world economic overview

World Economic Overview

M. Fouquin, H. Guimbard, C. Herzog & D. Unal December 20111



Contents

P

Presentation

Part one : Countries weight

Part two : International Trade Trade in goods and services Trade in goods Trade in services

Part three : Specialization

Appendix

Appendix 1 : Geographical classificationAppendix 2 : Sectoral classificationAppendix 3 : References



Presentation



This World Economic Overview highlights the main changes in the world economy in the long run and how nations took part in it.

Trends over some forty years are featured in the overview : from 1960 to 2012 for GDP, and from 1967 to 2009 for international trade in goods and services.

The first part of the overview is dedicated to changes in the world ranking of economic and population weights as well as in the one of nations development levels.

The second part describes trade flows. It sets out the growing share of trade in goods and services in the world production along with trade balances and imbalances across nations. Trade in goods and services, reflecting and explaining global and national transformations, is observed in detail. On one side through the product structure evolution, on the other side through the changes in geographical breakdowns.

In the third part, specialization indicators – in terms of comparative advantages – are presented for about twenty major countries.

This overview has been carried out from hte CHELEM database (Harmonized Accounts on the World Economy)..

http://www.cepii.fr/francgraph/bdd/chelem.htm

https://chelem.bvdep.com

CHELEM-Banque de données du CEPII, document de travail n° 88-14, Décembre 1988.



Part one : Countries Weight



Total population

6

millions World = 100 Variationof inhabitants

2012 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 2012-1960

North America 466 7,8 7,6 7,3 6,9 6,8 6,6 -1,2 United States 320 6,0 5,6 5,2 4,8 4,7 4,6 -1,5 Canada 35 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 -0,1 Mexico 111 1,2 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,6 1,6 0,4South America * 484 5,9 6,3 6,5 6,7 6,8 6,9 1,0 Brazil 199 2,4 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 2,8 0,4European Union (27) 507 13,4 11,9 10,3 9,0 8,0 7,2 -6,1 European Union (15)** 399 9,9 8,8 7,6 6,6 6,2 5,7 -4,2 Euro Area** 334 8,0 7,1 6,3 5,4 5,2 4,8 -3,2 Germany** 81 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,4 1,2 -0,7 France 64 1,5 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,9 -0,6 Italy 61 1,7 1,5 1,3 1,1 0,9 0,9 -0,8 United Kingdom 63 1,7 1,5 1,3 1,1 1,0 0,9 -0,8Other Europe 122 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,8 1,8 1,7 -0,2 Turkey 77 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 0,2CIS 277 6,9 6,4 5,8 5,3 4,6 4,0 -2,9 Russian Federation 139 4,0 3,5 3,1 2,8 2,4 2,0 -2,0 Ukraine 45 1,4 1,3 1,1 1,0 0,8 0,6 -0,8Middle East 386 3,4 3,7 4,1 4,7 5,0 5,5 2,1 Saudi Arabia 27 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,3 Egypt 88 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 0,3Sub-Saharan Africa 907 7,5 8,0 8,7 9,8 11,1 12,9 5,4 South Africa 59 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,2 Nigeria 168 1,5 1,5 1,7 1,8 2,1 2,4 0,9Japan 127 3,1 2,8 2,6 2,3 2,1 1,8 -1,3East and South-East Asia 1 984 29,9 30,5 30,7 30,3 29,7 28,3 -1,6 ASEAN 10 552 6,6 6,9 7,2 7,5 7,7 7,9 1,3 China 1 352 22,0 22,2 22,1 21,5 20,7 19,3 -2,7 South Korea 49 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,7 -0,1 Taiwan 24 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,0Oceania and other Asia 1 756 20,2 21,0 22,1 23,1 24,1 25,0 4,8 Australia/New Zealand 27 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,0 India 1 204 14,3 14,8 15,5 16,1 16,7 17,2 2,8 Asia and Oceania n.e.s. 525 5,5 5,8 6,2 6,6 7,0 7,5 2,0World 7 014 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 0,0

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-GDP database* South and Central America and the Caribbean is referred to as South America* * Former East Germany included since 1991



Regional shares of world income

7

Structure % of world Variation

2012 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 2012-1960

North America 18 945 42,1 38,6 29,0 30,4 35,1 26,0 -16,1 United States 15 908 37,9 34,3 24,6 26,4 30,9 21,8 -16,1 Canada 1 809 3,0 2,9 2,4 2,7 2,2 2,5 -0,5 Mexico 1 228 1,2 1,4 2,0 1,3 2,0 1,7 0,5South America * 4 716 4,8 4,5 5,0 4,0 4,6 6,5 1,7 Brazil 2 566 1,1 1,4 2,1 2,1 2,0 3,5 2,4European Union (27) 18 072 26,1 28,6 33,5 33,3 26,3 24,8 -1,3 European Union (15)** 16 617 22,8 25,7 31,0 31,4 25,1 22,8 0,0 Euro Area** 13 272 16,0 19,8 24,5 25,2 19,4 18,2 2,2 Germany** 3 593 4,4 6,1 7,3 7,1 5,9 4,9 0,5 France 2 816 4,5 4,9 6,1 5,7 4,1 3,9 -0,6 Italy 2 244 2,9 3,6 4,1 5,2 3,4 3,1 0,1 United Kingdom 2 605 5,3 4,2 4,8 4,6 4,6 3,6 -1,7Other Europe 2 413 2,9 2,7 3,1 3,1 2,7 3,3 0,4 Turkey 869 1,4 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,8 1,2 -0,2CIS 2 849 1,7 1,1 3,9 3,9 Russian Federation 2 220 0,9 0,8 3,0 3,0 Ukraine 166 0,4 0,1 0,2 0,2Middle East 2 875 1,6 1,7 4,7 2,5 2,4 3,9 2,3 Saudi Arabia 605 0,1 0,2 1,5 0,5 0,6 0,8 0,7 Egypt 252 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,0Sub-Saharan Africa 1 391 2,3 2,2 2,4 1,4 1,1 1,9 -0,4 South Africa 446 0,5 0,6 0,8 0,5 0,4 0,6 0,1 Nigeria 296 0,3 0,4 0,6 0,1 0,1 0,4 0,1Japan 5 963 3,2 6,9 9,5 14,0 14,5 8,2 5,0East and South-East Asia 11 431 7,1 5,6 5,8 5,7 8,7 15,7 8,5 ASEAN 10 2 198 2,2 1,9 1,9 1,6 1,8 3,0 0,8 China 7 210 4,5 3,1 2,7 1,8 3,7 9,9 5,4 South Korea 1 210 0,3 0,3 0,6 1,2 1,7 1,7 1,4 Taiwan 545 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,8 1,0 0,7 0,6Oceania and other Asia 4 289 5,7 5,0 4,2 3,9 3,5 5,9 0,2 Australia/New Zealand 1 657 1,8 1,7 1,8 1,7 1,4 2,3 0,4 India 2 018 2,7 2,0 1,6 1,4 1,4 2,8 0,1 Asia and Oceania n.e.s. 614 1,2 1,2 0,9 0,7 0,7 0,8 -0,4World 72 927 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 0,0

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-GDP database* South and Central America and the Caribbean is referred to as South America** Former East Germany included since 1991

