Before WWII Before WWII •During the Great Depression, Hitler promised During the Great Depression, Hitler promised to create jobs and rebuild Germany. Hitler won to create jobs and rebuild Germany. Hitler won the election, but he did not receive a majority. the election, but he did not receive a majority.

•In January 1933, Hitler was established as In January 1933, Hitler was established as Chancellor. He immediately dissolved Chancellor. He immediately dissolved Parliament and called a new election. Hitler Parliament and called a new election. Hitler purposely started a fire in the German purposely started a fire in the German parliament building and blamed the parliament building and blamed the Communists. He declared a State of Communists. He declared a State of Emergency to fight the “Communist terrorists”, Emergency to fight the “Communist terrorists”, but in reality, he gained greater control of the but in reality, he gained greater control of the government. government.

•He enacted the Enabling Act that gave Hitler He enacted the Enabling Act that gave Hitler power to make new laws. One of his actions power to make new laws. One of his actions was to ban other political parties.was to ban other political parties.

Before WWII Before WWII •Using his secret police (Gestapo and SS), Hitler killed Using his secret police (Gestapo and SS), Hitler killed his political foes. his political foes.

•On 2 August 1934, the German President died. Hitler On 2 August 1934, the German President died. Hitler combine the roles of President and Chancellor. Hitler combine the roles of President and Chancellor. Hitler was the Fuhrer. was the Fuhrer.

•Hitler required the army to take an oath of loyalty to Hitler required the army to take an oath of loyalty to him…not the country. him…not the country.

•Hitler made German a police state.Hitler made German a police state.

•In 1934, he was invited to invade Austria.In 1934, he was invited to invade Austria.

•In 1936, Germany, Japan and Italy signed a military In 1936, Germany, Japan and Italy signed a military pact. Later, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria joined. pact. Later, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria joined. This is the Axis Powers.This is the Axis Powers.

•Hitler began a program of suppression of Jews. On 9 Hitler began a program of suppression of Jews. On 9 November 1938, Jews throughout Germany were November 1938, Jews throughout Germany were attacked and their businesses ransacked. This is called attacked and their businesses ransacked. This is called the “Night of Broken Glass.” This is the start of Hitler’s the “Night of Broken Glass.” This is the start of Hitler’s Final SolutionFinal Solution

Before WWII Before WWII •Hitler invaded the Sudentenland of Hitler invaded the Sudentenland of Czechoslovakia in 1938 under the guise many Czechoslovakia in 1938 under the guise many people in the region wanted to be part of people in the region wanted to be part of Germany. Britain and France agreed to the Germany. Britain and France agreed to the takeover in an act of appeasement. takeover in an act of appeasement.

•In 1938, Hitler is made Time magazine’s In 1938, Hitler is made Time magazine’s “Man of the Year.”“Man of the Year.”

•In August 1939, Germany signs a Non-In August 1939, Germany signs a Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union. The Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union. The two nations agreed not to fight each other two nations agreed not to fight each other and divide Poland.and divide Poland.

•In September 1939, Hitler demanded land In September 1939, Hitler demanded land given to Poland under the WWI Treaty of given to Poland under the WWI Treaty of Versailles be returned to Germany. Poland Versailles be returned to Germany. Poland refused and Germany invaded Poland. refused and Germany invaded Poland.

WWII beginsWWII begins•In September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.In September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.

•On 3 September 1939, Great Britain On 3 September 1939, Great Britain declared war on Germanydeclared war on Germany

•To demonstrate its independence on To demonstrate its independence on foreign policy decision making, Canada foreign policy decision making, Canada delayed its decision for one week. Canada delayed its decision for one week. Canada declared war on Germany on 10 September declared war on Germany on 10 September 1939.1939.

•As in WWI, the war was strongly supported As in WWI, the war was strongly supported in English-Canada, but opposed in French-in English-Canada, but opposed in French-Canada. Canada.

Conscription CrisisConscription Crisis•Prime Minister Mackenzie King promised Prime Minister Mackenzie King promised not to use conscription to force people to not to use conscription to force people to join the army.join the army.•In 1940, King introduced conscription for In 1940, King introduced conscription for home service only (i.e., non-fighting roles).home service only (i.e., non-fighting roles).•In 1942, Canada needed more soldiers. In 1942, Canada needed more soldiers. King asked voters to let him use King asked voters to let him use conscription. French-Canada felt betrayed. conscription. French-Canada felt betrayed. King said, “Conscription is necessary, but King said, “Conscription is necessary, but not necessarily conscription.” not necessarily conscription.” •French-Canada voted overwhelmingly French-Canada voted overwhelmingly against conscription, while English-Canada against conscription, while English-Canada supported it. Although enacted, supported it. Although enacted, conscription was not used.conscription was not used.

