world war i 1914 june 28, 1914 archduke franz ferdinand, heir to the throne of the austro-hungarian...

WORLD WAR I

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19141914• June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to

the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is assassinated in Sarajevoassassinated in Sarajevo

• July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaJuly 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

• August 1 Germany declares war on RussiaAugust 1 Germany declares war on Russia

• August 3 Germany declares war on FranceAugust 3 Germany declares war on France

• August 4 Great Britain declares war on GermanyAugust 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany


Off to WarOff to War► The Austrian ResponseThe Austrian Response► The Russian ReactionThe Russian Reaction

--General Mobilization on --General Mobilization on July 30July 30thth

► Mobilization out of controlMobilization out of control--German Declaration of --German Declaration of War on August 1War on August 1stst (Russia) (Russia) and August 3and August 3rdrd (France) (France)--British Declaration of War --British Declaration of War on August 4on August 4thth

► Popular War EnthusiasmPopular War Enthusiasm

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World War IWorld War I

1914 1914 • August 4 Germany August 4 Germany

invades neutral Belgiuminvades neutral Belgium

• August 26-30 German August 26-30 German army achieves its greatest army achieves its greatest victory of the war on the victory of the war on the Eastern front at the Battle Eastern front at the Battle of Tannenbergof Tannenberg

• September 5-10 First September 5-10 First Battle of the Marne halts Battle of the Marne halts German invasion in FranceGerman invasion in France

• September 15 First September 15 First trenches of the Western trenches of the Western front are dugfront are dug


Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan• Germans want to finish off French before Russia is Germans want to finish off French before Russia is

ready to fightready to fight

• Germans believe French will immediately try to Germans believe French will immediately try to retake Alsace-Lorraineretake Alsace-Lorraine

• Original plan called for economy of force on the left Original plan called for economy of force on the left while heavily weighting the right flankwhile heavily weighting the right flank• Von Moltke revised and distributed forces more evenly Von Moltke revised and distributed forces more evenly

across the frontacross the front

• Plan failed when Germans were held up by Belgians, Plan failed when Germans were held up by Belgians, then stopped by French and British at the Battle of then stopped by French and British at the Battle of the Marnethe Marne• Russians also mobilized more quickly than expectedRussians also mobilized more quickly than expected


STALEMATESTALEMATE

• Allies halt Central Allies halt Central Powers; both sides dig inPowers; both sides dig in

• No flanks for either side No flanks for either side to attackto attack• Barbed wire Barbed wire

entanglements up to 150’ entanglements up to 150’ deepdeep

• Neither side gains more Neither side gains more than 10 miles in over 2 than 10 miles in over 2 yearsyears

• Mass is supreme Mass is supreme principleprinciple• Massed assaultsMassed assaults• Massed firesMassed fires www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

• Machine gun and Machine gun and artillery make it artillery make it difficult to attack a difficult to attack a trenchtrench

• Huge artillery preps Huge artillery preps make “No Man’s make “No Man’s Land” virtually Land” virtually impassableimpassable

• Huge casualties for Huge casualties for attackersattackers


Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

RUTHLESS TACTICSRUTHLESS TACTICS

► Chemical warfare Chemical warfare made trench warfare made trench warfare more horriblemore horrible

► Mustard/Blister Mustard/Blister agents deployedagents deployed

► First used on French First used on French in 1915 in 1915

► The role of poison The role of poison gasgas

--Chlorine--Chlorine

--Phosgene--Phosgene

--Mustard Gas--Mustard Gas► The emotional toll The emotional toll

of gas warfareof gas warfare


19151915• January 19, 1915 First German Zeppelin air raid on January 19, 1915 First German Zeppelin air raid on

EnglandEngland

• February 4 Germany declares a submarine blockade February 4 Germany declares a submarine blockade of Great Britain. Any boat approaching England is of Great Britain. Any boat approaching England is considered a legitimate targetconsidered a legitimate target

• April 22-May 5 Second Battle of Ypres marks first April 22-May 5 Second Battle of Ypres marks first use of chemical weaponsuse of chemical weapons

• April 25 Allies begin assault on Gallipoli peninsula in April 25 Allies begin assault on Gallipoli peninsula in TurkeyTurkey


GallipoliGallipoliCampaigCampaig

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19151915- Winston - Winston

Churchill Churchill proposes proposes opening opening supply route supply route to Russia to Russia through the through the Black Sea.Black Sea.

