World War II Ends and

The Cold War Begins

©2012, TESCCC

World War II’s end gave way to the Cold War

The United States, NATO and the Democracies

Vs.The Soviet Union and

the Warsaw Pact nations.

Technology and Military Resources

Marshall Plan

Truman Doctrine

Berlin Airlift

©2012, TESCCC

Class Discussion – What is a “Cold War”

What is the difference between a “Hot War” and a “Cold War”?

Why did both the US and the Soviet Union not wish to fight another full blown war between ideologies, in this case Communism and Democracy?

Consequently, what was the objective of conducting a “Cold War”?

Technology and Military Resources

Many Nazi scientists, especially in the rocket, aerospace and other scientific fields (early computers, RADAR, SONAR, etc.) were taken to the United States and the Soviet Union after the war ended and the occupation began. The US and USSR competed to tempt or terrify the important scientists and thinkers to work on their side after the War.

One famous example was the head of the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo scientific design departments of the US space program, Dr. Werner von Braun. Dr. von Braun also designed the V-1 and V-2 missiles, which were used by Hitler in terror bombings of London in 1944-45. Many German scientists that went to the Soviet Union were the leaders of the Soviet space program’s scientific design and development as well.

Nazi V-1 “Buzz Bomb”

Nazi V-2 Ballistic Rocket

Dr. Werner von Braun,July 1, 1969. Apollo 11 is on the launch pad behind him atop the Saturn V rocket, which he was instrumental in designing.

• Suggested by Secretary of State and former US Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall.

• The Marshall Plan provided money, resources and labor to rebuild nations damaged or destroyed by World War II, including conquered enemies Italy, Japan & Germany.

• The Marshall Plan was designed to prevent the errors, damage, resentment and hatred created by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I.

Marshall Plan

NOTE BOOK QUESTIONS - PART ONE:

Do you think that the Marshall Plan was more or less effective than the Versailles Treaty?

Should the United States have spent the billions of American dollars that was spent on the Marshall Plan to rebuild our allies and former enemies?

Was the money wasted or a good investment?

Explain your thinking.

Marshall Plan

• Originally implemented by President Truman to support Greece and Turkey to keep them from becoming Communist governments.

• Developed into the larger concept of “containment” of Communism worldwide.

• Wanted to prevent nations falling to Communism due to the “Domino Effect”, where one nation after another became Communist, like a row of Dominos falling, one after the other.

Truman Doctrine

NOTEBOOK QUESTIONS - PART TWO:• Do you think the United States had the

responsibility to keep the entire world safe from Communism?

• Why or why not?

• To whom is this doctrine applied today?

• Explain your thinking.

Truman Doctrine

Post World War II Alliances

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Marshall Plan Sends aid to Europe

Neutral Nations in White

US Allies in Blue

Soviet Allies in Red

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Soviet Satellite or “Iron Curtain”

Nations

Original Soviet Union Territory

Annexed Into Soviet Union

Soviet Sphere of Influence –

Post World War II/Start of Cold War

Iron Curtain

NOTEBOOK QUESTIONS - PART THREE:

• Why did the Soviets insist on having a “buffer zone” of nations, or an “Iron Curtain” across the entirety of Europe and what was their primary concern in doing so ?

• Explain your thinking.

Berlin also divided into 4

regions (next slide)

East Germany Soviet Zone

WestGermany

-------UK Zone

American ZoneFrench Zone & Saar Protectorate

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Post World War II Division of Germany

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Post World War II Division of Berlin

United Kingdom

France

United States

Soviet Union

Berlin AirliftMajor Event of the Cold War. Began when the Allies introduced a new currency, the New Deutsche Mark in the western zones and West Berlin.

Soviets cut off access to Berlin through the Treaty stipulated Berlin Corridor in an attempt to make the Allies abandon Berlin.

The United States Air Force, assisted by the United Kingdom, France, Canada and others, supplied Berlin completely by air. At its height, they supplied over 200 flights a day, providing all the needs of Berlin.

Soviets finally lifted the blockade, which lasted from June 24, 1948 until May 12, 1949, lasting approximately 11 months.

Division Of Germany & Berlin

NOTEBOOK QUESTIONS - PART FOUR:

• Why did the Soviets want to have the most territory both in Germany and in Berlin?

• Why did the Allies allow the Soviets to get so much in comparison to the other nations ?

• Why did they actually blockade Berlin in your opinion?

• Explain your thinking.

Conquest of Japan

• President Truman ordered the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending the War in the Pacific and overall.

• General McArthur demanded that the Emperor give up his claim to divinity, address the nation on radio and work to establish democracy enthusiastically.

• McArthur wrote the new Japanese constitution (which is still in force) and imposed it as part of the peace settlement.

• The new Constitution established a completely democratic government with a Parliamentary system, an elected Upper and Lower House and a Prime Minister based mostly on the Westminster Parliamentary system. Japan was required to completely disarm. Today Japan is a leading pacifist nation.

Conquest of Japan

• American troops introduced Baseball during the occupation of Japan, partly for themselves and partly as the larger plan to westernize and democratize Japanese society.

• The Emperor was allowed to keep the throne and became a constitutional monarch very similar to the United Kingdom’s sovereign.

• Only Japanese to stand war crimes trials were the senior commanders of the military.

Conquest of Japan

• Japan became a stable democracy and helped stop the Communist advance into the northern Pacific.

• It also is one of the largest economies in the world after the United States, European Union (if counted as a whole) and Communist China.

• Japan is also a central US military hub and its proximity to the Soviet Union and SE Asia made it vital during the Cold War, Korea and Vietnam.

General of the Army Douglas Macarthur

President Truman and General Macarthur

Emperor Hirohito and General Macarthur

Japan and Asia

NOTEBOOK QUESTIONS - PART FIVE:

• How important was it to transform Japan not just into a democratic government but also into a democratic culture that not only disarmed but also learned Baseball?

• Should the Emperor have been prosecuted as a war criminal? Why or why not?

• Explain your thinking.

AND NOW………..!!!!

IN CLASS SMALL GROUP EXERCISE

PLEASE ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR NOTEBOOK HANDOUT ON THE NEXT CLEAN

PAGE IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.

YOU MAY WORK IN GROUPS OF 2 OR 3 TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS, BUT EACH STUDENT MUST WRITE THEIR OWN ANSWERS IN THEIR

NOTEBOOK AFTER DISCUSSION EACH QUESTION WITH YOUR FELLOW STUDENTS IN YOUR GROUP