Major Canadian BattlesMajor Canadian Battles•In April 1940, Hitler invaded France. May 1940, the In April 1940, Hitler invaded France. May 1940, the British and French troops were trapped at Dunkirk. British and French troops were trapped at Dunkirk. Over 300,000 soldiers were evacuated, but military Over 300,000 soldiers were evacuated, but military equipment was abandoned. France surrendered.equipment was abandoned. France surrendered.

•In the Battle of Britain from July to October 1940, In the Battle of Britain from July to October 1940, German planes bombed England. Supported by German planes bombed England. Supported by Canada, the Royal Air Force fought dog-fights with the Canada, the Royal Air Force fought dog-fights with the German planes. Eventually, the German attacks German planes. Eventually, the German attacks stopped.stopped.

•In December 1941, a small group of Canadians In December 1941, a small group of Canadians fought to defend Hong Kong from the much larger fought to defend Hong Kong from the much larger attacking Japanese army. The hand-to-hand fighting attacking Japanese army. The hand-to-hand fighting lasted 17 days. On 25 December 1941, the lasted 17 days. On 25 December 1941, the Canadians surrendered. Nearly 300 Canadians had Canadians surrendered. Nearly 300 Canadians had been killed in the fighting. The survivors were sent to been killed in the fighting. The survivors were sent to Japanese prison camps, and used as slave labour, 267 Japanese prison camps, and used as slave labour, 267 Canadians died. Canadians died.

Major Canadian BattlesMajor Canadian Battles•The Dieppe Raid occurred on 19 August 1942. The Dieppe Raid occurred on 19 August 1942. Over 5 000 participated. It was suicide. The Over 5 000 participated. It was suicide. The Canadians attacked a highly fortified beach. In Canadians attacked a highly fortified beach. In about four hours, 900 Canadians were dead, over about four hours, 900 Canadians were dead, over 1 000 wounded and 1 900 captured. 1 000 wounded and 1 900 captured.

•The Battle of the Atlantic was between German The Battle of the Atlantic was between German submarines and the Canadian navy. Canada was submarines and the Canadian navy. Canada was delivering supplies to England, and the navy delivering supplies to England, and the navy protected the supply shipsprotected the supply ships

•On 10 July 1943, Canadian forces attacked Sicily, On 10 July 1943, Canadian forces attacked Sicily, and on 3 September 1943, Italy was invaded. and on 3 September 1943, Italy was invaded. Fighting was house-to-house, and the most Fighting was house-to-house, and the most famous battle was Ortona. In June 1944, Rome famous battle was Ortona. In June 1944, Rome was captured and Italy surrendered. was captured and Italy surrendered.

Major Canadian BattlesMajor Canadian Battles•D-Day (Normandy Invasion) was 6 June D-Day (Normandy Invasion) was 6 June 1944. 300 000 Canadians were part of a 1944. 300 000 Canadians were part of a nearly 3 million strong attacking force. nearly 3 million strong attacking force. Canada attacked Juno Beach. Although Canada attacked Juno Beach. Although heavily defended, Canadians won the beach heavily defended, Canadians won the beach and advanced in-land.and advanced in-land.

•The Liberation of Europe took nearly one The Liberation of Europe took nearly one year. Each month, 1 000 Canadians were year. Each month, 1 000 Canadians were killed. Canadians liberated Holland, and killed. Canadians liberated Holland, and immediately, they began feeding the immediately, they began feeding the starving Dutch peoplestarving Dutch people

•On 7 May 1945, Germany surrendered. This On 7 May 1945, Germany surrendered. This is called Victory in Europe Day (VE Day).is called Victory in Europe Day (VE Day).

Holocaust and GenocideHolocaust and Genocide•The Holocaust was the systematic killing of The Holocaust was the systematic killing of European Jews and other undesirables by European Jews and other undesirables by Hitler and the Nazi. From 1933 to 1945, over Hitler and the Nazi. From 1933 to 1945, over 6 million Jews plus many homosexuals, 6 million Jews plus many homosexuals, gypsies, Poles, Russians and mentally unfit gypsies, Poles, Russians and mentally unfit persons were killed. In total, 11 million persons were killed. In total, 11 million people were exterminated. In Europe, 63% of people were exterminated. In Europe, 63% of the Jewish population was killed. In Poland, the Jewish population was killed. In Poland, 91% of the Jewish population was killed. 91% of the Jewish population was killed. Today, very few Jews live in Poland.Today, very few Jews live in Poland.

