world war i: creating the peace world war i: creating the peace
TRANSCRIPT
WorldWorld
WarWar I:I:CREATING CREATING THE PEACETHE PEACE
WorldWorld
WarWar I:I:CREATING CREATING THE PEACETHE PEACE
Wilson’s Ideas for PeaceWilson’s Ideas for Peace Peace without Victory Open Diplomacy
– No Secret Treaties
Freedom of Seas & Trade Move toward an end to
colonialism Self-determinism
– Right of people to choose their own form of government
General Disarmament League of Nations – org.of nations –
work together to avoid war
“Only a tranquil Europe can be a stable Europe… Victory would mean peace forced upon the loser… It would be accepted in humiliation… and leave a sting, a resentment, a bitter memory upon which terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but only upon quicksand.” ~ Woodrow Wilson (Jan. 1917)
What is the main point that Wilson is trying to make?
At the ConferenceAt the Conference “Big Four” Dominate
– Great Britain - P.M. Lloyd George
– France - Premier Georges Clemenceau
– Italy – Premier Vittorio Orlando
– USA – Pres. Wilson – hailed as hero & symbol of better world ahead
Which major ally from the war was left out?
Secret Treaties –– Allies has already made
secret “agreements” to divide up the territories and colonies of Central Powers
– How might this affect Wilson’s plan for peace?
Allies more concerned with – punishing enemies than creating a lasting peace
David Lloyd-George [Great Britain]
Vittorio Orlando [Italy]
Georges Clemenceau [France]
Woodrow Wilson [USA]
At the Conference At the Conference – The Big Four– The Big Four
Decisions Made at the Decisions Made at the ConferenceConference
Wilson’s Ideas For Peace Decisions Made at the Conference
Peace without Victory GB & Fr make Germany pay reparations
Open Diplomacy Proposal Fails
Freedom of Seas & Trade Proposal Fails
Move toward an end to colonialism Middle East is broken up into “mandates”
Self-Determinism In Europe & Middle East, ethnic groups are clustered together randomly
General Disarmament Proposal Fails
League of Nations League of Nations is created
How successful was Wilson in achieving his aims?How successful was Wilson in achieving his aims?
THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF
VERSAILLES1919
WAR GUILT CLAUSE
GERMANY GIVES UP NATIONAL TERRITORY
GERMANY’S MILITARY FORCES
REDUCED
GERMAN LOSES OVERSEAS TERRITORIES
NO UNION WITH
AUSTRIA
REPARATIONS
Germany had to accept blame for starting WW1
- Army restricted to 100,000
- No modern weapons such as tanks, military air force.
- Navy could not have battle ships over 10,000 tons and no U-Boats.
- was given to Belgium, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, most went to Poland.
Germany lost colonial claims
RHINELAND TO BE DE-MILITARIZED
Germany forced to pay massive fine for war
damages – $33B ability to pay?
The Treaty was designed to cripple Germany militarily, territorially and economically
Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Other Provisions
– Creation of Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia
• Poland from Ger. & Russia
• Yugoslavia from Balkan nations
– Austria-Hungary Divided
Problems w/ the Peace– German people living in
non-German nations• Same for some Austrians
– Ethnic Groups clustered together randomly
• Especially from Ottoman Empire
• Ex. Iraq – created from 3 different provinces w/ different groups of people
The Changed Map of EuropeThe Changed Map of Europe1914------------------1919
The Changed Map of the The Changed Map of the Middle EastMiddle East
Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints Answer Questions #6-9 on Quia using the Answer Questions #6-9 on Quia using the
reading below and the links on the website.reading below and the links on the website.
U.S. Approval of the Treaty?U.S. Approval of the Treaty? Opposition
– German Ams – Treaty too harsh
– Irish Ams – no guarantee of independent Ireland
– Senate Republicans• “Irreconcilables”
– Believed US should not be involved in world politics or any League of Nations
• “Reservationists”– Opposed treaty as written– Wanted some changes made
Wilson’s Reaction– Refused to compromise– Went on cross-country
tour to build support • Falls ill, suffers stroke
U.S. Approval of the Treaty?U.S. Approval of the Treaty? Failure
– Treaty failed 2x• Wilson ordered Dems to
oppose “modified” version
• Senate Republicans vote down “original” treaty
– Separate treaty signed with Germany in 1921
– What does this mean?• U.S. not part of League of
Nations
Essential Question #1Essential Question #1– When is America exerting its power and influence
justified? Essential Questions #2Essential Questions #2
– Does a dominant, successful nation also have an obligation to help or protect weaker nations and people?
How has the American answer to each of these questions changed since the late 1890s?