WORLD

WAR I

Meet the power:

Monarchs

Czars and

Emperors

Intended for classroom presentationProblem Based InstructionMultiple choice questionsStudy questionsResearch Projects

Emperor Francis JosephAustro-Hungarian Empire

Hungarian President Istvan Tisza

KingWilhelm IIGermany

King AlbertBelgium

King George V of Great Britain

Czar Nicholas II Of Russia

King George V

GreatBritain

They look related, don’t they? They are. How so?

a. brothers b. cousins

c. 2nd cousins d. twins

French General Charles DeGaulle French President Raymond Poincare

British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith in caricature

British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith

Ruling family of Russia

TheRomanovs

You have now met the leaders of the countries to be involved in “The war to end all wars”

World War I

Q: What is the USA doing?****Research****

Yes, the war hasn’t begun, so, of course, they aren’t doing anything.

Research: Compare the 21st Century governments and their leaders to those of the 1910s-20s.

Share your reactions to all the previous slides/ portraits.

We now introduce you to the men behind the scenes; those who will be prime movers in the coming hostilities.

Count Leopold Berchtold: Imperial Foreign Minister of Austria

Q: Research Count Berchtold.

German Chancellor Theobald Bettman-Hollweg Son of a Prussian diplomat

In foreign policy, he pursued a policy of détente with Britain,

Define “détente”.

Hoping to come to some agreement that would put a halt to the two countries' ruinous naval arms race, he failed.

Q: Why is the naval arms race considered “ruinous”?

Paul von Hindenburg Erich von Ludendorff Germany’s Military Generals

Q: What influence do these two generals have on Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II? The answer will become evident as the slides progress.

Winston Churchill

Not yet Prime Minister, Churchill is the head of the British navy during a time of naval arms race.

Research: a “solo” assignment.

Great BritainFranceBelgiumGermanyAustria-HungarySerbiaTurkeyRussiaItaly

Suggestion; one per studentN

ame

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Min

iste

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of e

ach

coun

try.

Nam

e th

e Fo

reig

n M

inis

ter

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We now look at each of the major combatants of WW I as they were before 1914.

Austro-Hungarian EmpireRussiaFranceGermanyEnglandUnited StatesSerbia

Austro-Hungarian

Empire

Think, …have a reaction.

After digesting the colorful map of Austria-Hungary,you must have a reaction, a question……….share…..Please.

Using today’s politically correct terminology, the map is a super example

of ethnic diversity.

Changes in Austria

In 1867, the Austrian Empire fundamentally changed its governmental structure, becoming the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

For hundreds of years, the empire had been run in an essentially feudal manner with a German-speaking aristocracy at its head.

However, with the threat represented by an emergence of nationalism within the empire's many component ethnicities, some elements, including Emperor Franz Joseph, decided that a compromise was required to preserve the power of the German aristocracy.

In 1867 an agreement made the Magyar (Hungarian) elite in Hungary almost equal partners in the government of Austria-Hungary.

Q/to do: Try to simplify those paragraphs!

Throughout the fifty years from 1867 to 1914, it proved difficult to reach adequate compromises in the governance of Austria-Hungary,leading many to search for non-diplomatic solutions.

At the same time, a form of social Darwinism became popular among many in the Austrian half of the government.

This thinking emphasized the primacy of armed struggle between nations, and the need for nations to arm themselves for an ultimate struggle for survival.

Q: Explain “social Darwinism”.

Another fear was that the South Slavs, primarily under the leadership of Serbia, were organizing for a war against Austria-Hungary, and even all of Germanic civilization.Some leaders argued that Serbia must be dealt with before it became too powerful to defeat militarily.

Russia

Russia! Their north ports are frozen; Siberia is a vast wasteland. The Dardanelles is the only water route to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.

Geography study:Look at a map of Russia.

Q: So, what is significance of the Dardanelles to Russia?

Russia was in the world competition for colonies and the riches of the world, but with the Dardanelles being the only year round ice-free route to the Mediterranean they needed to gain ___________.

Q: Fill in the blank above with;a. Control of the Black Seab. Land route through Austria-Hungary and

Germany.c. Control of the Suez Canal.d. The Balkans.

