World War Two

Canada jumps out of the Depression into

modern warfare

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

How he took power:• Inflation = economic

instability some balance until ‘29

• Depression = Ger crashes- many try to get arrested= food!

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

• Gov’t chaos (many & all minority)

• Treaty of Versailles (disgrace unfair)

1923-issue 50 million mark banknote. Worth approximately $1 US when printed, this sum would

have been worth approximately $12 million nine years earlier. The note was practically worthless a

few weeks later due to continued inflation

Picture Treaty burying Germany

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

• Reichstag Fire= Hitler wins 33% vote & wants control, so burns down parliament,

• blames communists & gets temporary unrestricted gov’t power

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

Good things:

– Political stability

Hitler’s Paintings

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

Good things:

– Economy: Autobahn, dams, RR, military expansion, farming, mining (all for war)

Life Under Nazis’

• control, CONTROL, CONTROL• order, ORDER, ORDER

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

– Olympic Games, architecture, Volkswagen

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

– Orator, propaganda (savoir)

PropagandaNazis gave strength Aryan race spread strength

Propaganda

Work hard

The young are our future…make them good Nazis

Propaganda

Hitler is Germany’s father

Place for Aryan women is having children

PropagandaHitler has your back

Honor in service to Germany

Propaganda

Everything had a symbol, clean cut lines, order

Swastika= good health, good luck

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

Bad things:

• Nuremberg Race Laws (anti-Semitism ) & Aryan “master” Race beliefs

• Concentration Camps & Gestapo (secret police)

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Hitler

• Loss of democracy (SA or Stormtroopers), censorship

• Lebensraum (Living space = war), air force, conscription

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Stalin

How he took power:– Trotsky vs Stalin

winner must be closest to Lenin

– Stalin manipulates media & plays people off of each other

These notes are found under details… nothing to fill out

STALIN

• Like all dictators, Stalin ‘sells himself’… by doing that, he changes history

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Stalin

Good things:– 3- 5 yr plans (rapid

industrialization) start to give people things military (Hitler)

– Women equal, health care

– Command economy = no Depression because no one would do business with them

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Stalin

Bad things:

• KGB (secret police) & great purges & spy rings & Siberia labour camps

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Stalin

Bad things:

• Collectivization (farms & Kulaks) famine but exporting grains for $$

Famine victims from Stalingrad

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Mussolini

How he took power:

• Starts as socialist then fascist

• March on Rome (invited to run Italy)

These notes are found under details… nothing to fill out

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Mussolini

Good things:

• + food production, gold for Italy (melted down) & increased standard of living

INTERNATIONAL: Life Under Mussolini

Bad things:

• Chemical Warfare

• All show (incompetent)

INTERNATIONAL: Hirohito & Japan

• Born into position

• Military takes control

• Spread out “living space” (has little natural resources)

• Racially superior

Ding Ding Ding & in the other corner

Winston Churchill

• Raging Alcoholic• Linguistic Genius• Almost completely

ruined by WWII because stood AGAINST appeasement

Lady Astor: "Winston, if I were your wife I'd put poison in your coffee."Winston: "Nancy, if I were your husband I'd drink it."

"We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields, and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender!" Speech about Dunkirk given in House of Commons June 4, 1940.

Ding Ding Ding & in the other corner

• Franklin D. Roosevelt• Longest US pres ’33-

45 (illegal after +2 terms)

• ‘busy’ with many women Eleanor lives apart (v. powerful too!)

INTERNATIONAL: Failure of the League

• Manchuria: Jap attacks China (LN condemns & Jap quits) ‘31

• Italy: Ethiopia (imposed economic sanctions BUT not gas or other industrial supplies) ‘35

• Spanish Civil War—testing ground for Hit & Mus (LN ) ’36 CND volunteers– illegal to fight for another army– prison when return (Bethune China) Abyssinian leader begging

League for help

INTERNATIONAL: Appeasement

• Depression = Fr, Br, CND, USA don’t want war (King – séance – his destiny to bring peace)

