World War I

Imperialism The policy of extending a nations authority by territorial conquest or by establishing economic or political dominance over a weaker nation.OLD IMPERIALISM - seizing land and settling it with native peoples or establishing trading centers to exploit resources of conquered areas. (Old World Powers of Spain Portugal and the Netherlands - see p 892)NEW IMPERIALISM - European nations invested money in less industrialized countries to develop roads, mines, agriculture, harbors, railroads and telegraph systemsEmployed large numbers of natives in the process - transformed local economy and cultureTo safeguard investments, European nations make arrangements with local governments to loan rulers money or intimidate them with power (economic + political takeovers)If this fails, dominant nations exercise more direct political control by annexing the territory or making the area a protectorate so the local leader is a figurehead. This is achieved with military power) SPHERES OF INFLUENCEIncluded old and new nation-states: England, France, Russia, Germany, Italy, JapanTechnology + institutions + weapons = European Dominance

It all began with ImperialismHOW?Superior Technology in industry and agricultureNation-States combined the resources of the state behind one common goalWeaponsBetter systems of communication and transportationSuperiority of empires: Scramble for Africa, spheres of influence in Asia

WHY?Economics a. More markets, raw materials, workers and investments b. Hobson and Lenin - Imperialism is mono - dying stage of capitalismSocial - Our Duty a. Social Darwinism - survival of the fittest White Mans Burden b. Religious conversion - Boxer Rebellion - needed pol + mil support c. Deflect concern over domestic policiesPolitically - Protect holdings, larger empires increased military and economy a. England in Egypt (Suez), Sudan (to protect E), Fashoda, Boer Warsb. France in Algiers, Tunisia, Morocco, West Africa, Congoc. Belgians in the Congo - We didnt start the fireStrategic Locations Germany is Stuck in the Middle with You (GEA GSWA, Cameroon)My map of Africa is in Europe (Here is Russia, there is France)Power Boys and their Toys Japan, Russia, France, Germany = ENGLAND

England: Sun Never Sets on the English EmpireEgyptSudan Fashoda

France: Looking for friends in all the right places:FashodaMoroccoTunisia

Germany:The Honest BrokerOur place in the Sun

Italy:Irredente

Russo-Japanese War - Under Witte, Russia was building the Trans-Siberian Railroad. With France and Germany, forced Japan out of Port Arthur.Open Door Policy - Supported by All But Russia

Alliances played a key roleOtto Von BismarckWanted to decrease FrenchResentment with friendly Gestures. If that failed

Goals:

Isolate FranceAvoid a war on two fronts

Three Emperors LeagueAustria, Germany, and Russia

Balancing act to keep Austria and Russia together because of rivalries in the Balkans. It collapsed with Russo-Turkish War 1875 - 1878 (MRS. B) v. Ottomans taking Bosnia/Herzegovina Russia got involved for (1) control of Dardanelles, (2)conflicted with Austrian demands for control of Slavs in Balkans. Serbia is the KEYTreaty of San Stefano - freed slavs and gave Russia territory and money but alarmed other nations - Jingoism Congress of Berlin 1878 - Bismarck as the Honest Broker - Eastern Question Bulgaria was reduced, Austria gets Bosnia, Britain gets Cypress and France Tunisia Russia is mad, Bulgaria wants land back, Romania wanted Bessarabia (Russia got it) AustriaRussiaGermanyThis wont be easy1873

Balkans after San Stefano

Dual Alliance and The Return of the Three Emperors

Dual Alliance 1879Austria and Germany sign a defense pact. There is a horse and a rider. Germany is the horse

Mistake or GeniusBalkan Question can never be a motive for warRepublican v. Cossack would never happenRussia would be frightened and return to Germany

Three Emperors Renewed 1881Russia felt isolated, approached GermanyAustria gets Bosnia & Russia closes Dardanelles if attackedAllayed German fears of Franco-Russian pactAllayed Russian fears of uniting Austria & Britain or German and Austrian PactLapsed after 5 Years

Triple Alliance and Reinsurance Treaty GermanyBismarck the GeniusTriple Alliance 1882 Italy joins over Tunisia France is isolated Russia restored after 1886 lapse [Reinsurance Treaty] 1887 Renewal of 3 Emperors Germany is friends with everyone, including EnglandAustriaItalyRussia1887

Bismarck is Fired!What was Wilhelm Thinking?Wilhelm IIplace in the sunBismarckClear and limited idea of nation goalsResisted expansionUsed diplomacy over war (alliances)Understood needs and hopes of other countriesReal ReasonsWhenever I wrote to Otto I kept forgetting to insert the C in his last nameIm still miffed that he tricked me into thinking the Junkers were the guys on Sanford & Son Cause Im the King and I can do whatever I want nyeh,nyeh I swear my grandpappys last words were Screw up everything Ive worked for Its time to prove that England is not the only country that can survive in-bred crazy monarchs He giggled every time I said Schleswig or Holstein I want you to listen to me very carefully I did not have political relations with that man - Bismarck

Road to the Triple EntenteFranco-Russian Pact 1894Reinsurance not renewed (Caprivi wanted England & Germany)Britain remained in Splendid IsolationReactionary and Revolutionary join as France financing RussiaEntente Cordiale 1904Germany stops Capetown to Cairo and congratulates BoersGerman navy increased to #2 under TirpritzAlliance with Japan to stop Russia in AsiaEngland gave France free reign in Morocco in return for control in Egypt - settled colonial problems.