The region includes Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Romania, Greece, Turkey.

France

French Politics

The majority of political and military leaders were against war as a potentially costly gamble.

It has been forty years after the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in the last war between them in 1870.

The French were angered as well by the humiliation of being compelled to pay a large reparation to Germany in 1870.

Note: Remember that paragraph!

Q: Do you know why?

A vast number of French were still angered by the land lost.

The diplomatic alienation of France orchestrated by Germany prior to World War I caused resentment in France. The German army had beaten the French decisively in 1870.

Study and Questions:

Does Catholicism have a stance or a principle regarding war?

Q: What is the major religion of France? a. Anglican b. Catholic c. Protestant d. Jewish

The leaders of France recognized Germany's strong military advantage against them, as Germany had nearly twice as much population and a better equipped army.

Switzerland

France

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Luxemburg

Belgium

NetherlandsGreat Britain

Alsace-Lorraine

Q: So what is the number one concern of the French government?

The correct answer will bring you $5!

Let’s list the possible answers.

And…….the $5 answer is…………………….It is undeniable that forty years after the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany a vast number of French were still angered by the territorial loss, as well as by the humiliation of being compelled to pay a large reparation to Germany in 1870.

Germany

The kingdoms, duchies, principalities that were united to form the German Empire.

The unification of Germany in 1871 following victory against France.

These Kingdoms combined to make GERMANY

It is not important that you can read the locations just get the point being made.Q: What is that point?

Search and Study:

The history of Prussia and war.

The history of the Hohenzollern family and war.

War with France could be inevitable if Germany continued to oppose French colonial expansionism.

Germany is in competition with France to gain colonies.Germany opposes French colonial expansion

Q: Why should Germany threaten war with France over colonial expansion?a. The pride of being # 1b. The jealousy of France’s

colonies having more wealth.

c. Concern with France’s revenge over their loss in 1871.

d. Unknown reason.

German PoliticsThe Prussians deliberately sought an external war to distract the population and whip up patriotic support for the government.

Q: The Prussians gained control of the new unified Germany. Why might this situation lead to war?

a. Historically Prussian’s were “born to fight”. They loved war.

b. The Prussians were led by a maniacal leader who would go to war at the drop of a rifle.

c. It would NOT necessarily lead to war. The question is not fairly written.

d. The only way for Prussian politicians to gain the support of the many

disparate duchies was to go war as a unifying action.

German government at the time was still dominated by the Prussians who feared the rise of left-wing parties. Q:Another name for the “left wing” parties

would be what?a. The supporters of the monarch.b. The communists.c. The socialistsd. The Democrats.

Either

Serbia

Q: The majority of Serbs are of what ethnicity?a. Germanb. Turkishc. Jewishd. Slavs

Q: Which country would sympathize with the Serbs?

a. Germanyb. Italyc. Russiad. Bulgaria

Serbia could most definitely be considered a troublemaker. Would it be for good or bad? Answer: we will

see.

Some leaders argued that Serbia must be dealt with before it became too powerful to defeat militarily.

Many Slavs lived in Southern Austria. Under Serbian leadership the South Slavs were being organized for a war against Austria-Hungary.

A powerful contingent within the Austro-Hungarian government was motivated by these thoughts and advocated war with Serbia long before the war began.

Austria-Hungary considered Serbia a nuisance that might become more than that over time.Austria-Hungary had a plan: contrive a reason for starting a war with Serbia.

Q: Who should Austria-Hungary be concerned with if a war with Serbia happened?

a. Serbiab. Russiac. Germanyd. Hungary

Q: What would Austria-Hungary do to keep Russia from interfering?a. Negotiate with Russia; give them the assurance that

they are only trying to stop the conspiracy and nothing more.b. Warn Russia that they (Austria-Hungary) were strong

enough to annihilate them if they interfered.c. Austria-Hungary would enlist their friends in Germany to

threaten Russia if they (Russia) would interfere.d. Nothing would stop the Russians from getting involved if

Austria-Hungary threatened Serbia.

The question was about the thoughts, planning, and actions of Austria-Hungary.“C” is the correct answer, but which of the other three would be proven true?

Observe the leaders.They are all Royalty, except Wilson and Taisho. Taisho was the divine Emperor of Japan.

