/2005

SAT2/CAR/60/2005

SAT2/CAR/61/2005

SAT2/SAU/6/2000 (AF367135)

SAT2/EGY/2/2012 (JX570617)

SAT2/SUD/4/2010 (KF112968)Alx-12

SAT2/EGY/9/2012 (JX570622)

SAT2/EGY/11/2012 (JX570624)Ghb-12

VII

VIII

XIV

XIII

IX

XII

X

V

VI XI

II

I

III

IV100

100

89

97

92

9799

90

98

71

77

100

100

100

86

97

75

71

100

100

85

96

94

100

83

81

94

100

96

100

86

100

89

93

94

98

99

100

90

97

99

96

98

0.05

Adrar

Assaba

Brakna

Dakhlet Nouadhibou

Gorgol

Hodh Ech Chargui

Hodh El Gharbi

Inchiri

Nouakchott

Tagant

Tiris Zemmour

Trarza

© d

-ma

ps.c

om

150 km

100 mi

MAU/1/2015

MAU/2/2015

MAU/3/2015

MAU/5/2015

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Asia:

Afghanistan WRLFMD/2015/00003

Date sequence received: 31/03/2015

No. of samples: 21 O (ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10): 9

Asia 1 (ASIA/Sindh-08): 1

O + Asia 1 (ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10 + ASIA/Sindh-08): 2

FMDV-GD: 9

O/AFG/27/2013

O/AFG/9/2014

O/AFG/23/2013

O/PAK/29/2014

O/PAK/18/2014

O/PAK/26/2013

O/PAK/23/2014

O/PAK/34/2014

O/PAK/58/2012

O/AFG/7/2014

O/PAK/21/2014

O/PAK/5/2015

O/PAK/14/2014

O/PAK/7/2014

O/PAK/6/2014

O/PAK/30/2014

O/PAK/24/2014

O/AFG/6/2014

O/PAK/16/2014

O/PAK/2/2014

O/PAK/5/2014

O/PAK/36/2014

O/PAK/45/2014

O/PAK/40/2014

O/PAK/31/2014

O/PAK/27/2013

O/PAK/3/2014

O/AFG/3/2014

O/PAK/4/2014

O/AFG/5/2014

O/PAK/12/2014

O/PAK/11/2014

O/PAK/13/2014

O/BAR/1/2014

O/BAR/2/2014

O/BAR/3/2014

O/PAK/15/2014

O/AFG/1/2014

O/AFG/2/2014

O/AFG/31/2013

O/AFG/8/2014

O/PAK/7/2015

O/PAK/8/2015

O/PAK/2/2015

O/PAK/44/2014

O/PAK/33/2014

O/PAK/39/2014

O/PAK/11/2015

O/PAK/27/2014

O/PAK/41/2014

O/AFG/1/2013

O/IRN/88/2009

O/AFG/4/2013

O/AFG/17/2013

O/AFG/21/2013

ANT-10

FAR-09 O/IRN/31/2009

PUN-10 O/PAK/16/2010

BAL-09 O/IRN/18/2010

O/IRN/8/2005

TER-08 O/TUR/257/2008* (FMDI)

SAN-09 O/TUR/264/2009* (FMDI)

PanAsia-2

PanAsia

Ind-2001

O/IND/53/79 (AF292107)

O/IND/R2/75* (AF204276)

O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (AY593823)

ME-SA

SEA

EA-2

EA-3

EA-4

WA

EA-1

CATHAY

ISA-1

ISA-2

EURO-SA

100

100

100

99

99

99

100

78

74

85

91

97

99

100

87

77

84

91

97

100

99

81

99

77

85

91

89

78100

0.02

150 km

© Daniel Dalet / d-maps.com

100 mi

Badakhshan

Badghis

Baghlan

Balkh

Bamyan

Daykundi

Farah

Faryab

Ghazni

Ghor

Helmand

Herat

Jowzjan

Kabul

Kandahar

Kapisa

Khost

Konar

Kunduz

Laghman

Nangarhar

Nimruz

Nurestan

Oruzgan

Paktika

Panjshir

Parvan

SamanganSare

Pol

Takhar

Wardak

Zabol

22 23 24

25

26

27

28

29

3031

321

2

3

4

5 6

7 8

9

10

O

Asia 1

O + Asia 1

FMDV-GD

Asia1/PAK/49/2011

Asia1/PAK/50/2011

Asia1/PAK/39/2011

Asia1/PAK/37/2011

Asia1/PAK/36/2011

Asia1/PAK/35/2011

Asia1/PAK/33/2011

Asia1/PAK/16/2011

Asia1/PAK/15/2011

Asia1/PAK/14/2011

Asia1/PAK/13/2011

Asia1/PAK/12/2011

Asia1/PAK/11/2011

Asia1/PAK/8/2011

Asia1/PAK/7/2011

Asia1/PAK/111/2010

Asia1/PAK/110/2010

Asia1/PAK/108/2010

Asia1/PAK/106/2010

Asia1/IRN/49/2011

Asia1/PAK/51/2011

Asia1/PAK/52/2011

Asia1/PAK/53/2011

Asia1/PAK/54/2011

Asia1/PAK/55/2011

Asia1/PAK/56/2011

Asia1/PAK/57/2011

Asia1/PAK/58/2011

Asia1/PAK/60/2011

Asia1/PAK/61/2011

Asia1/PAK/64/2011

Asia1/PAK/67/2011

Asia1/PAK/68/2011

Asia1/PAK/69/2011

Asia1/PAK/81/2011

Asia1/PAK/83/2011

Asia1/AFG/66/2011

Asia1/AFG/68/2011

Asia1/IRN/46/2011

Asia1/AFG/73/2011

Asia1/AFG/78/2011

Asia1/IRN/43/2011

Asia1/IRN/33/2011

Asia1/IRN/38/2011

Asia1/IRN/39/2011

Asia1/PAK/6/2011

Asia1/PAK/47/2011

Asia1/PAK/66/2011

Asia1/AFG/23/2013

Asia1/AFG/27/2013

Asia1/AFG/4/2014

Asia1/PAK/8/2008

Sindh-08

Group I Asia1/AFG/1/2001 (DQ121109)

