world war i “the war to end war” 1917 - 1918
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WORLD WAR I “The War to End War” 1917 - 1918. LONG-TERM CAUSES OF THE WORLD WAR I. Nationalism. Militarism. Imperialism. Alliances. Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy President Wilson opposed imperialism; believed democracy was necessary to keep the - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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WORLD WAR I“The War to End War”
1917 - 1918
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Nationalism
AlliancesImperialism
Militarism
LONG-TERM CAUSESOF THE WORLD WAR I
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Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy
President Wilson opposed imperialism; believed democracy was necessary to keep the nation prosperous.
He said he wanted a world free from revolution and war.
But.......Woodrow Wilson
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• 1911 - Revolution broke out in Mexico.
• Wilson refused to recognize the new government.
• 1914 - Wilson sent U.S. Marines to seize the Mexican port of Veracruz and overthrow Huerta, the new leader.
• Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico.
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• Pancho Villa led a guerrilla attack into New Mexico, and a number of Americans were killed.
Pancho Villa
• Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and his troops into Mexico to capture Villa; they were unsuccessful.
• Wilson’s Mexican policy damaged U.S. foreign relations. Gen. John J. “Black
Jack” Pershing
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The Outbreak of World War I
• By 1871 German states were united.
• The new Germany changed European politics; France and Germany were enemies.
• Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.
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• In the early 1900s, as a result of imperialism, Great Britain began an arms race with Germany.
• Britain entered into an alliance with France and Russia.
• The three countries became known as the Triple Entente.
Britain Russia
France
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• Nationalism, intense pride for one’s homeland, was BIG in Europe in the late 1800s.
• The right to self-determination (idea that people should have their own country and government) was a basic idea of nationalism.
• Led to Balkans crisis; different national groups in the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek independence.
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• June 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austro-Hungarian throne) was killed by a Bosnian revolutionary.
• This act set off a chain of events that led to World War I.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie -- just minutes before they were assassinated.
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• The Allies – France, Russia, Great Britain, and later Italy – fought for the Triple Entente.
• Germany and Austria-Hungary joined the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Powers.
• Germany and France became locked in a stalemate along hundreds of miles of trenches.
• The stalemate lasted three years.
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Trench Warfare
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Trench Foot
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Rats in theTrenches
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American Neutrality
• Wilson declared the United States to be neutral.
• Americans, however, began showing support for one side or the other. Many immigrants supported their homelands.
• Most Americans favored the Allied cause.
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• Many American banks gave loans to the Allies.
• As a result, American prosperity was tied to the war.
• The money would be paid back only if the Allies won.
• American businesses had close ties to the Allied countries.
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Propaganda was an important tool in building up the
American public’s support of the Allied
Powers.
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British propaganda aimed at the USA.
Caption:
"It should be America's duty
to help us subdue the mad dog of
Europe."
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Moving Toward War
While most Americans supported the Allies, they did not want to enter the war.
• The British navy blockaded Germany to keep it from getting supplies.
• To get around the blockade, Germany deployed submarines known as U-boats.
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• Germany threatened to sink any ship that entered the waters around Britain.
• Attacking civilians ships without warning violated international law; U.S. was outraged!
• The Lusitania, British passenger liner, was hit by the Germans, killing almost 1,200 passengers – including 128 Americans.
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• U.S. warned Germany to stop U-boat strikes!
• Germany did not want the U.S. to join the war and strengthen the Allies, so it agreed to stop.
• Sussex Pledge - promise made by Germany to stop sinking merchant ships; kept the United States out of the war for a bit longer.
German Imperial Army flag
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• German official, Arthur Zimmermann, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico; offered Mexico an alliance with Germany and territory Mexico had previously lost to the U.S.
• Zimmermann telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and leaked to US newspapers.
• Americans were furious!!!
Arthur Zimmermann
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• February 1917 - Germany went back to using unrestricted submarine warfare; soon after, sank six American merchant ships.
• On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany.
President Woodrow Wilson
asking Congress for a Declaration of War
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Building Up the Military
• More U.S. soldiers needed!
• Many progressives thought conscription (forced military service) violated democratic principles.
• A new system of conscription, called selective service, resulted in about 2.8 million Americans being drafted.
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• The navy enlisted some 11,000 women; jobs included clerks, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, photographers, chemists, and torpedo assemblers.
• The army, choosing not to enlist women, hired them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions.
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Organizing Industry
• President Wilson and Congress wanted to establish a cooperative relationship between big business and government to ensure efficient use of resources during the war.
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• The Food Administration, under the direction of Herbert Hoover, was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption.
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• Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens to raise their own vegetables in order to leave more food for the troops.
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• The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil.
• Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve energy.
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• To raise money to pay for the war, the government began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds.
• By buying bonds, Americans were loaning the government money that would be repaid with interest in a specified number of years.
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Mobilizing the Workforce
• To prevent strikes, the government established the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in 1918.
• In exchange for wage increases, an 8-hour workday, and the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, labor leaders agreed not to strike during the war.
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Ensuring Public Support
• Espionage, or spying to acquire secret government information, was addressed in the Espionage Act of 1917.
• It set up consequences for people who aided the enemy.
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• The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to criticize the president or the government.
• Suspicions of disloyalty led to mistreatment of German Americans. Anti-German feelings sometimes led to violence. • Radical labor activists, socialists, pacifists, and
anyone appearing disloyal also came under attack.