GDP at national current prices, converted at current exchange rates

billion dollars



Regional shares of world production***

8

Variation

2012 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 2010-1960

North America 16 835 30,5 27,7 26,2 26,6 27,9 22,8 -7,7 United States 14 028 26,6 23,5 21,5 22,2 23,4 19,0 -7,6 Canada 1 268 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 1,7 -0,4 Mexico 1 540 1,8 2,1 2,6 2,3 2,4 2,1 0,3South America * 4 817 6,3 6,4 7,3 6,2 6,3 6,5 0,2 Brazil 2 132 2,1 2,3 3,4 3,0 2,9 2,9 0,8European Union (27) 14 370 30,8 30,2 28,1 26,8 24,9 19,4 -11,4 European Union (15)** 12 597 27,4 27,0 24,5 23,4 22,5 17,0 -10,4 Euro Area** 10 171 20,2 21,0 19,7 18,8 18,2 13,8 -6,4 Germany** 2 865 6,3 6,1 5,4 5,1 5,2 3,9 -2,4 France 1 995 4,1 4,3 4,1 3,9 3,6 2,7 -1,4 Italy 1 658 3,9 4,1 3,9 3,7 3,3 2,2 -1,6 United Kingdom 2 086 5,9 4,7 3,8 3,8 3,6 2,8 -3,1Other Europe 2 022 3,0 3,1 3,0 2,9 2,9 2,7 -0,3 Turkey 997 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,3 1,3 0,4CIS 3 133 7,3 3,5 4,2 4,2 Russian Federation 2 201 5,2 2,6 3,0 3,0 Ukraine 302 1,2 0,4 0,4 0,4Middle East 3 546 4,0 5,0 6,3 4,4 4,5 4,8 0,8 Saudi Arabia 622 0,3 0,5 1,2 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,5 Egypt 472 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,3Sub-Saharan Africa 1 896 2,9 2,7 2,5 2,3 2,2 2,6 -0,3 South Africa 561 0,9 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,8 -0,1 Nigeria 382 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,1Japan 4 076 4,8 7,4 7,6 8,9 7,5 5,5 0,7East and South-East Asia 16 544 4,1 4,2 5,5 8,7 13,7 22,4 18,3 ASEAN 10 3 033 1,7 1,8 2,2 2,8 3,4 4,1 2,4 China 10 928 1,8 1,6 1,9 3,5 7,0 14,8 13,0 South Korea 1 438 0,3 0,4 0,7 1,3 1,8 1,9 1,6 Taiwan 823 0,2 0,3 0,5 0,8 1,1 1,1 1,0Oceania and other Asia 6 693 5,6 5,3 4,9 5,8 6,7 9,1 3,5 Australia/New Zealand 1 002 1,6 1,6 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,4 -0,3 India 4 455 2,8 2,5 2,3 2,9 3,7 6,0 3,2 Asia and Oceania n.e.s. 1 237 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,5 1,4 1,7 0,6World 73 913 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 0,0

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-GDP database* South and Central America and the Caribbean is referred to as South America** Former East Germany included since 1991** PPP GDP is the GDP converted in international dollars, using PPP rates; an international dollar has the same purchasing power than the dollar in tthe United States; data are expressed in 2005 billion dollars.

billion dollars

GDP at 2005 international pricesand purchasing power parities Structure % of world total



Shares in World Production*1960 – 2012

3 areas% of World PPP GDP

9

http://www.ikea.com/fr/fr/catalog/categories/departments/bedroom/10999/

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-GDP database.*See p.8

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12

Europe Africa Middle East

America

Asia Oceania




9 main geographic regions(% of World PPP GDP)

10


0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011

European Union (27)North America

East and South-East Asia

CI S and other Europe

J apan Ocania and other Asia

Middle-East,Maghreb

Sub-saharanAfrica

South America




13 major countries% of World PPP GDP

11

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-GDP database*See p.8.

Etats-UnisUnited States

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 120

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12

China

India

Japan

Germany

Russian Federation

Brazil

United Kingdom

France

Italy

Mexico

South Korea

Canada

United States



GDP PPP* per head2005 international dollars

Ranking of regions in 2010

12


2010 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

United States 42 393 444 421 415 463 496 435Australia/New Zeland 39 039 420 412 377 387 419 401Canada 35 656 355 362 380 397 408 366North America 34 557 388 365 360 385 406 355Germany* 32 358 355 374 392 428 388 332United Kingdom 32 130 345 317 302 346 372 330Taiwan 30 882 39 57 109 192 291 317Japan 30 610 155 279 307 382 364 314European Union (15)* 30 471 280 309 321 354 361 313France 29 889 267 309 334 358 357 307Euro Area* 29 360 255 295 314 345 350 301Italy 27 769 235 282 310 350 347 285European Union (27)* 27 168 232 256 272 299 311 279South Korea 26 686 52 67 91 168 239 274Saudi Arabia 22 040 226 322 547 286 243 226Other Europe 15 020 159 163 162 158 161 154Russian Federation 14 339 187 109 147Mexico 12 329 140 145 169 145 150 127Turkey 11 309 103 102 96 113 118 116CIS 10 209 139 76 105World AVERAGE 9 743 100 100 100 100 100 100Brazil 9 567 88 88 123 105 99 98South America 9 070 109 103 113 93 92 93Middle East 8 980 105 124 141 91 88 92South Africa 8 907 137 143 123 99 89 91East and South-East 6 978 14 14 18 29 46 72China 6 571 9 7 9 16 34 67Ukraine 6 025 119 47 62Egypt 5 580 35 35 42 49 55 57ASEAN 4 796 25 25 30 37 44 49Oceania and other Asia 3 323 27 25 22 25 28 34India 3 040 19 17 14 18 22 31Nigeria 2 176 34 29 27 21 19 22Asia and Oceania n.e.s. 2 175 19 19 20 22 20 22Sub-saharan Africa 1 979 39 34 29 23 20 20

GDP at 2005 international pricesStructure % of world averageand purchasing power parities

Dollars per head in



2005 PPP GDP per head*(annual average growth rate)

13


-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Saudi ArabiaMENA

Sub-saharan AfricaMexico

BrazilNigeria

GermanyItaly

FranceOther Europe

CanadaJapan

Russian federationUnited States

Australia/New ZealandOther EU15

United KingdomEast Asia nes

12 other EU27Turkey

EgyptASEAN

IndiaTaiwan

South KoreaChina

2010/1980

1980/1960



Part two

International Trade



Trade in goods and services



Shares of main current account items in World GDP1967 – 2009

percent of World GDP at current prices

16

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-International Trade, CHELEM-GDP and CHELEM-Balance of Payments databases

Total Goods and Services

Industry

Primary products

Current account

Services

Current account

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09

Current account

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09



World Trade and World GDP1967 - 2009

17


(current prices, annual average growth rate, %)

billion dollars annual average growth rate, %

2009 1967-77 1977-87 1987-97 1997-09 1967-09

World Trade 14 690 17,8 8,3 8,3 8,3 10,3Primary products 1 914 19,4 3,2 5,4 11,3 9,4Industry 8 503 17,5 9,9 9,1 7,1 10,5Services 2 926 17,8 9,4 8,2 8,9 10,7

World GDP 58 125 12,2 8,6 6,1 6,7 8,2



World Exports in Goods and Services 1967 - 2008

18

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-Balance of Payments database.