Align the flags below with the country to which they belong.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

11.121314.

Answers:

Sorry, you’re onyour own.

Pre-war Europe

The Causes of W

W I

1. Mutual Defense Alliances

Over time, countries throughout Europe made mutual defense agreements that would pull them into battle. Thus, if one country was attacked, allied countries were bound to come to their aid. Before WW I, the following alliances existed:

•Russia and Serbia •Germany and Austria-Hungary

•France and Russia •Britain and France and Belgium •Japan and Britain

The Dual Alliance 1879 Three Emperor's League 1881 Austro-Serbian Alliance 1881 The Triple Alliance 1882 The Austro-German-Romanian Alliance 1883 The Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 The Russo-Bulgarian Military Convention 1902 The Entente Cordiale 1904 The Anglo-Russian Entente 1907 The Triple Entente 1907

A partial list

Great Britain

France

Belgium

Germany

Russia

Austria-Hungary

Turkey

Serbia

Japan

Alliances

Any reaction?

Italy

Do you see the conflict?Do you see the error?

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLIANCE SYSTEMS: THE ‘TRIPLE ALLIANCE’ AND THE ‘TRIPLE ENTENTE’.

2. ImperialismImperialism occurs when a country increases their power and wealth by bringing additional territories under their control. Before World War 1, Africa and parts of Asia were points of contention amongst the European countries. This was especially true because of the raw materials these areas could provide. The increasing competition and desire for greater empires led to an increase

in confrontation that helped push the world into World War I.

Q: Is Imperialism good or bad? List the factors.

3. Militarism

As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun.

By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase in military buildup.

Great Britain and Germany both greatly increased their navies in this time period.

Further, in Germany and Russia particularly, the military establishment began to have a greater influence on public policy. This increase in militarism helped push the countries involved

to war.

Q: How is this an impossibility in America?

You better know this!!!!Our representative democratic republic has checks and balances listed in the Constitution that prevent any one of the three branches of government gaining too much power, or, even taking over.The President of the United States is also the Commander in Chief of all the military.Civilians run the government.An example would be the take-over of the government in Japan by the Army, leading the country to their loss in WW II.

4. Nationalism

Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria- Hungary but instead be part of Serbia.

In this way, nationalism led directly to the War. But in a more general way, the nationalism of the various

countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the beginning but the extension of the war in

Europe. Each country tried to prove their dominance and power.

Q: Find some adjectives to describe “Nationalism”.

Causes of WW I

IMPERIALISM

MILITARISM

NATIONALISM

ALLIANCES

Question for discussion:

Why did each of these countries go to

war?Great Britain

FranceBelgium

Russia

GermanySerbia

ItalyNew Zealand

Austria-HungaryAustralia

Turkey

The Spark the

Assassinatio

n

Sarajevo Serbia

Austria

Hungary

Symbols of the Black Hand of Serbia

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

and his family

The arrest of Gavrilo Princip (2nd from the right)

Gavrilo Princip

Youthful members of the Black Hand assigned to assassinate the Archduke.

In court being tried, Princip is in the middle of the first row seated.

The six assassins caught by Austria-Hungary were tried and convicted of treason.

The leader, Danilo Ilić, was shot by a firing squad.

The remaining assassins in custody were not yet twenty years old at the time of the assassination and so were given prison terms.

Most of the underground railroad that transported them were also arrested, tried, and convicted.

Two of these were executed.

A few peripheral conspirators were acquitted.

A wide ranging investigation rolled up many additional Black Hand youths, and the fifth column that the Black Hand and Serbian Military Intelligence had tried to organize.

Austria-Hungary forced Serbia to agree to a set of demands.

Serbia agreed to most of the demands.

Q: Research:Find and list the demands set by A-H against Serbia.

Count Berchtold led a conspiracy to take control of Serbia by their submission or by force.

Austria-Hungary got Kaiser Wilhelm’s approval to deal with Serbia over the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

The Kaiser, unknowingly, had given Berchtold a blank check and he used it to invade Serbia.

The dominoes will now begin to fall.

You have been introduced to Count Berchtold. What are your opinions?

Count Leopold Berchtold: Imperial Foreign Minister of Austria

Q: Research Count Berchtold.

