Writing@CSU Writing Guide

Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Author/Date System)

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Introduction

documentation system is used in both the humanities and the The Chicago Manual of Style

social sciences. A bit more complex than either the MLA or the APA, it offers two

approaches for documenting sources: 1) a notes system and, 2) an author/date system

similar to the APA. This guide explains the Author/Date system. A separate guide explains

the . Chicago Manual of Style (Notes System)

Inserted at the point of reference, an in-text parenthetical citation containing the author's

name and the date of publication interacts with the end documentation by pointing to a

specific entry on the page.References List

Notes, similar to those used in the CMS Notes System, may be used in the Author/Date

system, but only to provide further information about a particular idea. They do not replace

entries found in the which contains the bibliographic information required References Listto properly cite your sources. Check with your instructor on what is expected when you are

asked to use this style.

This guide is largely based on style recommendations from the 14th edition of the Chicago

, however, you may also wish to consult the 6th edition of Kate Turabian's Manual of Style A

. In it you will find many Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

corresponding or similar documentation patterns.

[Guide Updated Jul 2017]

Citing Sources within Your Document

The CMS Author/Date in-text citation system follows a parenthetical format rather than the superscripted numbers found in the CMS Notes system. Much like the APA, it emphasizes authors and dates of publication, both of which are important benchmarks denoting relevancy and validity in the social and the natural sciences.

In some cases, chapters, paragraphs and page numbers are required. Regardless of contents, the parenthetic citation should immediately follow the cited material within a sentence and before the period if it is at the end of the sentence. In the case of quoted material, the citation is placed between the final quotation mark and the period at the end of the sentence.

CMS In-Text Formatting Rules

are as follows:CMS Author/Date in-text formatting rules

A space, not a comma, should separate the author's name and the year of publication.

Page numbers are included only when part of a source or a direct quotation is cited. Abbreviations ("p." or "pp.") are not required.

Footnotes and endnotes are used only when there is a need to provide further information about a particular idea or when specific copyright permission needs to be documented.

depend on whether part or all of a source is being cited as well Specific rulesas whether or not the author's name is mentioned in the sentence where the citation occurs.

Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules

Citing an Entire Source

When citing an entire work, document the last name of the author and the year of publication. No page numbers are necessary. The citation format will vary according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited.

1. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Not Included in Preceding Sentence

Cite both the last name of the author and the publication Format:date. The citation is placed in parentheses directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). There is a space, not a comma, between the author's name and the date.

Example:

In a recent study of sustainable management techniques (Myers 1997)...

2. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Included in Preceding Sentence

When the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, you Format:may omit this name from the parentheses to avoid redundancy, using only the date. The date (in parentheses) should follow the author's name. In cases where the source itself is being cited rather than the author, the parentheses around the date may be omitted.

Example One:

Myers (1997) compared sustainable management techniques...

Example Two:

In Myers 1997, sustainable management techniques are compared to more conventional practices.

Citing Part of a Source

When citing a specific part of a source, document the last name of the author, the year of publication and the page numbers (or chapter, section, line numbers, etc.) where the cited material may be found.

3. Citing Part of a Source

When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the Format:parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). One space separates the author's name from the date, and one comma separates the date from the page number (or chapter, etc.). Page abbreviations like "p." or "pp." are used only when their absence is likely to cause confusion. Abbreviations such as sec. (section), fig. (figure), app. (appendix), etc., should be used, however.

Example:

Because of the underdevelopment of the racial theme, Bright Skin was said to have "failed to feed the growing appetite for anti-establishment tracts while at the same time offering no new insights into the nature of Blue Brook Plantation" (Landess 1976, 121).

Examples of Variations to In-Text Formatting Rules

1. Citing Sources with No Date

When you cite a source that has no date given, include in parentheses the name of the author Format:

and the abbreviation "n.d." ("no date").

Example:

This has occurred in previous experiments (Phelps & Gomez, n.d.).

2. Citing Sources with Unnamed, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

When no author is listed on the tile or copyright page, begin the entry with the title of the work. Format:

In the bibliography, alphabetize the entry by the first word other than or .A, An, The

Example One:

(New York: Simon Pulse, 2013), 118-20.Letting Ana Go

Example Two:

. New York: Simon Pulse, 2013.Letting Ana Go

3. Citing Electronic (Web site or Internet) Sources

An electronic source is cited like any other source when the entire source is cited: Author's Last Format:

Name and Date of Publication are mentioned. However, in cases where specific parts of the electronic

source are cited, documentation of the particular paragraph number or section heading where the cited

material may be found is recommended.

Example:

Mendelson, Abby. “Roberto Clemente: A Form of Punishment.” Pittsburg Pirates. MLB.com. May 24,

2013. http://mlb.mlb.com/pit/history/pit_clemente.jsp.