Note: the the right axis is for EU, the left axis is for the other areas. Figures into brakets show the share in 2008. *Intra-EU trade included

(9 areas in % of world trade)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0

5

10

15

20

25

67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 03 07

EU27* (39%)

North America (14%)

East & South-East Asia (21%)

Japan (5%)Africa, Middle East (5%)

Other Europe (4%)South America (4%)CIS (4%)Oceania & Other Asia (3%)



World Imports in Goods and Services 1967 - 2008

19

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-Balance of Payments database..

(9 areas in % of world trade)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 03 07

EU27* (40%)

North America (18%)

East & South-East Asia (19%)

Japan (5%)Africa Middle East (4%)Other Europe (4%)

South America (4%)CIS (4%)

Oceania & Other Asia (3%)

Note: the the right axis is for EU, the left axis is for the other areas. Figures into brakets show the share in 2008. *Intra-EU trade included



Trade Balances on Goods and Services1967 - 2008

20

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-Balance of Payments database

(billion current dollars)

-850

-650

-450

-250

-50

150

350

550

67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 03 07

European Union

North America


Japan

Africa, Middle East

Other Europe

South America

CIS

Oceania and Other Asia



Shares of the 4 sectors in World Trade1967 – 2009

Percent of World Trade

21

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-International Trade database.

Energy

Mining

Food agriculture

Manufacturing

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Shares of the 6 stages of Production in World Trade1967 – 2009

22

Percent of World Trade

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-International Trade database

Equipment goods

Primary

Consumption goods

Intermediate goods

Mixed products

Basic Manufacturing

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Shares of chains in World Trade excluding Energy1967 - 2009

23

Percent of World Trade excluding Energy

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-International Trade

Chemicals

ElectronicMachinery

Food agriculture

Vehicles

TextilesElectrical

Iron & steelNon ferrous

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009

Wood paper



Geographic structure of World Trade in 2009percent of World Trade (all goods)

(11 583 billion dollars at current prices in 2009**)

24

Exporting zone in rowImporting zone in column

% flows 2009 North South European Other CIS Middle-East Sub-Saharan Japan East and Oceania and World**

America America* Union (a) Europe Africa South-East Asia other Asia

North America 5,9 1,0 2,2 0,3 0,1 0,4 0,1 0,5 1,7 0,4 12,6

South America* 1,1 1,2 0,7 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,6 0,1 4,2

European Union (a) 2,9 0,6 24,9 2,5 1,1 1,6 0,6 0,5 2,1 0,8 37,7

Other Europe 0,4 0,1 2,4 0,2 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,1 4,0

CIS 0,2 0,0 1,7 0,3 0,7 0,2 0,0 0,1 0,4 0,1 3,8

Midle-East 0,5 0,3 1,2 0,1 0,0 0,3 0,2 0,8 1,6 0,7 5,6

Sub-Saharan Africa 0,4 0,1 0,6 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,4 0,2 2,1

Japan 1,0 0,2 0,7 0,1 0,0 0,2 0,1 0,0 2,6 0,2 5,0

East and South-East Asia 4,4 0,7 3,8 0,4 0,4 1,0 0,5 2,0 6,8 1,6 21,5

Oceania anf other Asia 0,4 0,1 0,6 0,1 0,0 0,4 0,1 0,4 1,1 0,4 3,5

World** 17,3 4,3 38,6 4,0 2,6 4,6 2,0 4,4 17,5 4,5 100,0

Source : CEPII, CHELEM International Trade

*South and Central America and the Caribbean is reffered to as South America.

**Excluding geographically unallocated flows.(a) European Union 27



World exports in nine zones(percent of World Trade)

25

1967217 billion dollars

200811 764 billion dollars

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-International Trade database.*See p.8** European Union 27



World imports in nine zones(percent of World Trade)

26



Source : CEPII, CHELEM International Trade database.*See p.8**European Union 27



World exports in nine zonesIntra-Zone exchanges excluded

(percent of World Trade, intra-zone included)

27


2009 11 764 billion dollars

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-International Trade database.*See p.8**European Union 27



World imports in nine zonesIntra-zone exchanges excluded

(percent of World Trade, intra-zone included)

28



Source : CEPII, CHELEM-Internbational Trade database.*See p.8**European Union 27



Ten leading merchandises’ exporters1967 – 2009

(percent of world merchandise trade)

29


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009

China

Germany

United States

J apan

France

Netherlands

I taly

BLEU

South Korea

United Kingdom



EU27 share in member countries manufacturing product imports

1967 - 2009

30


12 other EU27

France9 other EU15

ItalyBenelux

Germany

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



EU27 share in member countries food agriculture product imports

1967 - 2009

31


30

40

50

60

70

80

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009

12 other EU27

France

Italy

Germany

9 other EU15

Benelux



Trade balances of the 6 major countries1967 – 2009

(percent of world merchandise trade, current dollars)

32


United States

France

Germany

United Kingdom

Japan

China

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the energy chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in energy, current dollars)

33


United States

France

Germany

United Kingdom

Japan

China

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the Food Agriculture chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in Food Agriculture, current dollars)

34


United StatesFranceGermany

United KingdomJapan

China

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the textiles chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in textiles, current dollars)

35


United States

FranceGermanyUnited KingdomJapan

China

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the wood paper chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in wood paper, current dollars)

36


United States

France

Germany

United Kingdom

Japan

China

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the chemical chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in chemicals, current dollars)

37


United States

France

Germany

United Kingdom

Japan

China

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the Iron & Steel chain1967 – 2009

(net exports,, % of world trade in iron & steel, current dollars)

38


United States

FranceGermany

United Kingdom

Japan

China

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the non ferrous chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in non ferrous, current dollars)

39Source : CEPII, CHELEM-International Trade database

United States

FranceGermanyUnited Kingdom

Japan

China-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the machinery chain1967 – 2008

(net exports, % of world trade in machinery, current dollars)

40


United States

France

Germany

United Kingdom

Japan

China

-5

0

5

10

15

20

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the vehicles chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in vehicles, current dollars)

41


United States

France

Germany

United Kingdom

Japan

China

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the electrical chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in electrical equipment, current dollars)

42


United States

France

Germany

United kingdom

Japan

China

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Positions of 6 major countries in the electronics chain1967 – 2009

(net exports, % of world trade in electronics products)

43


United States

FranceGermany

United Kingdom

Japan

China

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009



Trade in Services



International Trade in Services compared to Trade In Goods: relative shares, 1967-2009

45

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-International Trade and CHELEM-Balance of Payments.

(% of world trade in goods and services)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09

Industry(64% in 2009)

Primary products(14% in 2009)

Services(22% in 2009)



World Trade in Services 1967-2009

46

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-Balance of Payments dataase.

