world war i ch. 23 sec.1,2, & 4. i. world war i 1914 - 1918 “the great war” *1 st name given to...
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- World War I Ch. 23 Sec.1,2, & 4
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- I. World War I 1914 - 1918 The Great War *1 st name given to WWI The War To End All Wars 93% of worlds population affected 28 nations fought on 6 continents
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- Total War *complete mobilization of resources & people in war effort
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- A. Causes of WWI 1. Nationalism 2. Imperialism 3. Arms Race 4. Militarism conscription *draft 5. Formation of Alliances:
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- Triple Alliance 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Turkey, (Ottoman Empire)
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- Triple Entente France, England, Russia 1907 Triple Alliance, Triple Entente, Neutral Countries
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- Satellites *smaller nations became allies of larger countries Ex. Serbia and Russia
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- Brinkmanship *threatening to go to war Kaiser William II
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- 6. French revenge from Franco-Prussian War 1870
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- 7. The Balkan Peninsula Tinder Box of Europe (Powder Keg) *ethnic tension Serbia & Bulgaria ready to clash over ethnic conflicts
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- 8. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria *assassinated June 28, 1914 Sarajevo *capital of Bosnia
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- Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand, died wearing this uniform in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914
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- Gavrilo Princip *Assassin (Serbian) Black Hand *Serbian terrorist organization "I am not a criminal, for I destroyed a bad man. I thought I was right." Princip after the assassination
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- Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria ultimatum to Serbia *mobilization for war
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- Kaiser William II Germany blank check *German full support
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- B. Outbreak of War: 1. Austria invades Serbia July 29, 1914
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- 2. Schlieffen Plan German war strategy: 1905 *invade Belgium get to Paris before English cross the Channel then move to Eastern Front & fight Russians
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- 3. Russians invade Germany
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- 4. Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance France Britain Russia USA Greece Japan Romania Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Ottoman Empire Bulgaria * Allies *Central Powers
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- C. The War Years: 1. Battle of the Marne Aug. 1914 *German Army 20 miles from Paris French stop Germans *Paris taxi cabs send troops to front Gen. Joseph Joffre *French commander
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- General Von Bulow *German commander on Western Front
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- 2. Trench Warfare: No Mans Land *land between 2 opposite sides Over the Top *order to charge enemy weapons: spade, machine gun, & barbed wire
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- Over the top!!
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- Siegfried Line *German defensive line of trenches
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- 3. Germans fight on two Fronts Western Front *Swiss border - North Sea (500 miles) Eastern Front *Baltic Sea - Black Sea
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- Western Front
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- 4. Battle of Tannenberg (Poland) *Germans drive Russians out of Germany Russian army destroyed
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- General Paul von Hindenburg *German commander Eastern Front
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- 30th August 1914: Soldiers of the Russian Second Army in Austria, following their defeat and capture by the Germans at the Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia.
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- 5. Gallipoli Campaign Feb. 1915 - Jan. 1916 *Allies try to aid Russia drive Ottoman Empire out of war *worst British defeat in modern history
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- Winston Churchill *First Lord of the Admiralty
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- Mustafa Kemal *Turkish Commander at Gallipoli
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- 6. The Great Slaughter 1916 - 1917 War of Attrition wear down other side constant attacks
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- 7. Battle of Verdun Feb. 1916 *massive French fortress 11 months of fighting German Offensive: Bleed French Army to death
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- French Battle Cry: They Shall Not Pass General Petain
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- Moment of the death of a unknown French lieutenent, during the Battle of Verdun: 300 000 dead and 770 000 wounded in 6 months.