Asia1/HKN/19/74

Asia1/YNBS/CHA/58 (AY390432)

Asia1/IND/63/72* (AY304994)

Group V Asia1/IND/18/80 (DQ121116)

Asia1/PAK/1/54 (AY593795)

Asia1/Shamir/ISR/89

Group III Asia1/IND/762/2003* (DQ101240)

Asia1/IND/14/95* (AF390678)

Group VIb Asia1/IRN/10/2004 (DQ121119)99

79

99

100

100

100

99

93

0.02

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Bahrain WRLFMD/2015/00004

Date sequence received: 01/04/2015

No. of samples: 15

O (ME-SA/Ind-2001d): 9

FMDV-GD: 1

NVD: 5

No location given.

O/NEP/15/2013 (KM921857)

O/NEP/18/2013 (KM921860)

O/NEP/9/2014 (KM921868)

O/NEP/4/2014 (KM921863)

O/NEP/5/2014 (KM921864)

O/NEP/7/2014 (KM921866)

O/NEP/8/2014 (KM921867)

O/UAE/1/2014 (KM921877)

O/UAE/2/2014 (KM921878)

O/BAR/5/2015

O/BAR/2/2015

O/BAR/8/2015

O/BAR/12/2015

O/BAR/3/2015

O/BAR/4/2015

O/NEP/1/2014 (KM921861)

O/NEP/2/2014 (KM921862)

O/IND205/2013* (KM264362)

O/NEP/11/2013 (KM921855)

O/NEP/12/2013 (KM921856)

O/IND219/2013* (KM264363)

O/NEP/3/2013 (KM921853)

O/IND189/2013* (KM264361)

O/NEP/6/2014 (KM921865)

O/IND222/2013* (KM264364)

O/NEP/6/2013 (KM921854)

O/SRL/1/2013

O/SRL/2/2013

O/BAR/13/2015

O/BAR/14/2015

O/BAR/15/2015

O/SRL/3/2014

O/SRL/15/2014

O/SRL/17/2014

O/SRL/27/2014

O/SRL/6/2014

O/SRL/5/2014

O/SRL/1/2014

O/SRL/9/2014

O/SRL/2/2014

O/SRL/11/2014

O/SRL/16/2014

O/SRL/35/2014

O/SRL/28/2014

O/SRL/34/2014

O/SRL/8/2014

O/SRL/7/2014

O/SRL/29/2014

O/SRL/30/2014

O/SRL/31/2014

O/SRL/32/2014

O/SAU/2/2014

O/SAU/3/2014

O/SAU/1/2014 (KM921875)

O/SAU/3/2013 (KM921870)

O/SAU/4/2013 (KM921871)

O/SAU/6/2013 (KM921872)

O/SAU/7/2013 (KM921873)

O/SAU/8/2013 (KM921874)

O/LIB/16/2013 (KM921839)

O/LIB/22/2013 (KM921841)

O/LIB/1/2013 (KM921829)

O/LIB/4/2013 (KM921832)

O/LIB/5/2013 (KM921833)

O/LIB/7/2013 (KM921835)

O/LIB/11/2013 (KM921836)

O/LIB/12/2013 (KM921837)

O/LIB/3/2013 (KM921831)

O/LIB/6/2013 (KM921834)

O/LIB/2/2013 (KM921830)

O/LIB/13/2013 (KM921838)

O/LIB/17/2013 (KM921840)

O/ALG/2/2014

O/ALG/1/2014

O/ALG/3/2014

O/BHU/3/2009 (KM921814)

d

c O/UAE/4/2008 (KM921876)

a O/KUW/3/97 (DQ164904)

b O/OMN/7/2001 (DQ164941)

Ind-2001

PanAsia

PanAsia-2

O/IND/53/79 (AF292107)

O/IND/R2/75* (AF204276)

O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (AY593823)

SEA

EA-2

EA-3

EA-4

WA

EA-1

CATHAY

ISA-1

ISA-2

EURO-SA

100

100

99

100

99

100

98

74

79

94

86

9390

83

87

88

91

100

73

96

88

96

85

99

99100

91

99

98

86

94

71

75

88

85

84

77

99

0.02

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Hong Kong SAR WRLFMD/2015/00011

Date sequence received: 29/05/2015

No. of samples: 4

O (CATHAY): 2

FMDV-GD: 2

Location: Ma On Kong, Kam Tin,

New Territories

O/HKN/1/2015

O/HKN/2/2015

O/HKN/15/2014

O/HKN/11/2014

O/HKN/13/2014

O/HKN/7/2014

O/HKN/8/2014

O/HKN/5/2014

O/HKN/4/2014

O/HKN/6/2014

O/HKN/1/2013 (KM243172)

O/HKN/6/2011 (KM243168)

O/HKN/4/2011 (KM243166)

O/HKN/3/2011 (KM243165)

O/HKN/5/2011 (KM243167)

O/HKN/7/2011 (KM243169)

O/HKN/8/2011 (KM243170)

O/HKN/9/2011 (KM243171)

O/HKN/26/2010 (KM243164)

O/HKN/3/2008 (KM243157)

O/HKN/4/2008 (KM243158)

O/HKN/1/2008 (KM243155)