Kaiser Wilhelm was aware of the possibility of German involvement in the conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.

And……………. they were prepared for war!

Germany had

“The Schlieffen Plan”!

Schlieffen had a grand plan for Germany

if they were to enter a war.

Many said that the Schlieffen plan would guarantee war.

Q: How so? Think it through.

Defeat France before Russia mobilizes. Turn east and defeat Russia.

Belgium:

What is the relationship between Belgium and France?Both countries speak French.Q: What had separated the two countries who shared the French language?

a. The people of northeast France rebelled against Catholic France.b. The people of northeast France felt they were paying unfair taxes

that were being spent by the monarchy of France on things like the castle at Versailles.

c. The people of northeast France felt they were being persecuted by the Kings of France..

d. The people of northeast France had more in common with Germany than with their own country of France.

Q: Are conflicts inherent with Belgium’s Protestants and France’s Catholics?

Geography:Q: Why is Antwerp considered the most valuable seaport of mainland Europe?

Study and research:

Turkey and the Ottoman Empire:leadershiphistoryreligion

The Balkans:

The polyglot of the Balkans.

Question:Jealousy. One of the contributing factors to the break-out of WW I was international jealousy.

“How can a ‘country’ be ‘jealous’?”

Let’s try personification.

Write a “soap opera” as a metaphor for the outbreak of WW I

It could make for a interesting story.Like…………………….

“Gary” is Germany; “Flo” is France; “Ralph” is Russia.

“Flo was mad at Gary and had begun a relationship with Ralph.” Go for it!

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Russia got involved to defend Serbia. Germany seeing Russia mobilizing, declared war on Russia.

Germany, knowing France is allied with Russia, asks of France their intentions.

Germany waits but little before declaring war on France.

France is now at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Germany attacked France through Belgium.

Britain in support of Belgium declare war on Germany. Later, Italy and the United States would enter on the side of the allies.

The Dominos Fall

An example of a WW I cartoon about the beginnings

Propaganda

Australian recruiting poster

MAPS

ID the Countries

To begin quiz go to next slide.

top to bottom 1-14

Italy

Denmark

Spain

Sweden

Holland

FinlandNorwaySweden

Great BritainHolland

GermanyRussia

Austria-HungaryFrance

Belgium

Serbia

Montenegro

Italy

Spain

Denmark

Denmark

Axis countries and their colonial holdings in orange.

Allied countries and their colonial holdings in green.

A World War!

Mobilizationenlistments

volunteerscolonial representation

Training and training and training

Arms and Ammunitionrifles….machine guns…tankscannonhorses and oxenbarbed wirepoison gas

Suppliesfoodfirst-aidrailroads

Navyshipsartillerysubmarines

Germany

invades through

Belgium

Liege & M

ons

Mons Liege

Germany advances west and south through Belgium where British troops try to slow their advance at Mons.

Q: Interpret the cartoon.

An interesting photo.Analyze. Meanings?

Individual Studies….

Brutality and

ExecutionsBy the invading German troops.

Q: The Germans invaded through Belgium.

Why? Why not directly west through the Ardennes Forest?

Observe the “Google map” on the next slide.

Liege

Luxembourg

Mons

Paris

Ardennes Forest

The Schlieffen Plan!

Mons Liege

The Germans are slowed by British sharpshooters for a few days but overwhelming numbers drove the British back across the Marne River over a two week span.

But first………………..

The Russian Front.Battle

of

Tannenb

erg

Tannenberg

Battle of Tannenberg

• The war in the east began with the Russian invasion of East Prussia on 17 August 1914

and the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia.

• The first effort quickly turned to a defeat following the Battle of Tannenberg in August 1914.

• A second Russian incursion into Galicia was completely successful, with the Russians controlling almost all of that region by the end of 1914, routing four Austrian armies in the process.

This early Russian success in 1914 on the Austro-Russian border caused considerable German forces to be transferred to the East to take pressure off the Austrians.

Hindenburg and Schlachtfel at Tannenberg.

Battle of Tannenberg

Russia was defeated and humiliated!

By the German army

The first month of the First World War had resulted in a series of victories by German forces in France and Belgium, and the defeat of Russian forces on the Eastern Front at Tannenberg. The Schlieffen Plan was working famously.