• Anti-Semitism shared all over

• Thought League was in the wrong

CND & USA Isolationism

SOCIAL: The St. Louis

• Canada accepted fewer than 4000 Jewish refugees

• June, ’39 St. Louis carrying 907 Jews off Canada (denied Cuba & other Latin American countries) CND sent back, many died

POLITICAL: King & Hitler ‘37

• King meets with Hitler… walks away convinced he doesn’t want war

Next clip watch his ‘peace’

INTERNATIONAL: Appeasement

• Remilitarizes Rhineland (industrial area)’36

• Anschluss (union) with Austria ‘38

INTERNATIONAL: Appeasement

• Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) – Neville Chamberlain—Munich Agreement “peace in our time” ’38

• All of Czechoslovakia ‘39

INTERNATIONAL: Poland

1939• Non-Aggression

Pact Rus & Ger

Sept 1• Ger attacks Poland

INTERNATIONAL: Blitzkrieg

Lightning war confusion

• 1st Planes (Luftwaffe) Stuka dive bombers -‘soften’ up the enemy, destroy rail & airports & army barracks & headquarters & communication

INTERNATIONAL: Blitzkrieg

• 2nd Tanks (Panzer) Roads, main buildings, bridges & stop organizing

• 3rd Infantry/ paratroopers: front & back individual pegging off

INTERNATIONAL: War Declared

Sept 3• Br & Fr declare war

Sept 10• CND Declares war Separate

from Br (autonomy) & US goods (share ‘neutral’ nation)

• CND only has 10000 soldiers, 14 tanks, etc pre-WWII

• (Roosevelt wants in war, Senate = no, so comes up with Lend Lease to help $ & supplies)

No cheering this time

INTERNATIONAL: Phoney War

• Too cold to fight

• & world from Depression not ready to fight!

INTERNATIONAL: Europe Falls

• Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France ’40

INTERNATIONAL: Europe Falls

• Dunkirk—Br & Fr trapped N. FrFled & left equipment May ’40– DEVASTATING Loss of equipment & HUMILIATING

INTERNATIONAL: Europe Falls

• Yugoslavia & Greece & North Africa ‘41

INTERNATIONAL: Battle of Britain

• Ger had to destroy Br air force so Luftwaffe attack airfields

• Churchill attacks Ger cities, ticks Hitler off, he attacks London & big cities (Blitz) BUT airfields OK H’s 1st big mistake

Children sent north or CND= Lewis

INTERNATIONAL: Battle of Britain Moral issues with

bombing Germany– no military advantage

Hamburg attacked 8x—60% destroyed & 80 000 killed

Dresden

Bomber issues with danger of run– few return

INTERNATIONAL: Operation Barabarossa

1941

• Nazis attack USSR for natural resources (grain, coal, iron & oil)

• 3 Mil Ger attack & first success H’s 2nd big mistake (mother winter)

Scorched earth policy

INTERNATIONAL: Pearl Harbour

• USA neutral/ isolationist

• Lend-lease arsenal democracy

December 7th, 1941• Japan (Axis power) planes

attack most USA Pacific naval fleet

• USA join war (“A day that will live in infamy”)

USA decides to focus on Eur 1st then Japan – USA consider war only starts in 1941!

PEARL HARBOUR

INTERNATIONAL: Dark Days

• Japan has Philippines

Cmas ‘40 • CND troops lost in Hong

Kong (Churchill knew wouldn’t last 2 weeks but King still volunteered them!)

• Tortured for rest of war

DIEPPE

INTERNATIONAL: Dieppe

• Russia wants 2nd front – take pressure off

VERY CONTROVERSIAL!

• Too many CND in Br too long?

INTERNATIONAL: Dieppe

• Only 5000 troops? Daylight?

• Dieppe = German Stronghold attack to worry Ger, get info & return safely & dress rehearsal.

• 4:50 AM Aug 19 5000 CNDs land on beaches BUT Ger READY! Mowed down CND—by lunch 900 dead, 1000 wounded, 1900 POW (only 2200 return to Br)

INTERNATIONAL: Battle of Atlantic

• 50 mil Br need outside food/ fuel

• Uboats blasted merchant ships

• Cargo ships sunk 20/ week & Ger building 8/1 lost

INTERNATIONAL: Battle of Atlantic

• Convoy system—50-60 supply ships at once, escorted with 3-4 corvettes (CND ships—NO radar! But small/ fast)

• Protection from air until too far (black pit).