O/HKN/2/2008 (KM243156)

O/HKN/1/2009 (KM243159)

O/HKN/2/2009 (KM243160)

O/HKN/3/2007 (KM243152)

O/HKN/4/2007 (KM243153)

O/HKN/5/2006 (KM243148)

O/HKN/6/2006 (KM243149)

O/HKN/2/2006 (KM243145)

O/HKN/1/2006 (KM243144)

O/HKN/4/2006 (KM243147)

O/HKN/24/2005 (KM243142)

O/HKN/22/2005 (KM243140)

O/HKN/23/2005 (KM243141)

O/HKN/3/2006 (KM243146)

O/HKN/25/2005 (KM243143)

O/HKN/18/2005 (KM243136)

O/HKN/19/2005 (KM243137)

O/HKN/20/2005 (KM243138)

O/HKN/9/2005 (KM243129)

O/HKN/10/2005 (KM243130)

O/HKN/9/2004 (DQ164886)

O/HKN/12/2005 (KM243132)

O/HKN/12/2004 (DQ164889)

O/HKN/6/2004 (DQ164883)

O/HKN/7/2004 (DQ164884)

O/HKN/10/2004 (DQ164887)

O/HKN/19/2001 (DQ164876)

O/HKN/1/2002 (DQ164877)

O/HKN/2002 (AF525458)

O/PHI/7/96 (AJ294926KM243058)

O/Yunlin/TAW/97 (AF308157)

O/HKN/6/83 (AJ294919)

O/HKN/21/70 (AJ294911)

CATHAY

EURO-SA

ISA-2

ISA-1

EA-2

WA

EA-1

EA-4

EA-3

SEA

ME-SA

100

100

99

99

100100

80

79

71

70

99

98

99

86

99

85

72

97

98

71

73

95

100

99

99

96

84

83

98

100

99

100

83

98

9184

71 93

76

80

0.02

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Mongolia WRLFMD/2015/00005

Date sequence received: 09/04/2015

No. of samples: 4

O (SEA/Mya-98): 4

No location given.

O/MAY/29/2009

O/VN/HB162/2009 (HM055498)

O/VN/HB166/2009 (HM055499)

O/VN/TQ06/2010 (HQ260717)

O/MAY/20/2009 (HQ116218)

O/MAY/21/2009 (HQ116219)

O/VN/LC03/2010 (HQ260715)

O/MAY/25/2009

O/MAY/26/2009

O/TAI/19/2009 (HQ116266)

O/TAI/23/2009 (HQ116270)

O/VIT/2/2010 (JQ070322)

O/LAO/1/2010

O/VN/HB139/2009 (HM055494)

O/VN/LS185/2009 (HM055504)

O/VN/SL144/2009 (HM055495)

O/VN/PT170/2009 (HM055501)

O/VN/SL01/2010 (HQ260713)

O/VN/SL02/2010 (HQ260714)

O/VN/SL191/2009 (HM055507)

O/VN/SL192/2009 (HM055508)

O/VN/SL186/2009 (HM055505)

O/MAY/27/2009

O/TAI/17/2009 (HQ116264)

O/TAI/16/2009 (HQ116263)

O/TAI/15/2009 (HQ116262)

O/MAY/22/2009

O/TAI/13/2009 (HQ116261)

O/VN/TQ160/2009 (HM055497)

O/TAI/12/2009 (HQ116260)

O/MOG/CO3/2010* (JQ070325)

O/MOG/2/2010 (JQ070309)

O/MOG/1/2010 (JQ070308)

O/MOG/56/2010* (JQ070326)

O/MOG/3/2010 (JQ070310)

O/MOG/4/2010 (JQ070311)

O/LAO/1/2013

O/LAO/2/2013

O/MAY/25/2012

O/MAY/1/2013

O/TAI/18/2012

O/MAY/34/2012

O/TAI/14/2012

O/VIT/26/2014

O/VIT/27/2014

O/VIT/21/2014

O/VIT/13/2014

O/VIT/18/2014

O/MAY/9/2014

O/MAY/2/2014

O/MOG/1/2015

O/MOG/2/2015

O/MOG/3/2015

O/MOG/4/2015

O/MYA/7/98 (DQ164925)

Mya-98

O/TAI/189/87* (TRRL)

Cam-94

SEA

ME-SA

WA

EA-1

EA-4

EA-3

EA-2

ISA-2

EURO-SA

ISA-1

CATHAY

100

100

100

100

100

99

98

72

77

76

88

82

97

7999

73

80

84

100

95

73

75

88

100

0.02

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Oman WRLFMD/2015/00007

Date sequence received: 30/04/2015

No. of samples: 4

SAT 2 (VII): 3

FMDV-GD: 1

SAT2/ETH/19/2014

SAT2/ETH/21/2014

SAT2/ETH/2/2015

SAT2/OMN/3/2015

SAT2/OMN/2/2015

SAT2/OMN/4/2015

SAT2/ETH/22/2014

SAT2/EGY/24/2014

SAT2/EGY/11/2014

SAT2/EGY/20/2014

SAT2/EGY/22/2014

SAT2/SUD/4/2010 (KF112968)

SAT2/EGY/2/2012 (JX570617)

Alx-12

SAT2/SAU/6/2000 (AF367135)

SAT2/CAR/P12/2000 (VDI 44/1)(HM211082)

SAT2/SEN/27/2009 (KF112967)

SAT2/LIB/1/2003 (JX570631)

SAT2/LIB/7/2003 (JX570632)Lib-03

SAT2/NIG/8/2011

SAT2/NIG/9/2011

SAT2/NIG/7/2011

SAT2/NIG/1/2012

SAT2/NIG/2/2012

SAT2/NIG/3/2012

SAT2/NIG/2/2007 (JX570636)