(% of world trade in services)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09

Other services(56 % en 2009)

Transportation(21% en 2009)

Travel(23% en 2009)



World Trade in Services, 11 sectors:relative shares in 2009 and growth1997-2009

47


* Billion current dollars** % of world trade in services in 2008***Annual average growth rate

*****

** Value* Share** Growth rate***2009 2009 97 - 2009

Services 3 206 100,0 7,4

Transportation 664 20,7 5,7Travel 747 23,3 5,0Other Services 1 795 56,0 9,4

of whichComputer & Information 141 4,4 19,5Finance 170 5,3 12,0Insurance 113 3,5 11,6Non either specified 131 4,1 14,2Royalties & license 185 5,8 9,7Communication 82 2,2 10,4Other Business 770 24,0 8,1Construction 80 2,5 7,6Culture 33 1,0 7,1Government 95 3,0 5,5



World Exports in Services, 9 zones (%of total exports)



48


North America 22%

South America 3%

EU27 43%Other Europe 6%

CIS 2%

Africa Middle East 3%

Japan 5%

East and South-East Asia 14%

Oceania and other Asia 3%

North America 17%

South America 3%

EU27 46%

Other Europe 6%

CIS 2%

Africa Middle-East 4%

Japan 4 %

East and South-East Asia 15 %

Océania and other Asia 3 %



World Imports in Services, 9 zones(% of total imports)


20093 095 billions dollars

49

North America 16%

South America4%

EU27 41%

Other Europe 4%CIS 2%

Africa Middle East 5%

Japan 9%


Oceania and other Asia 3%

North America 15%

South America 4%

EU27 43%

Other Europe 4%CIS 3%

Africa Middle-East 7%

Japan 5%


Océania and other Asia 3%




Trade Balances on Services

50

Source : CEPII, CHELEM Balance of Payments database. * EU27

( billion current dollars)

** *

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

European Union*

North America

Other Europe

Oceania and other Asia

JapanSouth AmericaCIS

Africa Middle East




10 Major Countries in International Trade Services

51

Source : CEPII, CHELEM-Balance of Payments database. .

(% of world trade in services)

Exports Imports Trade Balances

(the five largest surpluses and deficits)

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

7

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United States

United Kingdom

Hong Kong

Spain

Switzerland

Russian federation

Japan

Germany

China

Saudi Arabia

Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 18,6 15,1 United States 12,2 11,8United Kingdom 7,4 7,3 Germany 9,3 8,2Germany 6,1 7,0 United Kingdom 5,8 5,3France 5,9 4,4 China 2,1 5,1BLEU 2,6 4,3 Japan 9,1 4,8China 1,8 3,9 France 4,7 4,1Japan 5,1 3,9 Italy 4,3 3,7Spain 3,2 3,7 BLEU 2,3 3,5Italy 4,9 3,1 Spain 1,9 2,8Netherlands 3,6 2,8 Netherlands 3,4 2,7Total 10 59,2 55,6 Total 10 55,0 52,1



10 Major countries in International Trade Transportation

52

(% of world trade in transportation)

Exports Imports Trade Balances(the five largest surpluses and deficits)


-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Greece

Netherlands

Norway

South Korea

BLEU

Saudi Arabia

Indonesia

Thailand

China

India

Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 15,2 10,1 United States 12,9 9,4Germany 6,2 8,5 Germany 6,4 7,3France 6,2 5,3 China 2,7 6,5Japan 6,9 5,2 Japan 8,5 5,6United Kingdom 5,8 5,2 India 1,9 4,9Singapore 2,7 5,0 France 5,2 4,6South Korea 3,5 4,7 United Kingdom 5,9 3,9Netherlands 6,2 4,0 Singapore 2,8 3,7BLEU 3,1 4,0 South Korea 2,8 3,3China 0,9 3,9 Italy 3,7 3,2Total 10 56,9 56,0 Total 10 52,8 52,4



10 Major Countries in International TradeTravel

53

(% of world trade in travel)



Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 20,1 15,6 Germany 13,3 11,4Spain 6,1 6,9 United States 13,3 11,1France 6,4 6,4 United Kingdom 7,1 7,1Italy 6,9 5,2 China 2,0 6,1China 2,8 5,1 France 4,3 5,4Germany 4,1 4,5 Italy 4,1 3,9United kingdom 5,3 3,9 Japan 8,2 3,5Turkey 1,6 2,7 Canada 2,9 3,4Austria 2,6 2,5 BLEU 2,1 3,0Malaysia 0,9 2,0 Russia 2,5 2,9Total 10 56,7 54,6 Total 10 59,8 57,8

-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

7

9

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United States

Spain

Turkey

Italy

Thailand

Russian federation

Saudi Arabia

Japan

United Kingdom

Germany



10 Major Countries in International TradeOther Services*

54

(% of world trade in other services*)


*Other than Transportation and Travel


Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 19,3 16,5 United States 11,0 13,2United Kingdom 9,8 9,3 Germany 8,5 7,2Germany 7,3 7,6 United kingdom 4,8 5,2BLEU 3,3 5,5 Japan 10,0 4,9Japan 6,9 4,5 Ireland 1,8 4,4Hong Kong 2,9 4,5 China 1,7 4,1India 0,7 3,6 BLEU 2,7 4,0China 1,5 3,5 Italy 4,9 3,9Ireland 0,4 3,4 France 4,6 3,3France 5,5 3,3 Spain 2,2 3,1Total 10 57,7 61,7 Total 10 52,1 53,3

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

7

9

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United States

United Kingdom

Hong Kong

BLEU

Switzerland

Russian federation

Angola

Italy

South Korea

Saudi Arabia



10 Major Countries in International TradeCommunication

55

(% of world trade in communication)



Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 16,0 11,6 United States 30,5 10,4United Kingdom 7,5 9,2 United Kingdom 7,8 9,5BLEU 5,0 8,7 Germany 10,1 9,2Koweit 0,0 8,4 BLEU 1,7 6,4Germany 7,4 5,9 Netherlands 2,3 5,3Gfrance 2,4 5,6 France 2,3 5,2Netherlands 2,5 5,4 Spain 1,6 4,2Canada 5,6 2,8 Sweden 2,6 3,1Spain 2,1 2,5 Italy 3,6 3,0Sweden 3,5 2,4 Russia 1,2 2,6Total 10 52,1 62,6 Total 10 63,7 59,0

-17

-12

-7

-2

3

8

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Koweit

BLEU

United States

France

United Kingdom

Angola

Irland

Spain

Saudi Arabia

Germany



10 Major Countries in International TradeConstruction

56

(% of world trade in construction)



Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009Germany 13,4 15,4 Japan 19,9 15,2Japan 20,3 14,8 Germany 22,5 13,2China 1,5 11,2 China 4,4 7,8France 10,2 8,3 Italy 4,6 6,9United States 9,0 8,1 Angola 0,0 6,2Spain 1,4 5,0 Russia 2,9 5,9Russia 0,2 3,9 France 6,7 4,5Netherlands 8,5 3,5 Saudi Arabia 0,0 4,4Italy 8,6 3,5 Spain 0,8 3,1United Kingdom 1,1 2,9 Netherlands 6,8 2,9Total 10 74,3 76,6 Total 10 68,8 70,1

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United States

France

China

Germany

Spain

Russian federation

Kazakhstan

Italy

Saudi Arabia

Angola



10 Major Countries in International TradeInsurance

57

(% of world trade in insurance)



Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 9,0 18,7 United States 16,0 37,4United Kingdom 22,0 15,0 China 2,8 7,7Ireland 0,0 13,5 Mexico 11,0 7,2Switzerland 6,5 6,9 Ireland 0,5 6,0Germany 7,7 6,4 Canada 7,9 3,8BLEU 3,9 5,7 Japan 5,5 3,5Canada 9,0 4,9 India 1,8 2,7Singapore 1,9 3,0 Germany 5,0 2,3Spain 1,7 2,4 Italy 4,9 2,0China 0,7 2,0 BLEU 2,1 2,0Total 10 62,4 78,6 Total 10 57,4 74,5