•Holocaust is Hebrew for sacrifice by burning Holocaust is Hebrew for sacrifice by burning with fire. Genocide is the systematic with fire. Genocide is the systematic extermination of a nationality or a group.extermination of a nationality or a group.

•Hitler called the Holocaust “The Final Hitler called the Holocaust “The Final Solution”Solution”

Holocaust and GenocideHolocaust and Genocide•The Holocaust had four stages: (1) The Holocaust had four stages: (1) Stripping of rights and dehumanization, (2) Stripping of rights and dehumanization, (2) Separation, (3) Concentration and (4) Separation, (3) Concentration and (4) Extermination. Extermination.

•In 1935, Stage 1 and Stage were In 1935, Stage 1 and Stage were implemented when Hitler enacted the implemented when Hitler enacted the Nuremberg Laws. These laws forced Jews to Nuremberg Laws. These laws forced Jews to carry ID cards, forced Jews to wear carry ID cards, forced Jews to wear identifying arm bands, removed Jews from identifying arm bands, removed Jews from government jobs and allowed synagogues to government jobs and allowed synagogues to be closed.be closed.

•Stage 3 Concentration occurred when Hitler Stage 3 Concentration occurred when Hitler forced Jews to live in ghettos. The ghettos forced Jews to live in ghettos. The ghettos were overcrowded and dirty. Disease was were overcrowded and dirty. Disease was rampant and food was in short supply. The rampant and food was in short supply. The most crowded ghetto was in Warsaw, most crowded ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland. It held 500 000 people in less than Poland. It held 500 000 people in less than 5 km5 km22 area. area.

Holocaust and GenocideHolocaust and Genocide•Stage 4 Extermination was the last stage. Stage 4 Extermination was the last stage.

•Slave labour was “annihilation by work.” Slave labour was “annihilation by work.”

•Many Jews were moved into concentration camps. Many Jews were moved into concentration camps. In the camps, possessions were confiscated, heads In the camps, possessions were confiscated, heads shaved, families separated, conditions filthy, shaved, families separated, conditions filthy, quarters cramped and food limited. Inhuman quarters cramped and food limited. Inhuman medical experiments were performed on many medical experiments were performed on many people, especially twins.people, especially twins.

•Mobile killing units (Einsatzaruppen) shot JewsMobile killing units (Einsatzaruppen) shot Jews

•Some concentration camps became Death Some concentration camps became Death Factories of Mass Extermination. Prisoners were Factories of Mass Extermination. Prisoners were gassed with Zyklon B gas and burned. At the gassed with Zyklon B gas and burned. At the infamous Auschwitz death camp, 8 000 people infamous Auschwitz death camp, 8 000 people were killed per day.were killed per day.

Internment of Japanese-CanadiansInternment of Japanese-Canadians•In 1935, nearly 23 000 of Japanese descent lived In 1935, nearly 23 000 of Japanese descent lived in Canada. Nearly 75% were born in Canadain Canada. Nearly 75% were born in Canada•In 1942, Japan bombed Pearl Harbour.In 1942, Japan bombed Pearl Harbour.•After the attack, the Canadian Government After the attack, the Canadian Government ordered all males of Japanese descent to move to ordered all males of Japanese descent to move to internment camps in central British Columbia.internment camps in central British Columbia.•Soon afterwards, Japanese-Canadians were denied Soon afterwards, Japanese-Canadians were denied their basic citizenship rights, issued special their basic citizenship rights, issued special clothing, stripped of belongings including homes, clothing, stripped of belongings including homes, relocated to camps and forced into slave labour.relocated to camps and forced into slave labour.•In the camps, families were separated.In the camps, families were separated.•Living conditions were appalling. People lived in Living conditions were appalling. People lived in tents (…including the winter), grew their own food tents (…including the winter), grew their own food and shared beds.and shared beds.•After the war, Japanese-Canadians were forced to After the war, Japanese-Canadians were forced to leave Canada or move to Eastern Canada.leave Canada or move to Eastern Canada.•In 1988 …43 years after WWII, Canadian Prime In 1988 …43 years after WWII, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney formally apologized for the Minister Brian Mulroney formally apologized for the racist treatment.racist treatment.