SAT2/NIG/5/2008

SAT2/NIG/4/2008

SAT2/NIG/1/2008

SAT2/NIG/2/2008

SAT2/NIG/3/2008

SAT2/NIG/8/2008

SAT2/CAR/104/2005

SAT2/CAR/75/2005

SAT2/CAR/85/2005

SAT2/CAR/8/2005 (JX570616)

SAT2/CAR/47/2005

SAT2/CAR/48/2005

SAT2/CAR/50/2005

SAT2/CAR/24/2013

SAT2/CAR/29/2013

SAT2/CAR/42/2013

SAT2/EGY/11/2012 (JX570624)

SAT2/EGY/9/2012 (JX570622)

SAT2/EGY/6/2012 (JX570621)

SAT2/EGY/10/2012 (JX570623)

SAT2/EGY/14/2012 (JX570626)

SAT2/EGY/15/2012 (JX570627)

SAT2/EGY/21/2012 (KF112933)

SAT2/EGY/22/2012 (KF112934)

SAT2/EGY/31/2012 (KF112937)

SAT2/EGY/7/2012* (JX013978)

SAT2/PAT/1/2012 (JX570637)

Ghb-12

VII

XIV

XIII

VIII

IX

XII

X

V

VI XI

II

I

III

IV99

99

91

97

90

97

98

87

98

71

78

99

99

81

82

99

99

87

99

84

99

99

93

95

71

99

99

99

99

71

94

99

96

99

75

99

99

0.05

Ad Dakhiliyah

Adh Dhahirah Al Batinah North

Al Batinah South

Al Buraimi

Al Wusta

Ash Sharqiyah North

Ash Sharqiyah South

Dhofar

Muscat

Musandam

© d

-ma

ps.c

om

100 km

60 mi

OMN/2/2015

OMN/3/2015

OMN/4/2015

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Pakistan WRLFMD/2015/00002

Date sequence received: 24/02/2015

No. of samples: 32 O (ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10): 13

A (ASIA/Iran-05FAR-09): 5

A (ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11): 3

Asia 1 (ASIA/Sindh-08): 5

A + O (ASIA/Iran-05FAR-09 + ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10): 1

A + O (ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11 + ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10): 2

Asia 1 + O (ASIA/Sindh-08 + ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10): 1

FMDV-GD: 2

O/PAK/26/2013

O/PAK/29/2014

O/PAK/18/2014

O/PAK/23/2014

O/PAK/34/2014

O/PAK/58/2012

O/PAK/21/2014

O/PAK/5/2015

O/PAK/14/2014

O/PAK/7/2014

O/PAK/6/2014

O/PAK/30/2014

O/PAK/24/2014

O/PAK/16/2014

O/PAK/2/2014

O/PAK/5/2014

O/PAK/36/2014

O/PAK/45/2014

O/PAK/40/2014

O/PAK/31/2014

O/PAK/27/2013

O/PAK/3/2014

O/PAK/4/2014

O/PAK/12/2014

O/PAK/11/2014

O/PAK/13/2014

O/BAR/1/2014

O/BAR/2/2014

O/BAR/3/2014

O/PAK/15/2014

O/PAK/7/2015

O/PAK/8/2015

O/PAK/2/2015

O/PAK/44/2014

O/PAK/33/2014

O/PAK/39/2014

O/PAK/11/2015

O/PAK/27/2014

O/PAK/41/2014

O/AFG/61/2010

O/AFG/89/2010

O/AFG/59/2010

O/IRN/149/2010

O/IRN/139/2010

O/IRN/207/2010

O/AFG/104/2010

O/IRN/221/2010

O/IRN/222/2010

O/AFG/205/2010

O/IRN/88/2009

O/AFG/111/2010

O/AFG/242/2010

O/PAK/1/2010

O/PAK/2/2010

O/PAK/5/2010

O/PAK/8/2010

O/KHI/PAK/42/2011* (JX170757)

ANT-10

FAR-09 O/IRN/31/2009

BAL-09 O/IRN/18/2010

PUN-10 O/PAK/16/2010

O/IRN/8/2005

TER-08 O/TUR/257/2008* (FMDI)

SAN-09 O/TUR/264/2009* (FMDI)

PanAsia-2

PanAsia

Ind-2001

O/IND/53/79 (AF292107)

O/IND/R2/75* (AF204276)

O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (AY593823)

ME-SA

SEA

EA-2

EA-3

EA-4

WA

EA-1

CATHAY

ISA-1

ISA-2

EURO-SA

100

100

100

99

100

99

100

77

75

89

91

97

99

89

78

96

99

99

100

99

82

99

78

86

91

100

0.02

200 km

© Daniel Dalet / d-maps.com

100 mi

Balochistan

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Province

Punjab

Sindh

Federally Administered

Tribal Areas

Azad Jammu

and Kashmir

Gilgit-BaltistanO

A

Asia 1

O + Asia 1

A + O

FMDV-GD

33

7

41

39

28

32

38

42

43

3

9

10

26

35

37

46

1

27

29

30

31

34

36

40

44

45 2

5

8 11

64

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

A/IRN/200/2010

A/IRN/201/2010

A/IRN/185/2010

A/IRN/177/2010

A/IRN/188/2010

A/IRN/197/2010

A/SIN/PAK/L574/2009 (HQ439244)

A/SIN/PAK/L578/2009 (HQ439245)

A/HIR/AFG/L1439/2009 (HQ439278)