4. Citing Authors with Same Last Name in References List

Include first name initials of all in-text cited authors when other authors in your Format: References List

have the same last name.

Example:

K.K. Sullivan (1962) and D. Sullivan (1996) came to similar conclusions about the effects of this

treatment method.

5. Citing Sources Not Included in the References List

Unpublished manuscripts, letters and newspaper articles, etc. may be cited within the in-text Format:

parenthetical citation or in the actual text itself.

Example One:

Paul Nesbitt (telephone interview, 19 August 2016) expressed his dissatisfaction with the proposed plan.

Example Two:

In a letter dated 12 August 2016, Nesbitt indicated to his daughter that a new plan was being presented

to the County Commissioners.

6. Citing Sources with More than One Author

List the authors in the order in which they appear on the Format, Sources with Two or Three Authors:

title page. In a note, list the first name for each author first. In the bibliography, list the first author’s last

name first and list the first names for each other author first.

Example:

Jerin, Robert A., and Laura J. Moriarty. . Upper Saddle river, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.The Victims of Crime

In a note, give only the first author’s name followed by Format, Sources with Four or More Authors:

“et al.” (Latin for “and others”). In the bibliography, list all the authors that appear on the title page.

Example One:

Harry Markopolos et al., (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010). 179.No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller

Example Two:

Markopolos, Harry, Frank Casey, Neil Chelo, Gaytri Kachroo, and Michael Ocrant. No One Would Listen: A True

. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010.Financial Thriller

An alternative would be to include a shortened title following the "Author et al.", in every instance Note:

of the same "Author et al." occurring.

Example:

(Nesbitt et al., , 2015)Neighborhood associations

(Nesbitt et al., , 2015)Zoning laws

7. Citing Sources Authored by a Group or Corporation

 Use the group or corporation as the author; it may also be the publisher.Format:

Example:

Where the entry looks like:References List

Bas Bleu Theatre Company. 2014. …2014 NEA Grant Application for

The first in-text citation will look like:

The grant proposal (Bas Bleu Theatre Company [BBTC] 2014) was an important effort to support the arts

in the community.

And a subsequent in-text citation will look like:

The proposal requested new and increased salaries for theatre staff (BBTC 2014).

8. Citing Two or More Sources in the Same Parenthesis

When you are citing two or more works by the same Format, Two or More Sources by Same Author:

author in one parenthetical note, list the name of the author only once, followed by the publication dates

of the various works in order of year of publication.

Example:

Psychologists have arrived at this conclusion in the past (Tripp, 2004, 2010, 2016).

When, in one parenthetical Format, Two or More Sources Published by Same Author in Same Year:

note, you are citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, be sure to

distinguish between the two by assigning them letter suffixes ("a," "b," etc.). These designations will be

consistent with those you have given the works in the reference list.

Example:

Past research (Johnson 2013a, 2013b) has revealed interesting patterns.

When you refer to works by different authors Format, Two or More Sources by Different Authors:

within the same parenthetical note, separate them by using semicolons.

Example:

Several studies (Evens 2005; Dorer 2014; Bundy 2014) have contributed to our current understanding of

this phenomenon.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Document

The end documentation in the CMS Author/Date system is the References page. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the List

bibliographic information needed to find out more about cited source material.

This list is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited.

Proper CMS documentation depends on the . Without it the References Listin-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

CMS Reference List Formatting Rules

call for the end documentation to CMS References List formatting rulesbegin on a new page at the end of your document and be numbered accordingly. If your document is 6½ pages long, the Notes page should begin on page 8.

Unless informed otherwise, you can count on your instructor not Note:counting the References List page in the total page count of an eight page assignment.

itself should be formatted in the following way:The page

The title-References List-should be centered one inch from the top of the page. This may also be called a Literature Cited or Works Cited page.

Double space between the title and first entry; all subsequent entries should be single spaced.

Arrange entries alphabetically, according to author, last names first.

should be formatted in the following way:Individual entries

The first line of each entry should be flush-left while any subsequent lines are indented five spaces.

The date of publication follows directly after the author's name. First names are often, though not always, abbreviated.

Use the "down" or "sentence style" for titles and subtitles, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word, as well as any proper nouns and adjectives that are included.

CMS Directory of Reference List Formatting Rules

Books and Book PartsJournals, Magazines and NewspapersDissertations and ThesesUnpublished Manuscripts and PapersInterviews, Letters and Personal CommunicationsElectronic SourcesInternet SourcesAudio and Video RecordingsLegal MaterialsPublications of Congress

Presidential DocumentsGovernment Documents and Publications

Book and Book Parts

1. Book with Unknown Author(s)

: FormatReferences ListWhen no author is listed on the title or copyright page, begin the entry with the title of the work. In the bibliography, alphabetize the entry by the first word other than or . A, An, The

Example:

New York: Simon Pulse, 2013.Letting Ana Go.