-36

-31

-26

-21

-16

-11

-6

-1

4

9

14

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United Kingdom

Switzerland

Ireland

Germany

BLEU

India

Japan

Mexico

China

United States



10 Major Countries in International TradeFinance

58

(% of world trade in finance)

Exports ImportsTrade Balances

(the five largest surpluses and deficits)


Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 17,4 23,4 BLEU 9,9 19,8United Kingdom 28,7 22,6 United States 11,7 16,0BLEU 8,1 16,4 United Kingdom 10,7 9,4Switzerland 10,3 6,8 Germany 4,9 6,0Germany 4,7 5,0 Ireland 0,0 5,6Singapore 7,2 3,5 Spain 2,2 4,4Ireland 3,4 India 3,7Italy 6,4 3,2 Canada 4,4 3,4Japan 3,1 2,0 Italy 17,5 3,0Spain 1,6 1,9 Japan 9,4 3,0Total 10 87,6 88,2 Total 10 70,8 74,5

-2

3

8

13

18

23

28

33

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United Kingdom

United States

BLEU

Switzerland

Singapore

Russian federation

Poland

Slovakia

Ukraine

Canada



10 Major Countries in International TradComputer & Information

59

(% of world trade in computer & information)



Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009India 24,1 United States 5,1 19,5Ireland 17,4 Germany 20,6 13,8Germany 11,8 7,5 United kingdom 4,4 7,0United States 18,9 6,9 Netherlands 4,6 6,5United Kingdom 12,1 5,9 Japan 23,3 4,3Israel 5,8 4,0 BLEU 5,4 4,2Sweden 1,1 3,5 China 1,5 3,7Finland 5,2 3,5 Brazil 1,4 3,2China 0,5 3,4 Spain 5,7 3,0Netherlands 4,4 3,2 Finland 4,5 3,0Total 10 59,9 79,3 Total 10 76,6 68,3

-14

-9

-4

1

6

11

16

21

26

31

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

India

Irland

Israël

united Kingdom

Sweden

Indonesia

Italy

Brazil

Japan

United States



10 Major Countries in International TradeRoyalties & License Fees

60

(% of world trade in royalties & license fees)

Exports ImportsTrade Balances(the five largest surpluses and deficits)


Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 54,5 49,5 Ireland 6,7 18,5Japan 12,0 12,0 United States 15,0 13,4Germany 5,3 7,6 Japan 15,8 8,9United Kingdom 11,1 7,1 Germany 9,4 7,5France 3,4 5,2 Singapore 3,1 6,2Netherlands 3,6 3,0 China 0,9 5,9Sweden 1,6 2,6 United Kingdom 10,1 5,0Canada 1,9 1,8 Canada 3,8 4,1South Korea 0,4 1,8 South Korea 4,0 3,7BLEU 1,1 1,5 France 4,1 2,8Total 10 94,9 91,9 Total 10 72,9 76,0

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United States

Japan

France

United Kingdom

Sweden

South Korea

Canada

Singapore

China

Ireland



10 Major Countries in International TradeOther Business Services

61

(% of world trade in other business services)



Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 12,5 11,3 Germany 8,5 8,7Germany 7,5 9,5 United States 7,5 8,3United Kingdom 7,8 9,0 Italy 5,7 6,0China 2,7 5,7 United Kingdom 3,7 6,0Japan 7,0 5,3 Ireland 2,2 5,6BLEU 2,9 5,0 Japan 10,6 5,2Singapore 2,7 4,4 China 2,0 4,6France 6,9 4,2 France 5,3 4,5Netherlands 4,5 4,0 Spain 2,3 4,3Italy 4,9 3,9 BLEU 2,6 4,0Total 10 59,4 62,4 Total 10 50,4 57,2

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

7

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United States

United Kingdom

Singapore

Switzerland

China

Saudi Arabia

Angola

Ireland

Italy

South Korea



10 Major Countries in International TradeCulture

62

(% of world trade in culture)



Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 27,1 38,0 France 11,0 11,5United Kingdom 10,3 8,7 Germany 15,6 9,0France 10,8 5,2 Canada 7,3 6,9Canada 8,2 5,2 Italy 6,6 6,6Spain 2,7 4,7 Spain 7,7 6,4BLEU 3,1 4,6 United States 0,9 6,3Germany 1,1 3,3 BLEU 4,2 5,4Italy 3,4 3,3 Japan 6,6 3,5Hungary 0,5 2,9 Brazil 1,8 3,1Netherlands 3,5 2,2 Hungary 0,2 3,0Total 10 70,7 78,0 Total 10 61,9 61,8

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

United States

United Kingdom

Turkey

Malta

Sweden

Spain

Italy

Japan

France

Germany



10 Major Countries in International TradeGovernment Services

63

(% of world trade in government ervices)



Country 1997 2009 Country 1997 2009United States 46,0 33,0 United States 25,6 28,0Germany 11,3 7,0 Saudi Arabia 21,1 22,5United Kingdom 3,9 5,0 United Kingdom 5,6 4,7BLEU 3,0 3,9 Brazil 1,6 2,3Netherlands 2,7 3,7 Koweit 2,0 1,8Japan 2,5 3,7 Mexico 1,4 1,8Switzerland 1,8 2,6 Russia 0,0 1,8Canada 1,9 2,4 Italy 0,5 1,7Brazil 1,1 2,2 Japan 2,5 1,4Pakistan 0,4 2,2 Morocco 0,8 1,3Total 10 74,6 65,7 Total 10 61,1 67,3

-32

-22

-12

-2

8

18

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Germany

BLEU

Netherlands

Switzerland

Bangladesh

Russian federation

Mexico

United Kingdom

United States

Saudi Arabia



Part three : Specialization

64



Indicators

The indicators used in this study were chosen on the basis of the experience gained in earlier CEPII work and after thorough comparison of the methods generally used in this field.



Revealed comparative advantages

Revealed comparative advantage 1

If ijkV represents the flow from exporting country i to importing country j of product k,

the summation of the indices is as follows:

kiik VX . exports from country i of product k

jkjk VM . imports into country j of product k

kk VW .. world trade in product k



For country i and product k, the balance is first calculated in relation to Gross Domestic Product at current exchange rate Y, giving (in thousandths):

i

ikikik Y

MXy

1000

The contribution of product k to the trade balance, in relation to GDP, is defined by:

f y g yik ik ik i * .

where:

i

iii

ii

ikikik Y

MXyand

MX

MXg

*1000

In addition, it is necessary to eliminate the influence of changes which are not specific to the country in question but result from the evolution of the importance of the product in world trade. In relation to a base year (r) the flows X and M in the other years (n) are adjusted by multiplying them all by:

n

nk

r

rkn

k W

W

W

We

..

:

The comparative advantage indicator f ' is therefore calculated using world weights for the base year (r). For this year it is identical to the relative contribution f. For the other years (n) the difference is all the greater, the more world trade in product k diverges from the average tendency for all merchandise.

Comparative advantages are calculated for individual products at the most detailed level of the CHELEM sectoral classification. The advantage by chain or by stage or production is then calculated by summing.