By the end of August 1914, the whole Allied army on the Western Front had been forced into a general retreat back towards Paris.

• Why have the Americans not entered the war?• Note the reasons for and against such a decision.

Meanwhile, the two main German armies that had just conquered Belgium continued to advance through France.

It seemed that Paris would be taken as both the French Army and the British Expeditionary Force fell back towards the Marne River.

“How is it possible that…. we lost?”

The results: Tannenberg was a disaster for the Russian troops. The military and the civilian population blamed the disaster on the

government, that is, Czar Nicholas II.

The seeds of rebellion have been planted……………………………………

Russian citizens,

Battle of the MarneAKA….

Battle of the Frontiers

August 24 to September 5

1st Battle of the Marne

Verdun

Meaux

Paris

Marne River

PARIS

Paris is

threatenedThroughout the month of August the French, Belgium, and British Troops tried unsuccessfully to stop the German advance through Belgium and toward Paris.

French heavy cavalry

Here is just one story of part of the Battle of the Frontiers.Q: Take a guess at which of the following scenarios was to occur?

a. The French and British coordinated their defense to near perfection, stopping the Germans outside of Paris.

b. The French ran from the front leaving the British alone to stop the Germans.

c. The British ran from the front leaving the French alone to stop the Germans.

d. Both the French and the British withdrew from the front. Nothing would now prevent the German advance to Paris.

British troops had suffered heavy casualties during the German attack through Belgium into France.

Field Marshal Sir John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), blamed his heavy losses on French vacillation and uncoordinated French withdrawals.

Q: We can’t avoid the obvious, can we? Is the irony of the above sentence pretty obvious too?

In particular, he blamed French General Lanrezac, commander of the French Fifth Army, for Lanrezac's failure to fight and unannounced pullbacks, though these had effectively saved the French Fifth Army from defeat.

Lanrezac, in turn, was furious with Field Marshal French for his refusal to support the Fifth Army at Guise-St. Quentin.

There appears to be an internal conflict amongst the leaders of the Allies.

The Great Retreat took place from 24 August – 5 September.

The French Fifth Army fell back about 10 miles.

That evening, the 12,000 Belgian troops at Namur withdrew into French-held territory.

At Dinant, 674 men, woman and children were summarily executed by the German Third Army;

the first of several civilian massacres committed by the Germans in 1914.

Finally, somehow, out of the great fear of losing Paris, the British and French cooperated and formed a strong line of defense. The French knew they needed more men………thus the

Great Taxicab Transport

Parisian taxi-cabs to the front at the 1st Battle of the Marne

French troops on the charge

The Germans were stopped!

Germans retreat to the AisneGermany stopped at the Marne

This marked the beginning of what?a. The beginning of the use of huge artillery pieces.

b. The beginning of trench warfare.c. The beginning of stalemate conditions.

d. The beginning of the German retreat back to Germany.

1 st Battle of

Ypres Race to the Sea

The German invasion of France stalled as the

supplies ran out and the troops were near

exhaustion, and the French (with their taxi cabs) and the British defenses had held.

Just past Mons, after a few days to regroup, both

sides tried to outflank each other to the north in what

became known as the “race to the sea”

The Belgian city of Ypres was the final barrier

between the Germans and the Channel ports. The

Allies determined to hold it at all costs.

The Germans launched their first attack to break through but were finally

beaten off by the very last reserves of the old regular

British Army, crucially assisted by elements of the

Indian Army.

The German attack died away and Ypres was

saved- for the time being. Both sides then settled

down for the first winter of the war.

Indian Troops aid the British

1st Battle of Ypres

The Trench System is set

Stalemate

Trench Warfare

Relations between the British commander and the French commanders suffered greatly.

Field Marshal French made plans to move all British troops back from the front along their lines of communication for rest and reorganization.

Beware the possible confusion: Field Marshall French is British (If there was a Field Marshall British he’d probably be French)!

French Commander-In-Chief Joseph Joffre persuaded the British War Secretary Herbert Kitchener to intervene, and Kitchener met personally with Field Marshal French.