• By end of war 800 UBoats sunk

INTERNATIONAL: Italy ‘43

• Through Africa, Sicily & up boot Ger comes in ½ way & v. hard battles

• CND—Battle of Ortona (Edmonton) losses heavy BUT beat first-class Ger force

• Allies take Rome ‘44

INTERNATIONAL: Stalingrad ‘43

• (now Volgograd) important industrial city with oil

• -38C, Ger cooking horses, Rus shoe leather= soup

• Rus surround Ger, • 160 000 Ger killed, • 91 000 surrender

INTERNATIONAL: D Day June 6 ’44

• Eisenhower (commander-in-chief)

• Normandy, (CND Juno Beach)

• 1 million in 1 battle! 4000 landing craft, 11000 planes, 700 war ships

OPERATION OVERLORD

INTERNATIONAL: D Day June 6 ’44

• 2AM paratroopers dropped behind lines, bombers hit, then landings at 6:30 AM

• Land mines (in H20), barbed wire, machine-gun fire

• Within 1 month 1 million on Fr soil with 200 000 vehicles

CBC clip DDay -5

INTERNATIONAL: Liberation in Europe

• As Nazis left Holland they flooded lowlands – until Allies brought in food some Holland ate Tulip bulbs

• Underground fought with Allies (blew up railways, factories, bridges, reported Nazi movement)

US in Paris

CND in Holland

INTERNATIONAL: Liberation in Europe

• Russians & US meet ½ way through Germany—Hitler marries Eva Braun & next day she poisons herself, he shot & burned (Mussolini strung up in square by heels & he doesn’t want to leave body)

INTERNATIONAL: Liberation in Europe

• VE Day = May 8, ‘45

Horror of Hitler

HORROR OF HITLER

INTERNATIONAL: War in Pacific

• Mostly US & Jap, many islands Kamikazi pilots

• Philippines showed US how hard the battle would be, 4000 died in Iwo Jima & 12000 at Okinawa

War in Pacific

INTERNATIONAL: War in Pacific

• Hiroshima A Bomb dropped by Enola Gay (71000 killed/ 68000 injured) Aug 6

• Nagasaki (35000 k/ 60000 w) Aug 9

• VJ day (surrender) S2

CBC clip 2 historians argue– was it right? (-5

mins)

AUTONOMY: Air Training

• War started & King knew conscription could split country—wanted Canada to NOT lose too many soldiers—Air Training in Prairies.

SOCIAL: Total War• Meant all industries,

materials & people were put to work for war

• No hoarding food, ration cards, limited to 545 L gas/ year!

• Silk = parachutes. Bacon fat saved for explosives & glue, children collected scrap metal

• Strikes ILLEGAL (eventually gov’t HAS to negotiate, though)

SOCIAL: Propaganda

Appealed to emotions—

TARGETS: – the enemy, – the Allies, – neutral countries – & home front

SOCIAL: Women in War• Active part of armed forces—

– Canadian Women’s Army Corps (CWAC), Canadian Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (CWAAF), & Women’s Royal Canadian Naval Service (WRCNS). End of war 50 000 women in service & 4500 in medical services.

• Not in combat but: radio operators, guiding back planes & ships, mechanics, welders, armourers, first-aid.

• CBC clip: CND nurses in Danger (+3 min)

SOCIAL: Women At Home

• All women (married & single) worked as riveters, welders, assembly lines, farmers, foresters, streetcar & bus drivers

• Que & Ont developed child care centres

• CBC clip: Canada’s own Rosie (3min)

SOCIAL: Women At Home

• Women could earn more $ without men paying higher taxes

• Volunteers- packed parcels for soldiers

• Lose positions after war & all benefits (taxes/ child care) gone

SOCIAL: Internment of Japanese

• Japanese & other “enemy aliens” Within 1 month of Pearl H. all Jap Nationals imprisoned

• War Measures Act

SOCIAL: Internment of Japanese

• Taken from homes interment camps interior of BC (some road construction in BC or Ont, some farms in Alta & Man)

• Then all Japanese (CND too) held: 14000 2nd generation, 200 fought in WWI.