Revealed comparative advantage 2

The formulas are described below, with Vijk indicating the flow from exporting

country i, to importing country j for product k. The summations of the various indices

are given as:

kiik VX . Exports form country i of product k

... ii VX Exports form country i of all goods and services

jkjk VM . Imports by country j of product k

... jj VM Imports of country j of all goods and services

kk VW .. World trade of product k



This indicator is expressed in thousandths of PPP GDP in current dollars of country i, designated by Yi. It depends on the spread between the market position of product k and the global position, given by the following formula:

1001001000 .SS

YW

F iik

i

kik

Furthermore, it is necessary to eliminate the influence of changes which are not specific to the country studied, but which follow from the evolution of the weight of the production in international trade. By referring to a base year (r), the flows for X and M are thus corrected for other years (n), by multiplying them all by:

W

W

W

We n

nk

r

rkn

k )(.

)(

)(.

)()(

The revealed comparative advantage is calculated at the most detailed level of the CHELEM categories and products. The standard deviation of the advantages/disadvantages per category provides a global measure of the degree of specialisation. The advantages/disadvantages by chain or by stage of production are obtained by summing these two categories.

Defined in this way, the indicator corresponds to a contribution to the overall balance for goods and service. Indeed, this leads to:

MXWW

MXY

F

WMX

WMX

YW

F

iik

ikiki

ik

ii

k

ikik

i

kik

...

.

..

1000

1000



It is thus close to the definition used previously (revealed comparative advantage, first version). However, three differences should be noted:

the weighting used here is based on world trade, and not only according to the changes of a single country;

GDP in current dollars is expressed here at world prices, i.e. the purchasing power parity with respect to the whole of the world, and not simply the current exchange rate;

the overall balance includes services, and is not just limited to trade in goods.



United States specialization

71

Revealed comparative advantages1967 – 2009

thousandths of 2005 PPP GDP in current dollars


Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09

thousandts of GDP in current dollars

Vehicles components 1,9 Crude oil - 2,8Computer equipment 1,4 Cars and cycles - 2,4Aeronautics 1,4 Refined petroleum products - 1,8Engines 1,3 Natural gas - 1,5Construction equipment 1,1 Iron Steel - 0,9Precision instruments 0,9 Non ferrous metals - 0,8Electronic components 0,9 Consumer electronics - 0,8Plastic articles 0,8 Leather - 0,5Telecommunications equipment 0,7 Meat - 0,5Electrical apparatus 0,6 Knitwear - 0,5

thousandths of GDP in current dollars

Plastic articles 2,2 Crude oil - 9,9Precision instruments 2,1 Computer equipment - 2,7Engines 2,0 Telecommunications equipment - 2,3Other edible agricultural prod 1,6 Cars and cycles - 2,3Cereals 1,5 Consumer electronics - 1,8Electronic components 1,3 Knitwear - 1,5Construction equipment 1,3 Clothing - 1,3Toiletries 1,1 Leather - 1,3Paints 0,9 Furniture - 0,8Pharmaceuticals 0,9 Natural gas - 0,5

1967Strong points Weak points




Canada specialization

72




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Natural gas 23,1 Vehicles components - 17,4Paper 12,6 Electrical apparatus - 4,8Non ferrous metals 8,5 Miscellaneous hardware - 4,5Cars and cycles 7,3 Plastic articles - 3,8I ron ores 4,0 Computer equipment - 3,8Crude oil 3,7 Engines - 3,5Non ferrous ores 3,5 Refined petroleum products - 3,3Cereals 2,5 Construction equipment - 3,1Commercial vehicles 1,9 Miscellaneous manuf. articles - 2,5Meat 1,3 Precision instruments - 2,4


Crude oil 16,4 Computer equipment - 5,4Natural gas 9,7 Miscellaneous hardware - 5,0Paper 6,9 Electrical apparatus - 4,8Non ferrous metals 6,3 Miscellaneous manuf. articles - 4,7Aeronautics 4,7 Commercial vehicles - 4,5Cereals 4,3 Engines - 4,4Coals 4,2 Vehicles components - 3,9Refined petroleum products 4,0 Pharmaceuticals - 3,6Cars and cycles 2,8 Telecommunications equipment - 3,3Meat 2,6 Consumer electronics - 2,9





France specialization

73




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Cars and cycles 3,9 Crude oil - 17,9Refined petroleum products 2,7 Coals - 1,5Pharmaceuticals 2,1 Other edible agricultural prod - 1,4Electrical apparatus 1,6 Furniture - 1,4Beverages 1,4 Non ferrous metals - 1,2I ron Steel 1,4 Meat - 0,9Rubber articles (incl. tyres) 1,3 Electronic components - 0,9Toiletries 1,2 Precision instruments - 0,7Vehicles components 1,2 Paper - 0,6Leather 1,1 Non-edible agricultural prod. - 0,6


Aeronautics 10,8 Crude oil - 11,5Pharmaceuticals 4,9 Natural gas - 3,4Toiletries 4,6 Cars and cycles - 2,8Beverages 3,8 Computer equipment - 2,5Cereals 2,5 Knitwear - 2,0Vehicles components 2,4 Refined petroleum products - 1,9Engines 2,1 Clothing - 1,8Fats 1,3 Furniture - 1,5Electrical apparatus 1,2 Consumer electronics - 1,4Precision instruments 0,9 Telecommunications equipment - 1,3





Germany specialization

74




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Cars and cycles 8,6 Crude oil - 20,2Specialized machines 5,3 Other edible agricultural prod - 4,9Electrical apparatus 5,3 Refined petroleum products - 4,5Engines 4,6 Non ferrous metals - 4,4Miscellaneous hardware 4,4 Meat - 2,2Pharmaceuticals 4,1 Paper - 2,2Plastic articles 3,9 Knitwear - 2,1Vehicles components 3,0 Non ferrous ores - 2,0Commercial vehicles 2,6 Clothing - 1,9Telecommunications equipment 2,3 Leather - 1,7


Cars and cycles 14,3 Crude oil - 13,6Specialized machines 7,2 Natural gas - 10,0Engines 5,1 Other edible agricultural prod - 6,5Miscellaneous hardware 4,2 Computer equipment - 3,8Precision instruments 3,9 Knitwear - 3,0Plastic articles 3,4 Clothing - 2,7Commercial vehicles 3,0 Telecommunications equipment - 2,6Construction equipment 2,9 Refined petroleum products - 2,3Machine tools 2,3 Leather - 2,3Electrical apparatus 2,2 Consumer electronics - 2,2





Italy specialization

75




Energy Mining

I ndustry

AgricultureServices

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Refined petroleum products 8,8 Crude oil - 27,7Knitwear 6,2 Meat - 3,4Cars and cycles 4,6 Non ferrous metals - 2,7Leather 4,4 I ron ores - 2,3Computer equipment 3,8 I ron Steel - 2,1Domestic electrical appliances 3,1 Electronic components - 1,9Plastic articles 2,3 Non-edible agricultural prod. - 1,7Engines 1,9 Coals - 1,7Miscellaneous hardware 1,7 Fats - 1,6Furniture 1,5 Paper - 1,1


Miscellaneous hardware 8,1 Crude oil - 15,3Specialized machines 7,6 Natural gas - 10,9Engines 7,6 Cars and cycles - 8,9Leather 3,9 Meat - 3,3Furniture 3,8 Computer equipment - 3,0Machine tools 3,0 Basic organic chemicals - 2,8Refined petroleum products 2,8 Electricity - 1,8Yarns fabrics 2,7 Non ferrous metals - 1,8Vehicles components 2,6 Consumer electronics - 1,8Beverages 2,5 Telecommunications equipment - 1,7