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- 8. Battle of Somme July 1, 1916 *Allies launch new offensive
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- General Joffre *French General Field Marshall Sir Douglas Haig *British General
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- Tank *1 st time used battle
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- D. Naval Warfare 1. English blockade North Sea The Hunger Blockade Germans called British naval blockade
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- 2. Battle of Ypres Race to the Sea Belgium Allies & Germans attempt to reach North Sea first & outflank other The "End of the Line": the Western Front reaches the sea near Nieuwpoort, Belgium.Western FrontNieuwpoort, Belgium
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- Poison Gas 1 st used (Chlorine Gas)
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- Treating Mustard Gas victim
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- 3. U-Boats Unterwasser German Submarines *unrestricted submarine warfare ships carrying contraband (war materials)
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- Lusitania *English Passenger Liner May 7, 1915 sunk by U 20 *German U Boat 1200 killed off Irish Sea / 128 Americans
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- President Woodrow Wilson *warned U. S. would not tolerate actions
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- 4. Battle of Jutland *North Sea May 31, 1916 Dreadnoughts *1 st modern battleships *British Royal Navy
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- E. USA Neutrality 1914 - 1917 1. supplied war materials food, raw materials, & weapons
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- 2. Propaganda *spreading of ideas or rumors to harm opposition stories of German war atrocities wanted USA support German nicknames: Hun, Bosch, Gerry, Fritz
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- 3. Zimmerman Affair March 1917 Alfred Zimmerman *German Foreign Minister *telegram to Mexico wanted Mexican aid U. S. joins war promised Mexico territory had lost to America
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- 4. America declares War April 6, 1917 Make the world safe for democracy. President W. Wilson
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- F. Russian Revolution 1917 1. Czar Nicholas II *overthrown by communist revolution
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- 2. Vladimir Lenin *Communist Leader signed a treaty with Germany
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- 3. Treaty of Brest Litvosk March 1918 *Russian peace treaty with Germany Germans send troops from Eastern to Western Front
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- G. The Middle East 1. Ottoman Empire & Central Powers *control Middle East
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- 2. Arab Revolt June 1916 T.E. Lawrence Lawrence of Arabia *British agent led revolt against Ottoman forces
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- 3. Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 divides Mid-East up bt. France and England
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- H. Defeat of Central Powers: 1. German Offensive: Summer 1918 moved troops Eastern to Western Front Goal: capture Paris
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- Chateau - Thierry June 1918 *Allies stop German offensive of 1918 *Allies counter-attack
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- 2. Ferdinand Foch *Supreme Commander of Allied Forces 1 st unified command in west by allies
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- 3. John Black Jack Pershing *U.S. Commander American Expeditionary Force 200,000 Americans land every month
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- Doughboys *French nickname for U. S. troops
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- Devil Dogs *German nickname for U. S. Marines
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- Sgt. York *1 st American war hero Sgt. York was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers and capturing 132 others during the U.S.-led Argonne Offensive in France.Medal of Honor Germanmachine gun machine gunsArgonne OffensiveFrance
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- 4. Battle of Argonne Forest Spring 1918 *Allies push Germans into Germany
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- Bulgaria & Turkey surrender Sep. 1918 Austria-Hungary - revolution & become separate nations Kaiser William II - fled to Holland Nov. 9, 1918
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- 5. Armistice **Nov. 11, 1918** *signed in railway car at Compiegn, France
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- All Quiet on the Western Front
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- II. Cost of War: A. 18 million died 10 million civilians killed / 8 million soldiers B. $400 billion property destroyed
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- III. Innovations in Warfare: A. Mass production of weapons 1 st industrialized war
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- B. Machine guns
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- C. Tanks
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- D. Zeppelins *giant airships
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- E. Airplane Flaming Coffins *1 st nickname given to planes Fokker D VII *German plane Sopwith Camel *British plane
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- Baron Von Richthofen Red Baron Red Knight *real nickname
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- Ace = 5 kills Eddie Rickenbacker *American Ace
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- Archie *British called anti-aircraft fire
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- F. Submarines U Boats
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- G. Aircraft carriers HMS Furious *1 st carrier 1917
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- H. Poisonous gas (Mustard Gas)
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- IV. The Peace Settlements A. Big Four Georges Clemenceau Premier of France David Lloyd George Prime Minister of England Woodrow Wilson President of USA Vittorio Orlando Prime Minister of Italy
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- B. Peace Conference in Paris June 1919 only Allies invited
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- C. Fourteen Points Pres. Woodrow Wilsons *peace proposal Peace of Justice fair to Germans open covenants not secret meetings freedom of seas & trade arms limitations & end to secret alliances
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- League of Nations *general association of nations *14 th Point called for formation *U. S. does not join
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- Andrew Carnegie Palace of Peace Hauge, Netherlands
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- D. Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 1. Germany full responsibility for war 2. Reparations *Germany pay $33 billion 3. Germans lost territory ex. Polish Corridor *Poland recreated 4. Abolished German Army 5. Occupation of Germany Rhineland *Allied troops stationed
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- 6. Austria-Hungary divided Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia formed 7. Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jorden Formed old Ottoman Empire 8. Russia lost more territory than Germany