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• In the case of Schenck v. United States (1919), the Supreme Court ruling limited an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.”
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Combat in World War I• By 1917 World War I had claimed millions of
European lives.
• Americans believed their troops could bring the war to a quick end.
• Soldiers dug trenches as protection from modern weapons.
• “No man’s land” was the space between the opposing trenches.
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• To break through enemy lines, new technologies were created.
• Poison gas, first used by the Germans; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation.
• Tanks did not work well.
• Airplanes dropped small bombs on the enemy and engaged in air battles ("dogfights").
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The Americans and Victory
• “Doughboys” - nickname for American soldiers.
• Entry of American soldiers boosted the morale of Allied forces.
• Convoys - merchant ships and troop transports were gathered into groups and brought across the Atlantic by warships.
• Result: reduced shipping losses; ensured that American troops would get to Europe safely.
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• Although Russians supported the war effort, their government was not equipped to handle the major problems of the nation.
• In 1917 Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the czar’s government and replaced it with Communism.
Lenin
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• Lenin pulled Russia out of the war.
• Signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
• This closed the Eastern Front for Germany.
Territories surrendered by Soviet Russia due to Brest-
Litovsk Treaty
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• September 1918 - General Pershing put together the most massive attack in American history; devastated German troops.
• On November 11, 1918, Germany finally signed an armistice, or cease-fire, that ended the war.
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A Flawed Peace• January 1919 - Allied nations met to
resolve issues caused by WWI.
• Wilson’s plan - called the Fourteen Points.
• Tried to eliminate general causes of the war:
1. Free trade (Imperialism) 2. Disarmament (Militarism) 3. Open diplomacy (Secret Alliances) 4. Self-determination (Nationalism)
XXXX
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• Fourteenth point, known as the League of Nations, called for member nations to help preserve peace and prevent future wars.
THE FOURTEEN POINTS Woodrow Wilson – 1/18/1918
1. Open alliances 6-13. Specific provisions for:
2. Freedom of the seas Russia, Belgium, France
3. Open trade Italy, Austria-Hungary
4. Disarmament Balkan Nations, Turkey
5. Self-determination for nations
14. League of Nations
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“The Big Four” Lloyd George (Great
Britain); Orlando (Italy); Clemenceau (France); Wilson
(US)
Peace Conference at Versailles
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• The other Allied governments felt that Wilson’s plan was too lenient toward Germany.
• Treaty of Versailles - weakened Wilson’s proposal. Stripped Germany of its armed forces and made it pay reparations (war damages) to Allies.
• Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations were opposed by many U.S. lawmakers.
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• The Senate refused to ratify the treaty.
• Instead, the United States negotiated separate peace treaties with each of the Central Powers.
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An Economy In Turmoil
• Rapid inflation resulted when government agencies removed their controls from the American economy. Inflation increased the cost of living.
• Workers needed higher wages to keep up with the cost of living, but companies wanted to lower wages due to an increase in operating costs.
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• The number of members in unions increased greatly during the war.
• Unions were better organized than before.
• Business leaders wanted to break the power of unions.
• Result: Lots of strikes!
• Led to fear among U.S. public.
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• General strikes – strikes that involve all workers living in a certain location; worried Americans because they were commonly used in Europe by Communists and other radicals.
• The Seattle general strike involved more than 60,000 people and brought the city to a halt for five days.
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• 1919 - 75 percent of the police force of Boston went on strike.
• Governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, called in the National Guard to stop looting.
• When police tried to return to work, Coolidge fired them; a new police force was hired to replace the striking policemen.
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Racial Unrest
• 1919 - race riots in many Northern cities.
• Cause: return of thousands of American soldiers who needed to find jobs.
• African Americans, who had moved north to work, were now competing for the same jobs as the returning soldiers.
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• The worst violence occurred in Chicago where whites and African Americans entered each others’ neighborhoods and attacked one another.
• The violence lasted almost two weeks.
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Fear of Communism
• After World War I, Americans associated communism with disloyalty and unpatriotic behavior.
• The numerous strikes in the U.S. in 1919 made Americans fear that Communists, or “reds,” might take control.
• This led to a nationwide panic known as the Red Scare.
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• Numerous mail bombs
• One bomb damaged home of U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.
• Most people felt it was Communists trying to destroy the American way of life.
US Attorney GeneralA. Mitchell Palmer
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Reviewing Key TermsDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
__ 1. German submarine, term means Unterseeboot (undersea boat)
__ 2. payment by the losing country in a war to the winner for the damages caused by the war
__ 3. goods whose importation, exportation, or possession is illegal
__ 4. the spreading of ideas about an institution or individual for the purpose of influencing opinion
__ 5. requiring people enter military service
A. guerrillaB. propagandaC. contrabandD. U-boatE. conscriptionF. victory
gardenG. espionageH. armisticeI. reparationsJ. deport
I
C
D
B
E
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Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
__ 6. gardens planted by American citizens during war to raise vegetables for home use, leaving more for the troops
__ 7. to expel individuals from the country
__ 8. spying, especially to gain government secrets
__ 9. a temporary agreement to end fighting
__ 10. armed band that carries out surprise attacks and sabotage rather than open warfare
J
G
F
H
A
A. guerrillaB. propagandaC. contrabandD. U-boatE. conscriptionF. victory
gardenG. espionageH. armisticeI. reparationsJ. deport