Kitchener told Field Marshal French that a withdrawal by the British would be disastrous for both the French and British.

Field Marshal French agreed to keep British troops on the front line as long as their flanks were not exposed by French withdrawals.

Q: From what you know to this point whom do you favor, the British or the French?

TRENCH WARFARE

TRENCH WARFARE

From the English Channel to the mountains of Switzerland.

Trench W

arfare

Could this image be the subject of an essay?

Describe existence in a trench during WW I.

Who built this trench system?a. Britishb. Germanyc. Frenchd. Russia

Hint: it is a well built trench. Who would most likely be building the finest trench of the war?

2 nd Battle of Ypres

Second Battle of YpresWith massive firepower the Germans attempted to break through at Ypres.

The Germans introduced a new horrific weapon.

Q: What was it?a. Chlorine gasb. Big Bertha-the huge

railroad gun.c. Use of guns of

destroyers off shore.d. Land mines.

Poison

GAS

2nd Battle of Ypres

Describe what you see.

GallipoliWe leave the Western Front mired in trench warfare, to the east and the fight for control of the Dardanelles.

Following the entry of the Ottoman Empire into World War I, First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, developed a plan for attacking the Dardanelles.

Using the ships of the Royal Navy, Churchill believed, partially due to faulty intelligence, that the straits could be forced, opening the way for a direct assault on Constantinople.

This plan was approved and several of the Royal Navy's older battleships were transferred to the Mediterranean.

Operations against the Dardanelles began on February 19, 1915, with British ships under Admiral Sir Sackville Carden bombarding Turkish defenses with little effect.

Landings at Gallipoli

A second attack was made on the 25th which succeeded in forcing the Turks to fall back to their second line of defenses.

Mustapha Kemal

Ataturk

The Ottoman defenders were too few to force the British off the beach; however, they furiously defended every inch of their soil.

On the morning of 25th April 1915, the Turks were out of ammunition and left with nothing but bayonets to meet the attackers on the slopes leading up to the heights.

Mustapha Kemal Ataturk

The commander of the 19th Division, Lieutenant-Colonel Mustafa Kemal, issued his most famous order to the 57th infantry Regiment.

“I do not order you to fight, I order you to ____?_____.”

In the time which passes until we die, other troops and commanders can come forward and take our places.”

a. Retreatb. Surrenderc. Died. Charge!

DIE!

Entering the straits British warships engaged the Turks again on March 1, however their minesweepers were prevented from clearing the channel due to heavy fire.

Another attempt to remove the mines failed on the 13th, leading Carden to resign.

Q: Why would Carden resign? If he was in the Imperial Japanese navy we would understand if he committed suicide, but Carden is in the British Navy. “Go figure.”

His replacement, Rear Admiral John de Robeck, launched a massive assault on Turkish defenses on the 18th.

This failed and resulted in the sinking of two old British and one French battleship after they struck mines.

Q: Can you account for the failure of the British?

The Gallipoli Campaign cost the Allies 141,113 killed and wounded and the Turks 195,000.

Gallipoli proved to be the Turks' greatest victory of the war.

In London, the campaign's failure led to the demotion of Winston Churchill and contributed to the collapse of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's government.

Q/project: Create a scenario in recent USA history that parallels the paragraph above.

ANZAC troops are slaughtered as they charge up the hill toward

the Turks.

Find out more about MustaphaKemal Ataturk.

And now back

once more to the

Western Front

Second Battle of Ypres

After one month of fighting there was no advantage gained by either side.But the casualties: British=60,000Germans=35,000

1st Ypres

The Marne

2nd Ypres

Antwerp

Mons

Mons

German progress into Belgium and

France….

stalled….

Trench warfare REVIEW

1916 The Germans see a chance to break the stalemate……

VERDUNQ: Why did the Germans choose Verdun?a. Away from the concentrations of armies

near Ypres.b. Closer to Berlin making a shorter trip for

supplies to the front.c. A bulge in the trench line allowed for a

three sided attack.d. Nearest strongpoint to the Ardennes

which would mean the French would have only lightly armed.

Battle Verdun 1916

of

And now we return to the

Battle of Verdun

1916

The largest fort at Verdun …before the German artillery bombardment.

The same French fort at Verdun ……..after the German bombardment.