2. Book with Group or Corporate Author

: FormatReferences ListUse the corporation or group as the author; it may also be the publisher.

Example:

International Monetary fund. Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2010.Central Asia.

3. Book with One Author

: FormatReferences ListWhen citing a book, use the information from the title page and the copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the book’s cover or a library catalog.

Example:

Goodwin, Doris Kearns. The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William New York: Simon and Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism.

Schuster, 2013.

4. Book with Two Authors

Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title Note:page of the work being cited.

: FormatReferences ListList the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page. In a note, list the first name for each author first. In the bibliography, list the first author’s last name first and list the first names for each other author first.

Example:

Jerin, Robert A., and Laura J. Moriarity. Upper Saddle The Victims of Crime.River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.

5. Book with Three Authors

Names must always appear in the same order, separated by commas, Note:as found on the Title page of the work being cited.

: FormatReferences ListFirst Author-Last Name first. Next Author(s)-First Names or initials first. Year of Publication. Number ed.-when applicable. Book Title-in italics.Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu. 2003. The Business 7th ed. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's.Writer's Handbook.

6. Book with Four or More Authors

Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title Note:page of the work being cited. Use the last name first rule for the first author and the first name first rule for all other authors. Separate names with commas.

: FormatReferences ListFirst Author-Last Name first. Next Author(s)- Initials or First Names first. Year of Publication. . Place of Publication: Name of Book Title-in italicsPublisher.

Example:

Markopolos, Harry, Frank Casey, Neil Chelo, Gaytri Kachroo, and Michael Ocrant. Hoboken, NJ: No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller.Wiley, 2010.

7. Book with Author & Editor(s) or Translator(s)

: Format (Editor)References ListList the author at the beginning of the citation and add the editor’s name after the title. In notes, use the abbreviation “ed.” before the editor’s name. In the bibliography, include the phrase “Edited by” before the editor’s name.

Example:

Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an Edited by Ira Dworkin. New York: Penguin Books, 2014.American Slave.

: Format (Translator)References ListList the author first and the translator after the title. Use the abbreviation “trans.” in a note, but spell out “Translated by” in the bibliography.

Example:

Ali, Nujood, and Delphine Minoui.  I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced.Translated by Linda Coverdale. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2010.

8. Edited Anthology or Collection

: FormatReferences ListTo cite an entire anthology or collection of articles, give the editor(s) before the title of the collection, adding a comma and the abbreviation “ed.” or “eds.”

Example:

Krausz, Michael, ed. New York: Relativism: A Contemporary Anthology.Columbia University Press, 2010.

9. Chapter in a Book or Selection in an Anthology

: FormatReferences ListGive the author and title (in quotation marks) for the chapter or selection. Then give the title, editor (if any), and publication data for the book or anthology. In the bibliography, give the inclusive page numbers before the publication data.

Example:

Dalrymple, William. “ ” InThe Monk’s Tale. Nine Lives: In Search of the (New York: Knopf, 2010).Sacred in Modern India  

10. Chapter in an Unedited Book

: FormatReferences ListAuthor-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Chapter Title-No quotation marks-No italics. Chap. Number-if applicable. In Place Book Title-in italics.of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Williams, Susan Millar. 1997. Cross Purposes. Chap. 6 in A devil and a good . Athens and London: Univ. of woman, too: The lives of Julia Peterkin

Georgia Press,

11. Book Editions (Second, Third, etc.)

: FormatReferences ListGive edition information after the title.

Example:

Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American 6  ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.People. th

12. Reprinted (Republished) Books

: FormatReferences ListPlace the original publication date before the publication information for the reprint.

Example:

James, King of England. Edited by Charles The Political Works of James I.Howard McIlwain. 1918. Reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2010.

13. Sacred Texts

Citations of sacred texts such as the Christian Bible, Islam's Holy Note:Qur'an and the Hebrew Torah generally occur only in the in-text citation and are not included in the References List. Please refer to the CMS Notes

for more information.Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules

14. Untitled Volume in a Multivolume Work

: FormatReferences ListIn the notes, give the volume number and page number, separated by a colon, for the specific location of the information referred to in your text. In the bibliography, if you have used all of the volumes, give the total number of volumes after the title, using the abbreviation “vols.” (“2 vols.” or “4 vols.”). If you have used one volume, give the abbreviation “Vol.” and the volume number after the title.