A/AFG/9/2009

A/AFG/11/2009

A/IRN/78/2009

A/PAK/8/2014

A/PAK/38/2014

A/PAK/7/2015

A/PAK/3/2015

A/PAK/42/2014

A/PAK/32/2014

A/PAK/9/2015

A/IRN/27/2013

A/IRN/28/2013

A/PAK/10/2014

A/PAK/14/2014 (B)

FAR-09

A/AFG/6/2007 (FJ755007)

A/BAR/2/2009

A/BAR/4/2009

A/IRN/9/2009

A/IRN/26/2009

AFG-07

HER-10 A/AFG/10/2010

SIS-12 A/IRN/15/2012

A/PAK/41/2014

A/PAK/43/2014

A/PAK/10/2015

A/PAK/28/2014

A/PAK/33/2014

A/IRN/1/2011

A/BAL/PAK/iso-2/2011 (JX435106)

A/AFG/13/2013

A/AFG/15/2013

A/AFG/9/2013

A/AFG/8/2013

A/AFG/5/2013

A/AFG/4/2013

A/PAK/5/2013

A/PAK/11/2013

A/PAK/13/2013

A/PAK/19/2013

A/PAK/48/2012

A/PAK/1/2013

A/PAK/23/2014

A/PAK/8/2013

A/PAK/25/2013

A/PAK/21/2013

A/PAK/22/2014

A/PAK/14/2013

A/PAK/17/2013

FAR-11

ESF-10 A/IRN/9/2010

BAR-08 A/BAR/6/2008 (FJ755010)

SIS-10 A/IRN/125/2010

ARD-07 A/TUR/1/2008 (FJ755133)

KSS-09 A/TUR/3/2010

A/IRN/1/2005 (EF208769)

EZM-07 A/TUR/33/2008 (FJ755155)

QAZ-11 A/IRN/9/2011

Iran-05

Iran-99

Thai-87

Sea-97

Iran-96

Iran-87

A22

A15

ASIA

EURO-SA

AFRICA

99

99

99

99

92

99

92

78

97

75

99

99

99

90

99

96

74

84

78

76

76

99

99

98

99

96

90

97

97

0.02

Asia1/PAK/39/2011

Asia1/PAK/49/2011

Asia1/PAK/37/2011

Asia1/PAK/36/2011

Asia1/PAK/35/2011

Asia1/PAK/33/2011

Asia1/PAK/16/2011

Asia1/PAK/15/2011

Asia1/PAK/14/2011

Asia1/PAK/13/2011

Asia1/PAK/12/2011

Asia1/PAK/11/2011

Asia1/PAK/111/2010

Asia1/PAK/110/2010

Asia1/PAK/108/2010

Asia1/IRN/49/2011

Asia1/PAK/106/2010

Asia1/BAR/1/2011

Asia1/BAR/2/2011

Asia1/BAR/3/2011

Asia1/BAR/4/2011

Asia1/AFG/66/2011

Asia1/AFG/68/2011

Asia1/AFG/73/2011

Asia1/AFG/78/2011

Asia1/IRN/33/2011

Asia1/IRN/38/2011

Asia1/IRN/46/2011

Asia1/IRN/39/2011

Asia1/IRN/43/2011

Asia1/PAK/26/2012

Asia1/PAK/30/2012

Asia1/PAK/25/2012

Asia1/PAK/24/2012

Asia1/IRN/7/2012

Asia1/IRN/9/2012

Asia1/PAK/19/2014

Asia1/PAK/20/2014

Asia1/PAK/1/2015

Asia1/PAK/10/2012

Asia1/PAK/27/2012

Asia1/PAK/57/2012

Asia1/PAK/22/2012

Asia1/PAK/35/2012

Asia1/PAK/26/2014

Asia1/PAK/39/2014

Asia1/PAK/35/2014

Asia1/PAK/37/2014

Asia1/PAK/46/2014

Asia1/PAK/25/2014

Asia1/PAK/8/2008

Sindh-08

Group I Asia1/AFG/1/2001 (DQ121109)

Asia1/HKN/19/74

Asia1/YNBS/CHA/58 (AY390432)

Asia1/IND/63/72* (AY304994)

Group V Asia1/IND/18/80 (DQ121116)

Asia1/PAK/1/54 (AY593795)

Asia1/Shamir/ISR/89

Group III Asia1/IND/762/2003* (DQ101240)

Asia1/IND/14/95* (AF390678)

Group VIb Asia1/IRN/10/2004 (DQ121119)99

80

99

99

97

99

73

88

9999

99

97

73

0.02

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

5. Vaccine matching

Antigenic characterisation of FMD field isolates by vaccine matching by 2dm VNT from April to June 2015

Table 2: Serotype O

Sample Reference Vaccine strain

O 3039 O Manisa O/SKR/7/2010 O/TUR/5/2009

O/EGY/23/2014 N N n.d. M

O/EGY/36/2014 M N n.d. M

O/MOG/2/2015 M N n.d. M

O/MOG/4/2015 M N n.d. M

O/VIT/11/2014 M N M M

O/VIT/26/2014 M N M M

Table 3: Serotype A

Sample Reference Vaccine strain

A Iran 2005 A22 IRQ A MAY97 A/TUR/20/2006

A/PAK/3/2014 N N n.d. N

A/PAK/10/2015 M N n.d. N

A/VIT/8/2014 N M N N

A/VIT/14/2014 N M N N

Table 4: Serotype Asia 1

Sample Reference Vaccine strain

Asia 1 Shamir

Asia 1 AFG/4/2014 N

Asia 1 PAK/35/2014 N

Asia 1 PAK/1/2015 N Table 5: Serotype SAT 1

Sample Reference Vaccine strain

SAT 105 RHO

SAT 1 BOT/4/2014 M

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

Table 6: Serotype SAT 2

Sample Reference Vaccine strain

SAT 2 ERI SAT 2 ZIM

SAT 2 BOT/1/2013 N N

SAT 2 EGY/43/2012 M N

SAT 2 EGY/24/2014 M N

SAT 2 MOZ/2/2014 B M

SAT 2 MOZ/4/2014 M M

SAT 2 OMN/4/2015 M N

SAT 2 ZIM/1/2014 M M

SAT 2 ZIM/3/2014 M M

Abbreviations used in tables:

M

Vaccine Match- r1 = > 0.3. Suggests that there is a close relationship between field isolate and vaccine strain. A potent vaccine containing the vaccine strain is likely to confer protection.