Later

A close-up of the Verdun bulge and some movements of the opposing forces.

Note the many French forts –relics of the Napoleonic wars, but still of value.

The Futility of Charges across No-Man’s-Land

Looking toward the German trenches through “no man’s land” from the French trenches.

The battle continued from February through June with no change in positions.

On July 1st the British and French forced the Germans to stop their assault on Verdun.

Q: Come up with some ideas for the British and French that might force the Germans to halt their assault on Verdun.

Here is the answer according to the French and British

By September the Battle of the Somme had relieved the pressure at Verdun. A counter-attack by the French forced the Germans back

to their starting position.Casualties: French 400,000

Germans 350,000

Battle of the

Somm

e

The Battle of the SommeIn an attempt to relieve the French at Verdun, the British and French launched an offensive on the Somme.This was the “Big Push”, the offensive for which the eager volunteers of 1914 had long anticipated, and widely hoped to end the war.

Q: Explain that sentence and to whom it is referencing.

120,000 men were to attack over an 18 mile front, preceded by a 7 day bombardment.

Q: Review of this slide:

Why are the British and French attacking at the Somme River?What were their goals?Answer:To take pressure off of Verdun. The Germans will need to transfer men from Verdun to the Somme.

The Battle of the SommeJuly 1st

The Bombardment was unsuccessful. In many

places the Germans survived in their deep

trenches.By November the offensive had ground to a halt. The allies had captured ground

at the cost of 420,000 British and 195,000 French

casualties.

Q: What is the thinking of the Germans?

The Germans were convinced that they did not want to face another battle

like that at the Somme.

The Hindenburg Line

The British attacked a heavily defended part of the Hindenburg Line and were driven back without any success.

The Canadians tried the same thing at “Vimy Ridge”.

They were successful! They gained the ridge

and drove the Germans back.

We will take a short break to look at one battle that occurred just after the Germans had retreated to the Hindenburg Line. The Battle of Vimy Ridge.

In the big picture of the war it made little difference, but to the Canadians…………

What was meaning of this victory to Canada?a. It was revenge for the slaughter of

Canadian troops at the battle of Aras.

b. It convinced the citizens of Canada to continue to support the war.

c. The British were jealous to the max and sent the Canadians to the rear.

d. It gave all of Canada the pride that would lead them to claim independence from Great Britain.

Weapons

Cannons Tanks

Both sides had large cavalries. Comment!

Bombing

and no

Man’s

Land

Many of the aerial pictures were not taken from an airplane.Q: Then what?

Before

After

PasschendaelePasschendaele

Review:Germans attacked through Belgium with major battles at Antwerp, Liege, and Mons.

The Germans are stopped at the Battle of the Marne.

Both sides begin the Trench System.

Germans attack at Verdun.

British and French counter attack at the Battle of the Somme.

The Germans retreat to the Hindenburg Line.

The Race to the Sea ends with the Battle of Ypres.

The British and French attempt a breakthrough at Passchendaele.

PasschendaelePasschendaele

The Third Battle of Ypres, otherwise known as…

3rd Battle of Ypres

Passchendaele

Everyone returns to their trenches.

Battle at Sea

Meanwhile…….. a major development in the East.

The Russian Revolution has deposed Czar Nicholas from the throne

How was Czar Nicholas deposed?a. He and his family escaped Russia to safety.b. He and his family were assassinated.c. He and his family were imprisoned.d. He voluntarily left the throne of Russia.

Czar Nicholas II and his family, all seven of them, are assassinated and the brief take-over government is ousted…….

the Bolshevik Revolution puts Lenin and the Communists into power in Russia

Q: Lenin, as he had promised,a. Ordered the Russian army to attack the German front

immediately.b. Ordered the Russian army to quit the war.c. Ordered the Russian troops to retreat 200 miles to the

east.d. Ordered the Russian army to dig in and stand their

ground at all costs.

Russia has quit the war!

What was the reaction of each of these combatants to

Russia’s withdrawing from the war?

1. the Germans.2. the British and the

French.

Air War

You may be familiar with the Charley Brown Cartoons. Snoopy was often pretending to be flying a World War I British fighter and was constantly trying to shoot down the “RED BARON.”