Example:

Hanqi, Fang, ed. . Vol 7. Singapore: A History of Journalism in ChinaSilkroad Press, 2013.

15. Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work

: FormatReferences ListGive the title of the volume to which you refer, followed by the volume number and the general title for the entire work.

Example:

Atkinson, Rick. The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944- Vol 3 of New York: Henry Holt, 2013.1945. The Liberation Trilogy.

16. Book in a Series

: FormatReferences ListThe series name follows the title and is capitalized as a title but is not italicized. If the series numbers its volumes, include that information as well.

Example:

Holt, Michael F. American Presidents Series 14. New York: Franklin Pierce.Times Books/Henry Holt, 2010.

17. Book Without Publication Information

: FormatReferences ListAuthor-Last Name first, . N.p., n.dBook Title – in italics

Example:

Biv, Roy G. N.p., n.d.On learning the color spectrum.

18. Book Introduction, Preface, Foreword or Afterword

: FormatReferences ListGive the name of the writer of the foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword followed by the appropriate phrase (“introduction to,” “preface to,” and so on) before the title of the book. If the writer of the introduction or other part differs from the writer of the book, after the title insert the word “by” and the author’s name.

Example:

Stannard, Martin. Preface to Muriel Spark: The Biography, xv-xxvi. New York: Norton, 2010.

Journals, Magazines and Newspapers

1. Journal Article with Consecutive Pagination

Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins Note: with the page number that follows the last page number in the previous issue. In other words, the page numbers run consecutively from issue to issue.

: FormatReferences ListGive the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication then the article title. Include the name of the journal (in italics) followed by the volume number, the issue number (if available) and end with the page number(s).

Brown, Sterling. 1934. Arcadia, South Carolina. Opportunity: A Journal of 12:59-60.Negro Life

2. Journal Article with Non-Consecutive Pagination

Non-Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal Note:begins with page 1 and not with the number that follows the last page number in the previous issue, as is the case with consecutive pagination.

: FormatReferences ListBegin with the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication, the article title and the name of the journal (in italics).  Include the volume number, the issue number and end with the article page number(s). 

Clifford, James. 1983. On Ethnographic Authority. 1, no. 2:Representations118-46.

3. Article in a Weekly Magazine 

: FormatReferences ListCite like a monthly magazine (see next format), but provide the day of publication.

Makary, Marty. “the cost of Chasing Cancer.” , March 10, 2014, 24.Time

4. Article in a Monthly or Seasonal Magazine 

: FormatReferences ListMagazines are cited by their dates rather than by volume and issue.

Huber, Peter. “Better Medicine.” , March 2014, 22-30.Reason

5. Magazine Article with Volume and Issue Numbers

When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title and Note:proceed as shown above. This case also illustrates a magazine with a volume number but not an issue number.

: FormatReferences ListBegin with the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication, the article title, the magazine title (in italics), the volume number and or issue. End with the page number(s) when citing specific portions or quoted passages.

A passing race. 1929. , 71:34.Canadian Magazine

6. Article in a Newspaper 

In most cases, newspaper articles are cited in running text and are not Note:included in the References List; however, when you do, follow the example below. When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title rather than the author's name.

: FormatReferences ListIf the name of the newspaper does not include the city, insert the city before the name (and italicize it). If an American city is not well known, name the state as well (in parentheses, abbreviated). Identify newspapers from other countries with the city in parentheses (not italicized) after the name of the newspaper. Page number may be omitted, since separate editions of the same newspaper may place articles differently. If a paper comes out in more than one edition, identify the edition after the date.

Zito, Kelly. “Cities Key Source of Toxins in Bay, Study Finds.” San , October 5, 2010, Bay Area Edition.Francisco Chronicle

When not part of the newspaper title, include name of American city, Note:in italics, along with the rest of the title, as shown here:

Denver Rocky Mountain News

When city name is not well known, or there is more than one city in Note:America with the same name, include the state abbreviation, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

, (OH) Ashtabula Star-Beacon

Follow the title of foreign newspapers with its hometown name, in Note:parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

(London)Sunday Times

7. Book, Stage/Theater, Movie, Concert/Music Review (Magazine or Newspaper)

: FormatReferences ListGive the author of the review title, if any, and then the words “review of” followed by the title and the author of the work reviewed and the author or editor (for books) or director or performer (for movies, plays, and similar productions).

Holden, Stephen. “Students Caught in the School Squeeze.” Review of , directed by Davis Guggenheim. , Waiting for Superman New York Times

September 23, 2010.

8. Citing an Unsigned Article in a Newspaper or Magazine

: FormatReferences ListIf not author is given, begin the note with the title of the article; begin the bibliography entry with the title of the periodical.