N

No Vaccine Match - r1 = < 0.3. Suggests that the field isolate is so different from the vaccine strain that the vaccine is unlikely to protect

Borderline

Any r1 values between 0.28 to 0.32

NT

Not tested against this vaccine

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

6. Vaccine strain recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WRLFMD® ON FMD VIRUS STRAINS TO BE INCLUDED IN FMDV ANTIGEN BANKS (FOR FMD-FREE COUNTRIES) – June 2015

Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance

High Priority

O Manisa O PanAsia-2 (or equivalent)

O BFS or Campos A24 Cruzeiro Asia 1 Shamir

A Iran-05 (or A TUR 06) A22 Iraq

SAT 2 Saudi Arabia (or equivalent i.e. SAT 2 Eritrea)

Medium Priority

A Eritrea SAT 2 Zimbabwe

SAT 1 South Africa A Malaysia 97 (or Thai equivalent such as A/Sakolnakorn/97)

A Argentina 2001 O Taiwan 97 (pig-adapted strain or Philippine equivalent)

Low Priority

A Iran ‘96 A Iran ‘99

A Iran 87 or A Saudi Arabia 23/86 (or equivalent) A15 Bangkok related strain A87 Argentina related strain

C Noville SAT 2 Kenya SAT 1 Kenya

SAT 3 Zimbabwe

NB: Discussions are currently underway to adopt a risk-based approach for different FMD viral lineages to identify priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings.

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

7. Recent FMD publications

Recent FMD Publications (January-March 2015) cited by Web of Science (Papers from The Pirbright Institute are highlighted in BOLD AND GREY)

1. Wekesa, S.N., V.B. Muwanika, H.R. Siegismund, A.K. Sangula, A. Namatovu, M.T. Dhikusooka, K. Tjornehoj, S.N. Balinda, J. Wadsworth, N.J. Knowles, and G.J. Belsham (2015). Analysis of Recent Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses from Livestock in Kenya: Evidence of Four Independently Evolving Lineages. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62(3): 305-314.

2. Qian, S., W. Fan, P. Qian, D. Zhang, Y. Wei, H. Chen, and X. Li (2015). Apigenin Restricts FMDV Infection and Inhibits Viral IRES Driven Translational Activity. Viruses-Basel, 7(4): 1613-1626.

3. Biswal, J.K., P. Bisht, J.K. Mohapatra, R. Ranjan, A. Sanyal, and B. Pattnaik (2015). Application of a recombinant capsid polyprotein (P1) expressed in a prokaryotic system to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. Journal of Virological Methods, 215: 45-51.

4. Abubakar, M., E.-u.-H. Khan, M.J. Arshed, J. Gonzales, G. Ferrari, M. Hussain, and Q. Ali (2015). An appraisal on the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes in cattle and buffaloes, Pakistan. Archives of Virology, 160(6): 1561-1564.

5. Lindstrom, T., M. Tildesley, and C. Webb (2015). A Bayesian Ensemble Approach for Epidemiological Projections. Plos Computational Biology, 11(4).

6. Subramaniam, S., J.K. Mohapatra, B. Das, G.K. Sharma, J.K. Biswal, S. Mahajan, J. Misri, B.B. Dash, and B. Pattnaik (2015). Capsid coding region diversity of re-emerging lineage C foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 from India. Archives of Virology, 160(7): 1751-1759.

7. Wang, D., S. Yang, S. Yin, Y. Shang, P. Du, J. Guo, J. He, J. Cai, and X. Liu (2015). Characterization of single-domain antibodies against Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) serotype O from a camelid and imaging of FMDV in baby hamster kidney-21 cells with single-domain antibody-quantum dots probes. BMC Veterinary Research, 11.

8. Feng, H., J. Fan, H. Qiu, Z. Wang, Z. Yan, L. Yuan, L. Guan, X. Du, Z. Song, X. Han, and J. Liu (2015). Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharides improve the immune responses of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 78: 405-16.

9. Stenfeldt, C., J.M. Pacheco, N.B. Singanallur, H.C.d.C. Ferreira, W. Vosloo, L.L. Rodriguez, and J. Arzt (2015). Clinical and virological dynamics of a serotype O 2010 South East Asia lineage foot-and-mouth disease virus in sheep using natural and simulated natural inoculation and exposure systems. Veterinary Microbiology, 178(1-2): 50-60.

10. Ma, X., P. Li, P. Sun, X. Bai, H. Bao, Z. Lu, Y. Fu, Y. Cao, D. Li, Y. Chen, Z. Qiao, and Z. Liu (2015). Construction and characterization of 3A-epitope-tagged foot-and-mouth disease virus. Infection Genetics and Evolution, 31: 17-24.

11. Mahajan, S., G.K. Sharma, R. Matura, S. Subramaniam, J.K. Mohapatra, and B. Pattnaik (2015). Construction and characterization of yeast two-hybrid cDNA library derived from LFBK cell line. Biologicals, 43(3): 202-208.