Atomic BombAtomic Bomb•The first atomic bomb was dropped on The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Hiroshima was Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Hiroshima was largely a civilian-industrial site. Nearly 80 000 largely a civilian-industrial site. Nearly 80 000 people were killed by the initial blast. Another people were killed by the initial blast. Another 140 000 people died within one year of 140 000 people died within one year of radiation poisoning.radiation poisoning.

•The second atomic bomb was dropped on The second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August 1945. Nagasaki was Nagasaki on 9 August 1945. Nagasaki was military-industrial-civilian target. In the blast, military-industrial-civilian target. In the blast, 40 000+ people were killed. Another 70 000 40 000+ people were killed. Another 70 000 people died within one year.people died within one year.

•Japan surrendered unconditionally on 14 Japan surrendered unconditionally on 14 August 1945. WWII was over.August 1945. WWII was over.

Atomic BombAtomic Bomb•Dropping the atomic bomb has always been Dropping the atomic bomb has always been questioned. The reasons for its use included:questioned. The reasons for its use included:

• USA did not advise Japan of the destructive USA did not advise Japan of the destructive capacity of the atomic bomb before capacity of the atomic bomb before dropping it.dropping it.

• Japan was militarily in retreatJapan was militarily in retreat• Japan was blockaded by the American navy. Japan was blockaded by the American navy.

Japan could not supply its army. Japan could not supply its army.• Russia was about to declare war on JapanRussia was about to declare war on Japan• USA wanted revenge for the bombing of USA wanted revenge for the bombing of

Pearl HarbourPearl Harbour• USA wanted to end the war quicklyUSA wanted to end the war quickly• USA projected (…falsely…) that 500 000 USA projected (…falsely…) that 500 000

more American lives would be lost if an more American lives would be lost if an invasion was neededinvasion was needed

• USA demanded Japan unconditionally, but USA demanded Japan unconditionally, but USA did not mention its atomic bomb in its USA did not mention its atomic bomb in its demands. Japan refused the demand demands. Japan refused the demand because it feared loss of its god-like because it feared loss of its god-like Emperor.Emperor.

After WWIIAfter WWII•Employment – During the war, there was no Employment – During the war, there was no unemployment. The post-war period was a unemployment. The post-war period was a time of economic expansiontime of economic expansion•United Nations United Nations (UN) – United Nations United Nations (UN) – Formed in 1945, the UN was established to Formed in 1945, the UN was established to ensure world peace. Canada removed its ensure world peace. Canada removed its isolationism policy and became an active UN isolationism policy and became an active UN member as a Middle Powermember as a Middle Power•Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Declared in 1948, the Universal Declaration Declared in 1948, the Universal Declaration establishes the basic rights of every person. establishes the basic rights of every person. Rights include freedom from persecution, Rights include freedom from persecution, right to shelter and life and freedom of right to shelter and life and freedom of thought. The Declaration is not legally thought. The Declaration is not legally binding.binding.

After WWIIAfter WWII•Role of Women – Elsie MacGill was appointed to Role of Women – Elsie MacGill was appointed to manage the building of the Hawker Hurricane. The manage the building of the Hawker Hurricane. The words “first woman” is synonymous with MacGillwords “first woman” is synonymous with MacGill

•Social Programs and returning soldiers – Many Social Programs and returning soldiers – Many government-led social programs were introduced government-led social programs were introduced including Family Allowance and Employment Insurance. including Family Allowance and Employment Insurance. Veterans were provided support including free Veterans were provided support including free university tuition, health care and housing.university tuition, health care and housing.

•Income Tax -- The temporary tax was used to fund the Income Tax -- The temporary tax was used to fund the war efforts. It was not removed and still exists todaywar efforts. It was not removed and still exists today

•Refugees – After the Holocaust, Canada became a more Refugees – After the Holocaust, Canada became a more active defender of human rights and adopted a more active defender of human rights and adopted a more “open door” policy towards refugees. NOTE: The policy “open door” policy towards refugees. NOTE: The policy was still very discriminatorywas still very discriminatory

•Spies – A Soviet spy ring was discovered in Canada, Spies – A Soviet spy ring was discovered in Canada, USA and Great Britain when a Soviet embassy worked USA and Great Britain when a Soviet embassy worked defected. This is called the Goushenko Affair.defected. This is called the Goushenko Affair.