Who was the “RED BARON?”a. the nickname of a Germany

eagle, a symbol of their air force.

b. The German’s best fighter plane.

c. The German’s best fighter pilot.d. A cartoon character made up

by Charles Shultz, the author of “Peanuts.”

Baron von Richtofen, the greatest fighter pilot of WW I.

He is flying British Fighter, the Sopwith Camel.

USA Enters

the War

The United States was determined to remain neutral in European affairs. However, Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare soon changed America’s opinion.

The United States enters World War I

The sinking of the Lusitania

The sinking of the Cunard ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on 7 May 1915 as Germany waged submarine warfare against Great Britain. The ship sank in 18 minutes, killing 1,198 and leaving 761 survivors.

Of the 139 US citizens aboard Lusitania, 128 lost their lives, and there was massive outrage in Britain and America,

Furthermore, the Zimmermann Telegram was intercepted by the United States.

This telegram, sent by Arthur Zimmermann, revealed Germany’s proposal of an alliance with Mexico against the United States, and "an understanding on our [the German's] part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.” The Americans rubbed their eyes twice, read the telegram again, and on April 6, 1917, the United States entered World War 1.

“All y’got to do is beat the stuffin’ out of that old guy there an’ this pie is yours”

President Wilson addresses Congress. USA’s entrance into WW I.

The Yanks are coming…

The Yanks were successful in driving the Germans back

St Mihiel

Belleau Wood

Chateau Thierry

The Germans were pushed back to the Hindenburg Line

Surrender

and Treaty of

Versailles

ARMISTICEThe eleventh hour

of the eleventh dayof the eleventh month

11am, November 11th, 1918

The First World War ended four dynastic empires.

- Germany ( Hohenzollern Dynasty)

- Russia ( Romanov Dynasty)

- Austria-Hungary ( Habsburg Dynasty)

- Turkey (Ottoman Dynasty)

Compared to previous wars, technological advances heavily increased the casualties of World War I. Tank, submarine, and airplane warfare was introduced as well as the machine gun and poison gas.

“At eleven o'clock this morning came to an end the cruelest and most terrible war that has ever scourged mankind. I hope we may say that thus, this fateful morning, came to and end all wars.”

David Lloyd George, November 11, 1918

Results of World War I

After the war, the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany, and building on Wilson's 14th point, brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919.

Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt by what they called the "diktat of Versailles.”

Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic.

A New Map of Europe

10,500,000 military deaths to 4,850,000 civilian deaths 22,000,000 wounded

Chronology- WW I• 1914• LiegeTannenburg• Mons• Marne 1st• Ypres 1st• 1915

– Trench Warfare• Ypres 2nd Dardanelles• Gallipoli• Lusitania sunk• 1916• Verdun Jutland• Unrestricted sub warfare• Somme Brusilov• 1917• USA declares war on Axis• Passchendaele/3rd Ypres• 1918 Treaty of Brest Litovsk• Chateau Thierry

• Belleau Woods• Marne 2nd

• Treaty of Versailles•

•

Following ………Chronology

Treaty of VersaillesRedrawing the map of EuropeSetting the stage for WW II

Student test

New map of Europe following the Treaty of Versailles

1919

The following slides are the chapter headings. I am planning on a short-essay, short-answer test or quiz. Show the slide and give the class 3 minutes or so to describe each of the chapters.

Monarchs Czars and Emperors

The Causes of W

W I

The Spark the

Assassinatio

n

Propaganda

Germany

invades through

Belgium

Liege & M

ons

Battle of the Marne

1 st Battle of

Ypres

Trench W

arfare

Stalemate

Trench Warfare

2 nd Battle of Ypres

Poison

GAS

Battle of Verdun

1916

Weapons

Cannons Tanks

Bombing

and No

Man’s

Land

Battle of the

Somm

e

Passchendaele

Battle at Sea

Air War

USA Decision to

Enter the War

Surrender

and Treaty of

Versailles

ARMISTICE

At eleven o'clock this morning came to an end the cruelest and most terrible war that has ever scourged mankind. I hope we may say that thus, this fateful morning, came to and end all wars.

David Lloyd George, November 11, 1918

11am, November 11th, 1918