Boston Globe. “NYC May Ban Smoking in Parks, on Beaches.” Boston September 16, 2010.Globe

9. Citing a Letter to the Editor

: FormatReferences ListTreat as a newspaper article. If not title is provided, place “Letter to the editor” in the title position.

Levi, Jason. Letter to the editor. , June 2016.Smithsonian

Dissertations and Theses

1. Published Dissertation or Thesis

Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name Note:of the degree granting institution.

: FormatReferences ListGive the author and title, the phrase “PhD diss.” or “master’s thesis,” followed by the information about the institution that granted the degree and the year. Include the publication number from ProQuest if appropriate.

Colello, Anthony. Affirmative Action Bans and Minority Employment: . PhD diss., Georgetown University, 2011, Washington State’s Initiative 200

41-2, ProQuest (AAT 1491319).

2. Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name Note:of the degree granting institution.

: FormatReferences ListGive the author and title, in quotation marks. Then include the phrase “PhD diss.” or “master’s thesis,” information about the institution that granted the degree, and the date.

Iddings, Joshua Glenn. “Writing at One Appalachian High School.” PhD diss., Purdue University, 2013.

3. Abstract of a Dissertation or Thesis

Format like a Journal Article. Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or Note:"Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

: FormatReferences ListProvide information as you would for an article in a journal. Add information about Dissertation Abstracts International.

Mou, Yi. “Social Media and Risk Communication: The Role of Social Networking Sites, in Food-safety Communication.” PhD Diss., University of Connecticut, 2012. Abstract, 74 (2013).Dissertation Abstracts International

Unpublished Manuscripts and Papers

1. Unpublished Document in a Manuscript Collection

: FormatReferences ListInclude the document author (last name first), the document date (when available) followed by a description of the document including the collection name, the depository name and the depository location. 

Peterkin, Julia. 1930. Letter to George Shively dated 18 October. Bobbs-Merrill Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.

2. Unpublished Papers Read at Meetings

Papers appearing in the Published Proceedings of Meetings may be Note: formatted in the same manner as a book.

: FormatReferences ListList the author (last name first), the year the paper was read, and the paper title. Include the phrase “Paper read” followed by the meeting name, the location, the day and month of the meeting. 

Montgomery, M. Lorenzo. 1985. Dow Turner's early work on Gullah. Paper read at 9th Annual Symposium on Language and Culture, Columbia, SC, 27 April.

Interviews, Letters and Personal Communications

1. Published Interviews

Consult to format interviews appearing Note: The Chicago Manual of Stylein other print and non-print mediums.

: FormatReferences ListGive the location and date in a note.

Rachel Stein, interview by author, Pittsburgh, June 2, 2014.

2. Unpublished Interviews

: FormatReferences ListDo not include unpublished interviews in the bibliography.

3. Unpublished Letters, Phone & Personal Communications

: FormatReferences ListDo not include personal communications such as letters or phone calls in the bibliography. In a note, give the name of the person with whom you communicated, the form of communication, and the date.

Megahn McKennan, conversation with author, March 5, 2014.

Sangita Thakore, letter to author, November 12, 2014

Electronic Sources

1. Portable Sources (CD-ROM's, Diskettes, Magnetic Tapes, etc.)

Unlike online sources which exist on a computer service or network Note: and are subject to continual revision, portable electronic sources are published and released at fixed points in time. Generally, these types of citations are done in running text within the document; however, they can be included in the References List. The following example is for a non-periodical portable source. The format for a periodical source is slightly different.

: FormatReferences ListAuthor or Editor-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Title-in italics if book

. Volume, edition, etc.-if appropriate. [Medium]. Place of Publication: titleName of Publisher.

Sheehy, Donald, ed. 1997. . [CD-ROM]. Robert Frost: Poems, life, legacyNew York: Holt.

2. Computer Programs and Software

: FormatReferences ListProgram/Software Name: Identifying Version, level or release number and date-if available. Abbreviated Program/Software Name.-if applicable. Organization or Individual holding Property Rights, Location.

Electronic Supplements for Real Writing: 1. Interactive Writing Software Ver. 1. Bedford, Boston.

Digital Sources

All digital sources should include either a publication date, a revision or “last modified” date, or an access date. After the date, include a DOI (digital object identifier) or, if the source does not have a DOI, a stable URL. For a source accessed through a database, include the name of the database and any number assigned to the source.

1. Online Computer Services

: FormatReferences ListList the author or editor (last name first). List the title (italicize if it is a book  title), the print publication information, the online publication information (including the computer service name), and finish with the accession number. 

The following source was obtained through the computer service Note:"Dialog."