Anglo-Russian Alliance 1907Brits worried over Berlin to Baghdad and German naval powerFelt closer to FranceSettled Russo-British troubles in AsiaEnglandFirst Moroccan Crisis - French in control

the Triple Entente

RussiaEnglandFrance1907

Balkans Pave the Road Bosnian Crisis 1908Austria & Russia move in before Young Turks can revive the Ottoman Empire. Austria takes Bosnia, Russia to get Dardanelles but allies make Russia back off under pressure from England and France. Serbia is angered when Austria gets Bosnia. GERMANY NOT HAPPY WITH THE RIDERSecond Moroccan Crisis 1911French move to end revolt in Morocco when Germany sent gunboat Panther to protect German citizens. Britain was upset over naval race with Germany because they had to raise taxes to pay for it and they assumed Germans would stay in Morocco. France took some land in Congo and Germany recognized French sovereignty in Morocco. Solidified Entente CordialeFirst Balkan War 1911Italy takes Libya from Turks -BGMS beat Turks but argue over MacedoniaAustria moved to block Serbian power but S is protected by RussiaAlbania is created Second Balkan War 1913Austria and Russia both pressured to go to warBulgaria v. Balkans over MacedoniaSerbia moved back into Albania but forced to withdraw under Austrian pressure

POWDER

KEG

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinandand Duchess Sophie in Sarajevo (1914)A 19 year old tubercular Bosnian Serb student. A member of ("Young Bosnia"), a movement dedicated to a Bosnia free of Hapsburg rule. He and his six fellow assassins were equipped with pistols and bombs by a Serbian terrorist organization known as the Black Hand.The Spark

Alliances resulted in dominos

July 28th Austria declared war on SerbiaGermany issued a Blank CheckJuly 30th Russia mobilized its armyAugust 1st Germany declared war on RussiaAugust 3rd Germany declared War on France Germany violated Belgian neutralityAugust 4th England declared war on Germany

The aim of Plan XVII, devised by Ferdinand Foch in the wake of the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, was the recapture of the territory of Alsace and Lorraine. Entirely offensive in nature, Plan XVII made extensive use of the belief in the mystical lan vital assumed to be instilled within every Frenchman - a fighting spirit capable of turning back any enemy by its sheer power. It assumed the average French soldier to be more than a match for its German counterpart.

Plan XVII called for an advance by four French Armies into Alsace-Lorraine by the southern wing of the invasion forces whilst the northern wing would advance into Germany via the southern Ardennes forestsPlan XVII

Schlieffen PlanTo deal with a potential two front war against France and Russia the plan focused on weaknesses - the slow mobilization of Russia, and the determination to attack at all cost the French army. The initial attack was to be made in the west, while small holding forces gave way slowly against the Russians. It was confidently expected that on the outbreak of war the French would launch an invasion of Germany through Alsace-Lorraine, the best invasion route on the Franco-German border. The German plan was simply to mass 90% of their troops - some 35 corps - to the north, and march them through neutral Belgium and Holland, sweeping round to the west of Paris, enveloping the French army, who would have been allowed to make some progress into Germany. The French army would then find itself attacked from the rear, with Paris threatened or lost. The Germans came within 12 miles of Paris in the First Battle of the Marne.

Stalemate on the Western FrontGerman forces stormed into Belgium who mounted an inspired defense. Frustrated the Germans treated the Belgians with great brutality. These actions were widely reported in the press; a body of anti-German sentiment began to grow in the United States. The Germans were further thrown off stride by the Russians' ability to put armies quickly into the field. The Battle of Tannenburg while a costly defeat for Russia, did force Germany to withdraw western soldiers for the campaign in East Prussia. The result was a stalemate and series of trenches stretching 475 miles from Switzerland to the North Sea.

War in the East

1914 - German officer Ludendorff (under the command of Paul von Hindenburg)

destroyed or captured an entire Russian army at Tannenburg and Masurian Lake.

1915 Central Powers drove into Baltic States and Russian Poland. Turkey and

Bulgaria joined the Central Powers

Allied Powers offered Italy Italia Irredenta (South Tyrol, Trieste and Dalmatian

Islands plus new colonies in Africa and a share of the Turkish Empire

Gallipoli

1916 Rumania joined the Allies but was defeated and exited the war

Japan, allied with England, entered the war and overran German colonies in

China and the Pacific

Germany tried to support Irish, Poles, Ukrainians and Turks to lead a Muslim

uprising against the British in Egypt and India and the French in North Africa.