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SubmarinesSubmarines• New aspect of “Total New aspect of “Total

War”War”• Targeting “neutral Targeting “neutral

merchant” shipsmerchant” ships

• Germans announce Germans announce submarine blockadesubmarine blockade• Part physical, part Part physical, part

psychological weaponpsychological weapon

• Draws Allied resources Draws Allied resources away from offensive away from offensive operationsoperations• Civilian control of Civilian control of

productionproduction

• Sinking of ships with Sinking of ships with US passengers is major US passengers is major factor in US’s eventual factor in US’s eventual entry into the warentry into the war


UnterseebootsUnterseeboots


19151915• May 7 Sinking of the May 7 Sinking of the

passenger ship Lusitaniapassenger ship Lusitania• Killed 1200, 123 Killed 1200, 123

AmericansAmericans

• May 23 Italy declares May 23 Italy declares war on Austria-Hungarywar on Austria-Hungary

• August 30 Germany August 30 Germany responds to U.S. anger responds to U.S. anger by ceasing to sink ships by ceasing to sink ships without warningwithout warning

• December 28 Allies December 28 Allies begin withdrawal of begin withdrawal of troops from Gallipolitroops from Gallipoli


19161916• February 21 - December February 21 - December

18, 1916 The longest 18, 1916 The longest battle of the war, the Battle battle of the war, the Battle of Verdun, is fought to a of Verdun, is fought to a draw with an estimated one draw with an estimated one million casualties million casualties

• July 1-November 18 The July 1-November 18 The Battle of the Somme results Battle of the Somme results in an estimated one million in an estimated one million casualties and no casualties and no breakthrough for the Alliesbreakthrough for the Allies

• December 31 Russian December 31 Russian Rasputin, is murdered by Rasputin, is murdered by relatives of the Tsarrelatives of the Tsar


V. Case Studies in Industrial V. Case Studies in Industrial WarfareWarfare

► Battles of AttritionBattles of Attrition► The Battle of Verdun The Battle of Verdun

(February-June, 1916)(February-June, 1916)--German attack --German attack opened by most opened by most massive military massive military bombardment in bombardment in historyhistory--longest single battle --longest single battle of the warof the war--600,000 men died--600,000 men died


V. Case Studies of Industrial V. Case Studies of Industrial Warfare (cont)Warfare (cont)

► The Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme (July-November, 1916)(July-November, 1916)--Seven Days and Seven --Seven Days and Seven Nights of British Nights of British bombardmentbombardment--60,000 British dead in 12 --60,000 British dead in 12 minutesminutes--1 million dead for just 7 --1 million dead for just 7 miles of landmiles of land

► The Changing atmosphere The Changing atmosphere of Warof War--complete breakdown of --complete breakdown of human existencehuman existence


““Going Over the Top” at the Going Over the Top” at the Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme


Battle of JutlandBattle of Jutland


19171917

• February 1, 1917 Germany again declares February 1, 1917 Germany again declares unrestricted submarine warfareunrestricted submarine warfare

• April 6 The United States declares war on April 6 The United States declares war on GermanyGermany

• July 6 T.E. Lawrence and the Arabs July 6 T.E. Lawrence and the Arabs capture Aquabacapture Aquaba

• July 16-November 10 Third Battles of July 16-November 10 Third Battles of Ypres, known as Passchendaele, results in Ypres, known as Passchendaele, results in minor gains, but still no breakthroughminor gains, but still no breakthrough


http://www.uiowa.edu/~c016003a/twofronts.gif

TanksTanks• Brits introduce in Sept Brits introduce in Sept

19161916

• Means to cross No Man’s Means to cross No Man’s Land with protection Land with protection from machine gunsfrom machine guns

• Initially employed Initially employed piecemeal and in too piecemeal and in too small numbers to be small numbers to be decisivedecisive

• Unreliable and slowUnreliable and slow


TanksTanks• Battle of Somme, Sept 1916

• 36 of 60 tanks make it into battle

• Scattered across 3 mile front

• Cambrai, Nov 1917

• Used in mass (300 tanks)

• Opened 12x6 mile front

• Amiens, August 1918

• 500 tanks, 13 infantry divisions, 2 cavalry divisions, 2000 artillery pieces, 800 aircraft

First modern “combined-arms” battle


AviationAviation

“Red Baron”“Red Baron”• Used initially for Used initially for reconnaissance/spottingreconnaissance/spotting• Wireless communication Wireless communication

critical development in critical development in spotting spotting

• Arial combat originally a Arial combat originally a counter-reconnaissance counter-reconnaissance functionfunction

• Troops on the ground don’t Troops on the ground don’t like the planes overhead….like the planes overhead….

• By the end of the war, By the end of the war, planes were being used to planes were being used to drop bombs on railways, drop bombs on railways, intersections, factories, intersections, factories, etc…etc…


“Jenny” JN-4


Jaeger


Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

► Big 4 meet in ParisBig 4 meet in Paris Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Lloyd George of Lloyd George of

BritainBritain Orlando of ItalyOrlando of Italy Clemenceau of FranceClemenceau of France

► Signed June 28, 1919Signed June 28, 1919

► Ended War Ended War ► re-established re-established

boundaries for boundaries for GermanyGermany


world war i 1914 june 28, 1914 archduke franz ferdinand, heir to the throne of the austro-hungarian...

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