Wever, Katharine. 1998. In a painting, Gershwin packed the house. New 30 August, late ed.: sec. 2, p. 30. Dialog, York Times New York Times

03819774.Fulltext

2. Article from an Online Journal

Fields, Gary. “Palestinian Landscape in a ‘Not-too-Distant-Mirror,’” Journal 23, no. 2 (June 2010). doi: 10.111/j.1467-of Historical Sociology

6443.2010.01373.x.

3. Article from an Online Database

Pes, Alessandro. “Becoming Imperialist: Italian Colonies in Fascist Textbooks for Primary Schools.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 18, no. 5 (2013): 599-614. Academic Search Premier (92017350), doi: 10.1080/1354571X.2013.839519.

4. Article in an Online Magazine

Seigel, Jacob. “The History and Logic of Military Ultimatums, From Suez to Crimea.” , March 3, 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.comThe Daily Beast/articles/2014/03/03/the-history-and-logic-of-military-ultimatums-from-suez-to-crimea.html.

5. Article from a Nonperiodical Websit

Mendelson, Abby. “Roberto Clemente: A Form of Punishment.” Pittsburg Pirates. MLB.com. May 24, 2013. http://mlb.mlb.com/pit/history/pit_clemente.jsp.

6. Article from an Online Book

Ruskin, Gary. Spooky Business: Corporate Espionage against Nonprofit Washington, DC: Essential Information, 2013. http://www.Organizations.

corporatepolicy.org/spookybusiness.pdf.

7. Article Posted on a Wiki

“Native Americans,” , accessed March 4, 2014. http://daviswiki.Davis Wikiorg/Native-Americans.

8. Citing an Entire Blog

: FormatReferences ListPut the word “blog” in parentheses following the name of the blog, if it is not already part of the name. If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of the publication as well.

McNamara, Pat. McNamara’s Blog: Musings of a Catholic Church Historian http://patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/.from Queens, New York.

9. Citing an Entry or Comment on a Blog

: FormatReferences ListPut the word “blog” in parentheses following the name of the blog, if it is not already part of the name. If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of the publication as well.

Winchell, Donna Haisty. “In Arizona, Is It Ethics or Economics?” Argument (blog). , March 3, and the Headlines Bits: Ideas for Teaching Composition

2014, http://blogs.bedfordstmartins.com/bits/author/donnaonbitsgmail-com/.

10. Citing an E-mail Message

: FormatReferences ListChicago recommends that personal communication, including email, not be included in the bibliography, although it can be cited in your text. Note that the Chicago Manual prefers the hyphenated version of the word “e-mail.”

Brysa, H. Levy, e-mail message to author, January 4, 2014

10. Citing an Online Posting to a Discussion Group

: FormatReferences ListLike email, online postings are considered personal communication and are therefore listed in the text only, not in the bibliography. Include a URL for archived postings.

Alessandro, Busà to URBANTH-L discussion group, December 1, 2009, http://lists.cc.ysu.edu/pipermail/urbanth-l/2009-December/002761.html.

Audio and Video Recordings

1. Sound or Musical Recordings

The elements in the following format (particularly composer and Note: director) may be rearranged to suit your particular purposes. See Chicago

for more examples.Manual of Style

: FormatReferences ListGive the composer and title of the recording, the performers and conductor, the label and identifying number.

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich. Symphony No. 5, Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Daniele Gatti. Overture.

Harmonia Mundi, MU907381, compact disc.

2. Dramatic Performance Recordings

: FormatReferences ListList the playwright (last name first), the title of the recording (in italics), director’s name, the performers’ or artists’ names, (first names first), the label and identifying number.

Shakespeare, William. . Directed by Howerd Sackler. Performed by OthelloFrank Silvera, Celia Johnson, Cyril Cusack, Anna Massey, and others. Caedmon CDG 225. Audiotape.

3. Poetry and Prose Recordings

: FormatReferences ListList the poet or prose writer (last name first), the recording title (in italics), the name of the reader (first name first) or the phrase “Read by Author”, the label and the recording number. 

Eliot, T.S. . Read by author. Caedmon TC1045. Record Poems and Chorusesalbum.

4. Lecture Recordings

: FormatReferences ListList the lecture recorder (last name first), the year, the recording title (in italics), a brief description of the lecture, the phrase “presented by” followed by the name of the lecturer. Include the institution name, the location, the

month and year of the lecture and any publication information (if applicable). 

Nesbitt, L.M. 1995. . Audiotape of a lecture presented by Louann CensorshipReid at Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO, October 1995.

5. Slides

The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers Note:makes general formatting rules impossible. In theses cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included.

: FormatReferences ListSlide Show Producer-Last Name first. Year. . Place Slide Show Title-in italicsof Production: Production Company Name. Slides.