Allies supported independence of Czechs, Slovaks, Slavs, and Poles, even Arab

independence from the Turks (Lawrence of Arabia)

War resumes in the West

Battle of Verdun Germans sought to inflict heavy casualties on French. French held off Germans and inflicted as many casualties on Germans Henri Petain becomes national hero hey Shall Not Pass

Battle of the Somme Allies tried major offense joined by Russians in East but German defense was superior

Battle at Sea Britain blockaded North Sea to starve out Germans Germans responded with submarine warfare by declaring waters around British Isles a war zone

1917 America Enters the War on April 6th

Russian RevolutionCauses:1. War put too many demands on Russian resources. 2. Government was too slow to respond to soldiers needs especially with trains and shipments. (Russian army was ill equipped to fight because Russia was an agrarian based economy with underdeveloped industry, transportation, and communication.)3. Nicholas II was not exactly brilliant; after all, he left his wife home alone with Rasputin and dismissed the Duma.4. Large war losses led to hunger, strikes, and disorganization in the army.

Political Parties1. Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)2. Social Revolutionaries (Populists)Socialists3. Social Democrats (Bolsheviks and Lenin)

Provisional Government Established When Tsar Abdicates1. As a result of many strikes and demonstrations and the desertion of his troops, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne on March 15th.2. Duma formed provisional government but most members were Cadets3. Social Revolutionaries and Social Democrats (Mensheviks) organized workers into Soviets (Councils). Marxists were waiting for bourgeois stage before revolt. Willing to work with Cadets but ..4. Provisional government (Cadets) made mistakes. They failed to control the army or purge conservatives in government BUT they continued to fight the Germans. Things collapsed when they renewed a Russian offensive and failed. A moderate socialist, Kerensky took over but he also failed because he did not seize the large estates of landowners and distribute the land to the peasant.5. Germans find Lenin (in exile) and ship him back to Russia. Lenin sought an alliance with workers and peasants (his goal to join both groups for communist revolution) so he promised them, PEACE, LAND, and BREAD. Lenin also demanded all political power go to the soviets but when his coup failed, he fled and his enforcer, Trotsky, was imprisoned. (Summer 1917)6. Lenin gets another chance. Trotsky, released from jail and in control of the Petrograd soviet, organized another coup in November and launched an armed assault on the provisional government. [Jan. 1918] This time they succeed.

Communist Dictatorship1. Social Revolutionaries held the majority in the new Constituent Assembly so it was dispersed by the RED army.2. All other political parties were ended3. Land was Nationalized and turned over to peasants4. Factory workers were put in charge of factories5. Banks were seized for the state and debt of tsar was repudiated6. Church property went to state7. Formed a secret police, Cheka, to control opposition8. Bolsheviks took Russia out of the war when they signed the TREATY OF BREST- LITOVSK

Civil War1.The Bolshevik Revolution caught opponents by surprise but by 1918 they regrouped and fought the new Red Army. These opponents of Communism were the White Russians who lost because a. Trotsky, Lenin and the Reds were united while the White army was not b. Trotsky was a strong leader and had no trouble killing any one who disobeyed c. Trotsky enforced War Communism seized grain from peasants to feed the people, rationed, nationalized banks, factories & required every one to work d. Invasion of foreign armies brought the Russian together through nationalism

GERMANY is punishedLandoMust surrender Alsace and Lorraine to the FrenchoSara Valley goes to the League of Nations (France used its coal for 15 years but its population is mostly GermanoPolish Corridor is the New Poland but land separates E. Prussia from GermanyoDazing creates a Baltic Seaport for Poland but placed under the control of the League of NationsoRhineland is occupied for 15 years as a DMZoALL COLONIES WERE GIVEN TO ALLIES AS MANDATES (allies entrusted to administer the colony)

Army and Navy were disarmedoArmy limited to 100,000 volunteersoNavy limited to Coastal Support

WAR GUILT CLAUSEoGERMANY must accept ALL blame for the WaroForced to pay reparations that totaled $300 billion at one pointoDawes Plan of 1924 created orderly paymentsoYoung Plan of 1929 lowered the paymentsEngland FrancePalestine, Jordan, and Iraq Syria Union of South Africa Lebanon German colonies in Africa

Italy JapanTrentino German colonies in the Pacific and AsiaS. TyrolTreaty of Versailles Roadmap for the 20th centuryAnd the Victors get the Spoils

AustriaHungaryCzechoslovakia from Austria-HungaryYugoslavia from Serbia and MontenegroFinlandPolandEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaRomania from TransylvaniaBulgaria lost access to Aegean Sea

RESULTS:PoliticalU.S. emerged as a world leaderThree empires collapsed (RAH)New Nation-States were formedLeague of Nations was foundedSeveral European Nations turned to Dictators to lead (RIG)Economic Impact $350 million countries had to raise taxes and standard of living fell International trade declined due to taxes and tariffs Russia turned to NEP Depression and Keynesian EconomicsSocial Impact10 million soldiers dead20 million civilians dead

DISILLUSIONMENT HATRED NATIONALISMNew Nations