world history: the earth and its peoples chapter 18 the atlantic system and africa, 1550-1800
TRANSCRIPT
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World History:The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 18
The Atlantic System and Africa,
1550-1800
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Objectives
• Describe and give concrete illustrations of the effects of the Atlantic system on African, European, and American societies and their environments.
• Understand the relationship between the spread of sugar plantations and the growth of the slave trade.
• Be able to describe capitalism and mercantilism and explain their roles in the development of the Atlantic system.
• Be able to compare and account for the different roles and influence of the West and Islam in sub-Saharan Africa between about 1550-1800.
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Atlantic System
West Indies– 1500 - Sugar-cane intro– 1600 - tobacco
• European markets• chartered companies• free passage
– 1650 crisis
– Dutch West Indies Company• 1621• private trading co.
– dividends• Brazilian sugar
– slavery• 1654
– West Indies alliance
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Atlantic System
Slavery– 16th century rise
• West Indies land values• rising sugar prices
– 7 versus 3-4
Plantation Life– cultivation
• factory– crushing / processing
• farm– byproducts
• molasses and rum• soil exhaustion / deforestation
– demographic effects• plant / animals• Arawak / Carib
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Atlantic System
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Atlantic System
Slaves - 18th Century– 90% island pop.– 2-1 male
• 23 - male; 25.5 - female• ‘seasoning’ - 1/3 mortality
• plantocracy– few rich landowners– social stratification
• castes– 70% field
• women– tradesmen– ‘driver’
• male slave• ensure hard work
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Atlantic System
Atlantic Economy - 1760-1800– sugar / slave ships
Reasons for success• private enterprise
– capitalism• banks• trading companies• stock exchanges
– Amsterdam• insurance
– mercantilism• precious metal accumulation• competition• Navigation Acts of 1660s
• most profitable
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Atlantic System
Great (Atlantic) Circuit– Europe, Africa, Americas– 1st leg
• metal bars, guns, textiles– 2nd leg
• gold, timber, slaves• 1500-1650: 800k• 1650-1800: 7.5m
– 1 in 6» disease» execution / abuse» suicide
– 3rd leg• plantation goods
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Atlantic System
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Africa, Atlantic, and Islam
Africa’s Slave Trade• 1650-1800• textiles and guns
– tobacco and rum
• Africa’s strong position– ^ slaves, ^ price– local customs– European competition
• Gold Coast / Slave Coast Comp.– Dahomey– Asante and Oyo
• war captives
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Africa, Atlantic, and Islam
Bight of Biafra - 18th Century– densely populated– no strong kingdoms
• merchants– kidnapping
• fairs
Angola– Portuguese control– prisoners of war / drought
• byproduct
1) European / African elite alliance
2) European over African wealth
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Africa, Atlantic, and Islam
Muslim Territorial Dominance– N. Africa
• Ottoman Empire• Morocco
• slavery– 1600-1800: 1.7m
• Sahara• Indian Ocean
– women• servants and concubines• population recovery
– children• harem guards
– Muslim