Nesbitt, John. 1991. . Knoxville, TN: Fabricated Production Europe by trainCompany. Slides.

6. Film or Video Recording

The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers Note:makes general formatting rules impossible. In theses cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included.

: FormatReferences ListProvide the title first, the name of the director, the company, the year it was filmed, the medium (film, videocassette, DVD). 

Directed by Kenny Ortega. 2009 (2009; Culver Michael Jackson’s This Is It. City, CA: Sony Pictures, 2010) DVD.

Legal Materials

1. State and Federal Court Cases/Decisions

State and federal court cases and decisions are normally cited in the Note: running text of a document as in the example below. The Chicago Manual of

provides no guidance for a entry.Style References List

:Format

In the 1923 case, (262 U.S. 390), the Court Meyer v. State of Nebraskahanded down a decision that...

2. State and Federal Constitutions

State and federal constitutions are normally cited in the running text of Note:a document as in the example below

:FormatGive the state or country name. the article or amendment number and the subdivision number.  

In the Wisconsin Constitution, art. 9, sec. 1...

Publications of Congress

1. Congressional Record/General Citation

: FormatReferences ListList the Congressional Record (in italics), the year, the abbreviated number  of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, the volume number (numeral only) and the abbreviated pt. number. Include the page number(s) (if appropriate). 

. 1995. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Vol. 141, pt. 26.Congressional Record

2. Congressional Record/Speaker Citation

: FormatReferences ListList the Speaker’s name (last name first), the year, a brief description of the remarks, the resolution number (if appropriate), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, the phrase “Cong Rec” (abbreviated and in italics), the day, month, volume number, pt. number and page number(s) (if appropriate). 

Kennedy, Edward. 1995. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts reintroducing the Equal Remedies Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess. , 30 Jan., vol. 141, Cong. Rec.pt. 10.

3. Congressional Records and Documents

: FormatReferences ListCongressional Body or Committee Name. Year. Report or Document Title-in

. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated,. italicsDocument Number. Serial Number-if available.

U.S. Congress. 1982. . 97th South Dakota Water Resource DevelopmentCong., 2d sess. S. Doc. 514. Serial 13452.

4. Congressional Journals

: FormatReferences ListList the Congressional body name, the name of the journal (in italics), the year, number of Congress (abbreviated), the number of session (abbreviated), the day, month and year. .

U.S. Congress. . 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February.Senate Journal

Or

U.S. Senate Journal. 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February.

5. Congressional Hearings

: FormatReferences ListList the Congressional body name, the year, the Committee name, the title of the Hearing (in italics), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, the day and month. 

U.S. Senate. 1990. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Policy in the 101st Persian Gulf: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations.

Cong., 2d sess. 4-5 December.

6. Congressional Committee Prints

: FormatReferences ListList the Congressional body name, the year, the Committee name, the title of the report (in italics), the phrase “Report prepared by” followed by the name of the agency or department person(s), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, and the Committee Print number. 

U.S. Senate. 1973. Committee on Public Works. Effects and methods of Report prepared by the Administrator of the control of thermal discharges.

Environmental Protection Agency. 93rd Cong., 1st sess. Committee Print 14.

7. Congressional Bills and Resolutions

Congressional bills and resolutions are normally cited in the running Note:text of a document, however, when included in the References List, follow the example below.

: FormatReferences ListList the Congressional body name, the year, the Bill or Resolution title (in italics), the abbreviated number of Congress, abbreviated number of session, the Bill or Resolution number, the phrase “Congressional Record” (in italics), and record information (if applicable). 

U.S. House. 1995. . 104th Cong., Interstate Child Support Enforcement Act1st sess., H.R. 195. , 241, no. 4, daily ed. (9 January): Congressional RecordH168.

8. Laws and Statutes Published as Slip Laws

: FormatReferences ListList the name of Law (when available; in italics), the U.S. Public Law numbers, the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, the day, month and year. 

U.S. Public Law 105-258. 105th Cong., 2d sess., 14 October 1998.

9. Laws and Statures Collected in Statutes at Large

: FormatReferences ListList U.S. Statutes at Large (in italics), the year, the volume number, the page number(s) and the name of the law (when available; in italics). 

. 1888. Vol. 25, p. 476.U.S. Statutes at Large

10. Laws and Statutes Incorporated Into the U.S. Code

: FormatReferences ListList the law, statute, or act title (in italics), U.S. Code (in italics), the volume number and the section number. 

. 1959. . Vol. 42, sec. 410.Farm Credit Act U.S. Code Annotated

Presidential Documents

1. Proclamations and Executive Orders

: FormatReferences ListPresident. Year. Proclamation or Executive Order. Proclamation or Executive Order Title. Number, Issue Number Federal Register-in italics(Day Month):-in parenthesis: Page Number(s). Medium-if applicable.