12. Kumar, R., S.H. Basagoudanavar, and B.P. Sreenivasa (2015). Detection of replication competent adenovirus upon serial passaging of recombinant adenovirus expressing FMDV capsid proteins. Biologicals, 43(3): 209-212.

13. Nsamba, P., T.A.P. de Beer, M. Chitray, K. Scott, W. Vosloo, and F.F. Maree (2015). Determination of common genetic variants within the non-structural proteins of foot-

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

and-mouth disease viruses isolated in sub-Saharan Africa. Veterinary Microbiology, 177(1-2): 106-122.

14. Yang, M., S. Parida, T. Salo, K. Hole, L. Velazquez-Salinas, and A. Clavijo (2015). Development of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies against the 3B Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 22(4): 389-397.

15. Yang, M., N.R. Caterer, W. Xu, and M. Goolia (2015). Development of a multiplex lateral flow strip test for foot-and-mouth disease virus detection using monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Virological Methods, 221: 119-26.

16. Madi, M., V. Mioulet, D.P. King, G.P. Lomonossoff, and N.P. Montague (2015). Development of a non-infectious encapsidated positive control RNA for molecular assays to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus. Journal of Virological Methods, 220: 27-34.

17. Wen, G., C. Chen, J. Guo, Z. Zhang, Y. Shang, H. Shao, Q. Luo, J. Yang, H. Wang, H. Wang, T. Zhang, R. Zhang, G. Cheng, and Q. Yu (2015). Development of a novel thermostable Newcastle disease virus vaccine vector for expression of a heterologous gene. The Journal of General Virology, 96(Pt 6): 1219-28.

18. Tozer, P.R., T.L. Marsh, and E.V. Perevodchikov (2015). Economic Welfare Impacts of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Canadian Beef Cattle Sector. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics-Revue Canadienne D'Agroeconomie, 63(2): 163-184.

19. Wilna, V., H. Nguyen Thi Thu, F.T. Geoffrey, M.M. Jacqueline, J. Wang, P. Kim Van, N. Quach Vo, P. Le Thi Thu, H. Dang, H. Tran Xuan, H. Vo Van, A. Le Thi Quynh, T. Mai Thi My, Q. Le Tin Vinh, L. Ngo Thanh, and S.B. Nagendrakumar (2015). Efficacy of a high potency O-1 Manisa monovalent vaccine against heterologous challenge with a FMDV O Mya98 lineage virus in pigs 4 and 7 days post vaccination. Vaccine, 33(24): 2778-2785.

20. Nandi, S.P., M.Z. Rahman, S. Momtaz, M. Sultana, and M.A. Hossain (2015). Emergence and Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype A and O in Bangladesh. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62(3): 328-331.

21. Yoon, H., S.S. Yoon, Y.J. Kim, O.K. Moon, S.H. Wee, Y.S. Joo, and B. Kim (2015). Epidemiology of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Serotype O Epidemic of November 2010 to April 2011 in the Republic Of Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62(3): 252-263.

22. Roche, S.E., M.G. Garner, R.L. Sanson, C. Cook, C. Birch, J.A. Backer, C. Dube, K.A. Patyk, M.A. Stevenson, Z.D. Yu, T.G. Rawdon, and F. Gauntlett (2015). Evaluating vaccination strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: a model comparison study. Epidemiology and Infection, 143(6): 1256-1275.

23. Subramaniam, S., J.K. Mohapatra, G.K. Sharma, J.K. Biswal, R. Ranjan, M. Rout, B. Das, B.B. Dash, A. Sanyal, and B. Pattnaik (2015). Evolutionary dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage. Veterinary Microbiology, 178(3-4): 181-9.

24. Kompas, T., N. Hoa Thi Minh, and H. Pham Van (2015). Food and biosecurity: livestock production and towards a world free of foot-and-mouth disease. Food Security, 7(2): 291-302.

25. Wieland, B., B. Batsukh, S. Enktuvshin, N. Odontsetseg, and M. Schuppers (2015). Foot and mouth disease risk assessment in Mongolia-Local expertise to support national policy. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 120(1): 115-123.

26. Di Giacomo, S., B.P. Brito, A.M. Perez, D. Bucafusco, J. Pega, L. Rodriguez, M.V. Borca, and M. Perez-Filgueira (2015). Heterogeneity in the Antibody Response to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Primo-vaccinated Calves. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62(3): 280-287.

27. Li, H., Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, S. Zhang, Q. Zhao, Y. Zhu, X. Zou, M. Yu, G. Ma, and Z. Su (2015). A hydrophobic interaction chromatography strategy for purification of

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus. Protein expression and purification, 113: 23-9.

28. Lyons, N.A., N. Alexander, K.D.C. Staerk, T.D. Dulu, J. Rushton, and P.E.M. Fine (2015). Impact of foot-and-mouth disease on mastitis and culling on a large-scale dairy farm in Kenya. Veterinary Research, 46.

29. Lyons, N.A., N. Alexander, K.D.C. Stark, T.D. Dulu, K.J. Sumption, A.D. James, J. Rushton, and P.E.M. Fine (2015). Impact of foot-and-mouth disease on milk production on a large-scale dairy farm in Kenya. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 120(2): 177-86.

30. Valdazo-Gonzalez, B., J.T. Kim, S. Soubeyrand, J. Wadsworth, N.J. Knowles, D.T. Haydon, and D.P. King (2015). The impact of within-herd genetic variation upon inferred transmission trees for foot-and-mouth disease virus. Infection Genetics and Evolution, 32: 440-448.

31. Maree, F.F., P. Nsamba, P. Mutowembwa, L.S. Rotherham, J. Esterhuysen, and K. Scott (2015). Intra-serotype SAT2 chimeric foot-and-mouth disease vaccine protects cattle against FMDV challenge. Vaccine, 33(25): 2909-2916.