SOCIAL: Internment of Japanese

• Homes & businesses & boats sold (10-15% of value) for $ to keep in camps

• Allowed 68kg clothing/ bedding/ cooking utensils/ adult. Housed in crude huts—often no electricity/ plumbing. Surveillance by RCMP & WWI vets.

SOCIAL: Internment of Japanese

• End of war CND considered deporting all Japanese (many never been there) but spread out over CND with nothing $.

• CND gov’t officially apologizes & gives $20 000 each survivor CBC clip– apology (4:30)

POLITICAL: Conscription

• King promised @ beg of war no conscription

• Plebisciteall citizens vote Eng speaking provinces 4-1 FOR conscription, Qu 4-1 AGAINST

POLITICAL: Conscription

• King reassures Que only when necessary (so not yet… see quotes)

• Soldiers wounded 2-3x sent back to front line, conscription put through (16 000 sent over). Some rioting in Q.C & Mont but nothing like ’17

• King showed he’d listen to Quebec opinions BUT still divisive

Please add to conscription

• Most of the conscripts were Zombies. Zombies were forced to do HOME defense in Canada before the plebiscite. After, they were the 1st shipped overseas.

ECONOMIC: Industry in CND

• Before the war CND supplied raw materials (fish, wheat, metal ores)

• During, CND becomes industrialized munitions factories, cargo ships, trawlers, mine sweepers, landing craft, travel planes & fighting craft, tanks, radar equipment, penicillin

ECONOMIC: Industry in CND

• Gov’t makes all auto plants produce war vehicles (trucks, jeeps, gun carriers, artillery tractors)

• Farms & Fisheries supplied HUGE amounts (wheat, flour, cheese, canned salmon, fish oil, bacon, ham, canned meat, dried eggs)

ECONOMIC: Restrictions

• CND gov’t reduced luxury items

• Froze wages/ prices & rents

• Taxes were raised

• Victory Bonds urged to buy Fight Inflation! Not too much money floating around! They also PRICE FIXED to prevent PROFITEERING

• Economy booming.

Add: Political changes:

• Unemployment Insurance & Family Allowance

(see Depression booklet)

AUTONOMY: Contributions

• CND made major contributions in people, munitions, food supplies & raw materials in WWII. (800000 motor vehicles, 16000 aircraft, 900000 rifles, 200000 machine guns, 6500 tanks, 400 cargo vessels, 500 escort vessels & mine sweepers)

• Over 1 mil CND served• 42000 died

ADD: CANADA JOINS BY HERSELF (not in WWI)

AUTONOMY: New International Status

• Middle Power—respected—too powerful to be ignored, too weak to have influence in global decisions.

INTERNATIONAL: UN Created

• UN created with:• General Assembly

(all nations)• Security Council

(China, Br, Fr, USA, Russia) & 10 more/ 2 yrs

• Big 5 can veto

Odds & Ends

• Coca Cola & Front Lines

• Eur women who had children with Nazis

Odds & EndsBob Kutner: Lamp shade made out of skin

The judgments I made were eventually just cancelled and were some death sentences but I couldn’t promulgate those but some of them had been chosen from concentration camps. One was Irma Grese, she was the lady of the lamp shades, she had lamp shades made out of human skin - And this is true, she was in Belsen, she was commandant of the women and deputy commandant of the camp and she had bodies skinned (mostly they were dead, but not always) and the skin was used to make lampshades, it’s a fact – its documented. She also used to set her dogs onto people who were quite defenceless. Good teeth were extracted almost as a matter of routine, not just by her – but by anybody.

• There title people came before us for interrogation and eventually when I felt that they were being punished adequately for their crimes, I took advantage of being released from the army, came out, came back to Britain got my de – mob suite (which was made of barbed wire and steel wool - It was terrible). I came to London, wandered around there for a bit doing odd jobs (I worked in a night club – that was lovely) and then from there I came to Glasgow because in the meantime my mother had met someone from Scotland, she had married again and I came to join her up here.