President. 1954. Proclamation. Display of the flag of the United States of America at half-staff upon the death of certain officials and former officials.

19, no. 3 (1 March): 1235. Microfiche.Federal Register

2. Messages and Papers of the Presidents

: FormatReferences List. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Document Title-in italics

Session-abbreviated. In Compilation of the messages and papers of the . Edited by Name of Editor-First Name First. presidents, 1789-1897-in italics

Vol. Number. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication.

3. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States

: FormatReferences ListPresident-Last Name first. Year. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: President-First Name first, Term in Office. Vol. Number. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication-no parenthesis.

Carter, Jimmy. 1981. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1980-81. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

Government Documents and Publications

1. Executive Department Publications

: FormatReferences ListIn general, give the issuing body, then the title and any other information (such as report numbers) that would help your readers locate the source.

Follow with the publication data and the page numbers if relevant. You may abbreviate “Government Printing Office” as GPO.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit and Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives. 1991. Attorney-client privilege and the right of congressional access to documents for oversight purposes in the case of the suspension of the telephone loan programs by the U.S. Department of

Washington, D.C.: GPO.Agriculture.

2. Government Commission Publications

: FormatReferences ListCommission Name. Year. . Washington, D.C.: Publication Title-in italicsGPO.

U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1977/78. Annual report of the Washington, D.C.: GPO.U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

3. Treaties

: FormatReferences ListDepartment or Issuing Body. Year of Treaty. Treaty Title. Day Month of Treaty. TIAS Number. Vol. Number, Part Publication Name-in italics.Number-if text instead of microform.

U.S. Department of State. 1989. Tourism. 3 October. TIAS no. 12403. United States treaties and other international agreements.

4. Administrative and Legislative Reports

: FormatReferences ListName of Issuing Body. Year. Place.Report Title-in italics.

Colorado General Assembly, Colorado Commission on Higher Education. 1996. 1996 Legislative report on higher education admission standards.Denver.

5. State Laws and Municipal Ordinances

State laws or municipal ordinances are normally cited in the running Note: text, although compilations of state laws (codes) or municipal ordinances may be cited in the References List.

: FormatReferences ListState or Municipal Name, Year. State Laws or Municipal Compilation Title-

(Editor Name)-in parenthesis.in italics.

Colorado. 1974. (Michie Co.).Revised Statutes, Annotated

Examples of How to Arrange Reference List Entries

1. Unknown, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

Organize alphabetically and avoid using "Anonymous". When a work Note:is of unknown origin, use the first word of its title, excluding definite or indefinite articles which may be transposed to the end of the title.

When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title page place it before the title as you would normally, but in [brackets]. When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark inside the [brackets?].

Example

Parsons, Elsie Clews. [1923] 1969. Folk-lore of the Sea Islands, South Reprint, Chicago: Afro-Am Press.Carolina.

Passing Race, A. 1929. .Canadian Magazine

Peterkin, Julia. 1927. . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co.Black April

[Joe Schmoe?]. Passing Race, A, 1929. Canadian Magazine.

2. Author of One Work is First Co-Author of Another

Single author works always precede co-authored works.Note:

Shor, Ira. 1986. Culture wars: School and society in the conservative Boston: Routledge and K. Paul.restoration, 1969-1982.

Shor, Ira. and Paul Friere. 1987. A pedagogy of liberation: Dialogues on New York: Bergin and Garvey.transforming education.

3. Multiple Works by Same Author: Using "three em" (---) Dashes

The three-em dash serves the same purpose as "ditto" marks. When an author appears consecutively, associated with different titles, a three-em dash (---) may replace the name after the first entry.

Each work is then organized in chronological order, by publication date. In the event of two works being published in the same year, add a lowercase letter following the date and alphabetize the entries by title.

Nesbitt, P.B. 1998a. Zoning laws and neighborhood crises. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

---. 1998b. The role of neighborhood associations in urban development battles. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

Writing@CSU:       Page https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=1038 of 38

Additional CMS Author/Date Resources

Printed Resources:

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential . 14th ed. Chicago: University of Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers

Chicago Press, 1993.

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential . 15th ed. Chicago: University of Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers

Chicago Press, 2003.

Turabian, K. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and . 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.Dissertations

Electronic Resources:

The website, updated regularly, is the official Chicago Manual of Stylecomprehensive guide to all things CMS: the organization, its journals, products and services.

Citation Information

Will Allen, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, and Laurel Nesbitt.. (1994 - 2017). Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Author/Date System). Writing@CSU. Colorado State University. Available at https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=10.

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