32. Lozano, G., A. Trapote, J. Ramajo, X. Elduque, A. Grandas, J. Robles, E. Pedroso, and E. Martinez-Salas (2015). Local RNA flexibility perturbation of the IRES element induced by a novel ligand inhibits viral RNA translation. RNA Biology, 12(5): 555-568.

33. Elnekave, E., H. Shilo, B. Gelman, and E. Klement (2015). The longevity of anti NSP antibodies and the sensitivity of a 3ABC ELISA - A 3 years follow up of repeatedly vaccinated dairy cattle infected by foot and mouth disease virus. Veterinary Microbiology, 178(1-2): 14-8.

34. Ferrer-Orta, C., I. de la Higuera, F. Caridi, M. Teresa Sanchez-Aparicio, E. Moreno, C. Perales, K. Singh, S.G. Sarafianos, F. Sobrino, E. Domingo, and N. Verdaguer (2015). Multifunctionality of a Picornavirus Polymerase Domain: Nuclear Localization Signal and Nucleotide Recognition. Journal of Virology, 89(13): 6848-6859.

35. Hosamani, M., S.H. Basagoudanavar, R.P.T. Selvan, V. Das, P. Ngangom, B.P. Sreenivasa, R. Hegde, and R. Venkataramanan (2015). A multi-species indirect ELISA for detection of non-structural protein 3ABC specific antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. Archives of Virology, 160(4): 937-944.

36. Van Dreumel, A.K., W.P. Michalski, L.M. McNabb, B.J. Shiell, N.B. Singanallur, and G.R. Peck (2015). Pan-Serotype Diagnostic for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Using the Consensus Antigen of Nonstructural Protein 3B. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 53(6): 1797-805.

37. Caridi, F., A. Vazquez-Calvo, F. Sobrino, and M.A. Martn-Acebes (2015). The pH Stability of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Particles Is Modulated by Residues Located at the Pentameric Interface and in the N Terminus of VP1. Journal of Virology, 89(10): 5633-5642.

38. Bari, F.D., S. Parida, A.S. Asfor, D.T. Haydon, R. Reeve, D.J. Paton, and M. Mahapatra (2015). Prediction and characterization of novel epitopes of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in East Africa using site-directed mutagenesis. The Journal of General Virology, 96(Pt 5): 1033-41.

39. Dong, Y.-m., G.-g. Zhang, X.-j. Huang, L. Chen, and H.-t. Chen (2015). Promising MS2 mediated virus-like particle vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease. Antiviral Research, 117: 39-43.

40. de Rueda, C.B., M.C.M. de Jong, P.L. Eble, and A. Dekker (2015). Quantification of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus caused by an environment contaminated with secretions and excretions from infected calves. Veterinary Research, 46.

41. Sharma, G.K., S. Mahajan, R. Matura, S. Subramaniam, J.K. Mohapatra, and B. Pattnaik (2015). Quantitative single dilution liquid phase blocking ELISA for seromonitoring of foot-and-mouth disease in India. Biologicals, 43(3): 158-164.

Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

42. Jacobs, K. (2015). RE: Modelling foot-and-mouth disease transmission in a wild pig-domestic cattle ecosystem. Australian Veterinary Journal, 93(5): 135-135.

43. Isoda, N., M. Kadohira, S. Sekiguchi, M. Schuppers, and K.D.C. Staerk (2015). Review: Evaluation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control Using Fault Tree Analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62(3): 233-244.

44. Elnekave, E., L. Zamir, F. Hamd, B. Even Tov, and E. Klement (2015). Risk factors for foot and mouth disease outbreaks in grazing beef cattle herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 120(2): 236-40.

45. Allepuz, A., M. Stevenson, F. Kivaria, D. Berkvens, J. Casal, and A. Picado (2015). Risk Factors for Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Tanzania, 2001-2006. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62(2): 127-136.

46. Emami, J., N. Rasouli, M. McLaws, and C.J.M. Bartels (2015). Risk factors for infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus in a cattle population vaccinated with a non-purified vaccine in Iran. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 119(3-4): 114-122.

47. Byomi, A.M. (2015). SAT2 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in a mixed farm in Egypt. Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 128(5-6): 188-192.

48. Chandranaik, B.M., R. Hegde, B.P. Shivashankar, P. Giridhar, H.K. Muniyellappa, R. Kalge, B.R. Sumathi, K. Nithinprabhu, N. Chandrashekara, V. Manjunatha, N. Jaisingh, A. Mayanna, G.K. Chandrakala, S. Kanaka, and M.D. Venkatesha (2015). Serotyping of foot and mouth disease virus and Pasteurella multocida from Indian gaurs (Bos gaurus), concurrently infected with foot and mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicaemia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47(5): 933-937.

49. Wernike, K., B. Hoffmann, and M. Beer (2015). Simultaneous detection of five notifiable viral diseases of cattle by single-tube multiplex real-time RT-PCR. Journal of Virological Methods, 217: 28-35.

50. Harmsen, M.M., H.P.D. Fijten, D.F. Westra, and A. Dekker (2015). Stabilizing effects of excipients on dissociation of intact (146S) foot-and-mouth disease virions into 12S particles during storage as oil-emulsion vaccine. Vaccine, 33(21): 2477-2484.

51. Eble, P.L., K. Orsel, F. van Hemert-Kluitenberg, and A. Dekker (2015). Transmission characteristics and optimal diagnostic samples to detect an FMDV infection in vaccinated and non-vaccinated sheep. Veterinary Microbiology, 177(1-2): 69-77.

52. Barrell, V. (2015). Working in government service. Veterinary Record, 176(21): I-II.