United Kingdom specialization

76




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Cars and cycles 6,3 Crude oil - 18,3Vehicles components 5,0 Refined petroleum products - 6,0Engines 4,9 Fats - 3,5Pharmaceuticals 4,1 Natural gas - 3,3Telecommunications equipment 4,0 Other edible agricultural prod - 3,1Electrical apparatus 4,0 Meat - 2,5Commercial vehicles 3,2 Non ferrous ores - 2,4Miscellaneous hardware 2,9 Paper - 2,4Aeronautics 1,9 Non ferrous metals - 2,1Electrical equipment 1,9 Preserved meat/fish - 1,8


Pharmaceuticals 7,8 Non- monetary gold - 9,3Aeronautics 5,3 Other edible agricultural prod - 3,1J ewellery, works of art 3,4 Knitwear - 2,6Engines 2,9 Computer equipment - 2,5Refined petroleum products 2,5 Clothing - 2,3Precision instruments 2,0 Consumer electronics - 2,1Basic organic chemicals 2,0 Leather - 2,0Paints 1,4 Furniture - 1,6Construction equipment 1,3 Preserved meat/fish - 1,5Printing 1,3 Cars and cycles - 1,4





Turkey specialization

77




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Other edible agricultural prod 6,8 Vehicles components - 1,5Non-edible agricultural prod. 2,4 Engines - 1,2Animal food 1,2 Crude oil - 1,1Non ferrous ores 0,8 Electrical apparatus - 0,9Non ferrous metals 0,6 Plastic articles - 0,7Fats 0,3 Miscellaneous hardware - 0,7Meat 0,3 Specialized machines - 0,6Unprocessed minerals n.e.s. 0,2 Basic organic chemicals - 0,6Sugar 0,2 Construction equipment - 0,5Preserved fruits 0,1 Pharmaceuticals - 0,5


Knitwear 11,4 Crude oil - 8,8Non-monetary gold 7,1 I ron ores - 6,4Clothing 6,7 Refined petroleum products - 5,9Other edible agricultural prod 5,8 Pharmaceuticals - 5,4Cars and cycles 5,0 Engines - 4,4Commercial vehicles 4,7 Basic organic chemicals - 3,7Carpets 4,7 Plastic articles - 3,7I ron Steel 4,2 Telecommunications equipment - 3,7Domestic electrical appliances 3,7 Computer equipment - 3,6Cement 3,4 Coals - 3,4





Japan specialization

78





Consumer electronics 6,3 Crude oil - 18,4Cars and cycles 4,2 Refined petroleum products - 5,9Ships 3,7 I ron ores - 4,8Electrical apparatus 3,3 Non ferrous ores - 3,5I ron Steel 2,9 Non-edible agricultural prod. - 2,6Miscellaneous hardware 2,8 Coals - 2,5Optics 2,6 Non ferrous metals - 2,4Miscellaneous manuf. articles 2,6 Natural gas - 2,2Plastic articles 2,4 Computer equipment - 2,0Yarns fabrics 2,3 Pharmaceuticals - 1,8


Cars and cycles 11,6 Crude oil - 15,9Engines 4,3 Natural gas - 6,9Vehicles components 3,9 Coals - 3,7I ron Steel 3,8 Meat - 2,8Ships 3,7 Non ferrous ores - 2,5Electrical apparatus 3,6 Knitwear - 2,4Electronic components 3,0 Clothing - 2,3Specialized machines 2,6 Leather - 2,0Plastic articles 2,1 Pharmaceuticals - 1,8Miscellaneous hardware 2,0 Other edible agricultural prod - 1,7



Energy Mining

I ndustry

AgricultureServices

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09



South African Union specialization

79




Energy Mining

I ndustry

AgricultureServices

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


J ewellery, works of art 32,0 Cars and cycles - 9,9Non ferrous ores 16,9 Telecommunications equipment - 7,2Non ferrous metals 14,8 Electrical apparatus - 6,9Iron Steel 11,0 Engines - 6,2Preserved fruits 9,1 Plastic articles - 5,9Sugar 6,8 Vehicles components - 5,8Other edible agricultural prod 5,4 Commercial vehicles - 5,1Cereals 4,2 Computer equipment - 4,5Non- edible agricultural prod. 4,2 Miscellaneous hardware - 3,5Unprocessed minerals n.e.s. 4,0 Aeronautics - 3,4


Non ferrous metals 30,5 Crude oil - 28,3Coals 15,2 Telecommunications equipment - 6,7Non ferrous ores 15,1 Computer equipment - 6,6I ron Steel 13,8 Pharmaceuticals - 4,9I ron ores 11,6 Vehicles components - 4,8Jewellery, works of art 11,4 Electrical apparatus - 4,0Non-monetary gold 8,8 Miscellaneous hardware - 3,9Other edible agricultural prod 7,1 Refined petroleum products - 3,6Basic inorganic chemicals 2,1 Precision instruments - 3,2Beverages 1,7 Miscellaneous manuf. articles - 3,0





Mexico specialization

80





Crude oil 4,1 Telecommunications equipment - 3,6Meat 2,7 Engines - 2,4Other edible agricultural prod 2,6 Vehicles components - 1,9Pharmaceuticals 2,5 Cars and cycles - 1,6Non ferrous metals 2,2 Specialized machines - 1,4Sugar 1,4 Computer equipment - 1,2Unprocessed minerals n.e.s. 1,3 Construction equipment - 1,0Non- edible agricultural prod. 1,2 Commercial vehicles - 1,0Cereals 1,0 Electrical apparatus - 0,9Non ferrous ores 0,9 Miscellaneous hardware - 0,9


Crude oil 27,2 Plastic articles - 9,6Consumer electronics 16,9 Refined petroleum products - 8,2Cars and cycles 10,7 Basic organic chemicals - 7,0Commercial vehicles 8,9 Optics - 5,7Precision instruments 4,1 Electronic components - 5,0Non- monetary gold 3,6 Miscellaneous hardware - 4,5Telecommunications equipment 3,6 Paper - 3,8Other edible agricultural prod 3,5 Iron Steel - 3,5Domestic electrical appliances 3,2 Specialized machines - 3,3Beverages 2,7 Cereals - 3,3



Energy Mining

I ndustryAgriculture

Services

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09



Brazil specialization

81





Other edible agricultural prod 10,8 Crude oil - 6,3Iron ores 4,2 Natural gas - 2,6Sugar 1,9 Telecommunications equipment - 1,4Non- edible agricultural prod. 1,8 Engines - 1,1Preserved fruits 1,3 Electrical apparatus - 1,1Iron Steel 1,0 Refined petroleum products - 1,0Animal food 0,9 Basic organic chemicals - 0,9Non ferrous ores 0,9 Miscellaneous hardware - 0,8Toiletries 0,6 Non ferrous metals - 0,7Meat 0,5 Aeronautics - 0,7


Other edible agricultural prod 10,2 Fertilizers - 3,0Iron ores 9,2 Telecommunications equipment - 2,6Sugar 4,2 Pharmaceuticals - 2,4Meat 4,2 Cars and cycles - 2,4Iron Steel 2,3 Computer equipment - 2,0Animal food 2,0 Specialized machines - 1,9Crude oil 1,6 Electrical apparatus - 1,9Paper 1,5 Precision instruments - 1,8Non ferrous ores 1,0 Plastic articles - 1,7Leather 0,9 Electronic components - 1,7



Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09



Egypt specialization

82




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Non- edible agricultural prod. 10,5 Cereal products - 3,0Yarns fabrics 8,6 Engines - 3,0Refined petroleum products 6,3 Electrical apparatus - 2,3Other edible agricultural prod 1,5 Telecommunications equipment - 1,8Cereals 1,2 Commercial vehicles - 1,8Furniture 0,7 Fats - 1,8Unprocessed minerals n.e.s. 0,7 Pharmaceuticals - 1,8Knitwear 0,7 Iron Steel - 1,7Clothing 0,6 Basic organic chemicals - 1,5Miscellaneous manuf. articles 0,6 Fertilizers - 1,2


Natural gas 25,3 Engines - 8,0Crude oil 16,9 Iron Steel - 7,8Refined petroleum products 12,8 Cereals - 6,3Other edible agricultural prod 5,3 Specialized machines - 5,8Fertilizers 5,0 Commercial vehicles - 4,3Clothing 4,5 Construction equipment - 3,8Knitwear 4,3 Cars and cycles - 3,8Carpets 3,1 Iron ores - 3,2Unprocessed minerals n.e.s. 2,6 Pharmaceuticals - 3,1Preserved fruits 1,4 Tubes - 3,0





Saudi Arabia specialization

83




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Crude oil 197,3 Pharmaceuticals - 17,4Refined petroleum products 36,6 Telecommunications equipment - 16,8Natural gas 10,7 Engines - 16,5Iron ores 0,0 Electrical apparatus - 16,4Electricity 0,0 Commercial vehicles - 16,0Non- monetary gold 0,0 Cars and cycles - 11,5

Miscellaneous hardware - 10,1Furniture - 9,3Construction equipment - 8,4Aeronautics - 7,3


Crude oil 225,3 Cars and cycles - 24,9Refined petroleum products 19,1 Engines - 21,5Natural gas 6,7 Cereals - 12,1Basic organic chemicals 5,5 Pharmaceuticals - 10,8Plastic articles 3,9 Telecommunications equipment - 10,4Fertilizers 0,6 Electrical apparatus - 9,9Non ferrous ores 0,4 Commercial vehicles - 9,5Electricity 0,0 Miscellaneous hardware - 9,5

Iron Steel - 8,9Aeronautics - 8,4





Nigeria specialization

84




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Crude oil 78,9 Pharmaceuticals - 7,9Other edible agricultural prod 11,4 Electrical apparatus - 6,4Fats 2,2 Miscellaneous hardware - 5,4Non ferrous metals 2,1 Cars and cycles - 5,3Non-edible agricultural prod. 2,0 Engines - 4,9Animal food 1,3 Commercial vehicles - 4,7Non ferrous ores 0,9 Telecommunications equipment - 4,4I ron ores 0,1 Yarns fabrics - 4,0Wood articles 0,0 Vehicles components - 3,4Electricity 0,0 Plastic articles - 3,2


Crude oil 210,8 Refined petroleum products - 32,5Natural gas 27,2 Cars and cycles - 18,5Other edible agricultural prod 7,3 Cereals - 13,0Non- edible agricultural prod. 0,6 Commercial vehicles - 12,8Non ferrous ores 0,3 Engines - 12,0Coals 0,2 Plastic articles - 11,0Manufactured tobaccos 0,1 Miscellaneous hardware - 10,9Leather 0,1 Specialized machines - 9,0I ron ores 0,0 Construction equipment - 8,9Coke 0,0 Telecommunications equipment - 8,6





India specialization

85




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Other edible agricultural prod 3,6 Basic organic chemicals - 2,0Yarns fabrics 3,1 Cereals - 1,6Carpets 2,4 Engines - 1,5I ron ores 2,4 Electrical apparatus - 1,2Leather 2,3 Fertilizers - 1,0Refined petroleum products 0,7 Electrical equipment - 0,8Animal food 0,7 Vehicles components - 0,8Jewellery, works of art 0,5 Non ferrous metals - 0,7Non ferrous ores 0,5 Telecommunications equipment- 0,7Clothing 0,3 Specialized machines - 0,6


Jewellery, works of art 17,3 Crude oil - 32,6Refined petroleum products 14,6 Non-monetary gold - 7,0Clothing 5,5 Coals - 4,4Pharmaceuticals 4,6 Telecommunications equipment- 2,6I ron ores 4,5 Fats - 2,3Knitwear 4,2 Fertilizers - 2,2Yarns fabrics 3,5 Computer equipment - 2,0Carpets 3,3 Specialized machines - 2,0Cereals 3,3 Natural gas - 1,9Leather 3,1 Non ferrous ores - 1,8





South Korea specialization

86




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Knitwear 15,8 Crude oil - 6,1Miscellaneous manuf. articles 9,6 Engines - 5,7Clothing 8,9 Commercial vehicles - 5,1Wood articles 7,6 Basic organic chemicals - 5,0Non ferrous ores 4,0 Refined petroleum products - 3,7Meat 3,8 Iron Steel - 3,3Leather 3,1 Ships - 3,1Yarns fabrics 2,7 Specialized machines - 3,0Electronic components 2,0 Electrical equipment - 2,3Other edible agricultural prod 1,3 Pharmaceuticals - 2,1


Ships 38,3 Crude oil - 64,2Telecommunications equipment 28,5 Natural gas - 21,3Cars and cycles 26,0 Coals - 11,7Optics 23,6 Non ferrous ores - 9,1Plastic articles 11,1 Iron ores - 6,2Vehicles components 8,7 Precision instruments - 4,2Refined petroleum products 7,9 Non ferrous metals - 3,6Yarns fabrics 5,1 Specialized machines - 3,5Consumer electronics 3,4 Meat - 3,4Commercial vehicles 2,8 Cereals - 3,4





Taiwan specialization

87




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Computer equipment 26,9 Non- monetary gold - 240,1Plastic articles 12,9 Electronic components - 33,3Telecommunications equipment 12,4 Crude oil - 19,9Consumer electronics 11,0 Basic organic chemicals - 12,3Knitwear 9,6 Natural gas - 11,9Miscellaneous hardware 8,8 Engines - 6,8Leather 8,2 Iron Steel - 6,2Clothing 8,2 Refined petroleum products - 5,1Miscellaneous manuf. articles 6,6 Pharmaceuticals - 4,0Electrical apparatus 6,2 Precision instruments - 3,6


Optics 26,1 Crude oil - 66,2Electronic components 25,0 Natural gas - 15,3Electrical apparatus 21,9 Coals - 14,2Plastic articles 19,6 Non ferrous metals - 10,3Miscellaneous hardware 17,4 Iron ores - 8,4Yarns fabrics 13,9 Specialized machines - 7,7Telecommunications equipment 10,8 Engines - 6,1Refined petroleum products 7,3 Paints - 5,7Computer equipment 7,1 Toiletries - 5,6Miscellaneous manuf. articles 6,8 Precision instruments - 5,5





Russian Federation specialization

88




Energy Mining

I ndustry

Agriculture

Services

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200


Crude oil 59,1 Other edible agricultural prod - 7,8Refined petroleum products 25,9 Pharmaceuticals - 7,7Natural gas 21,0 Cars and cycles - 7,4Non ferrous metals 6,0 Engines - 6,4Iron Steel 5,9 Telecommunications equipment - 6,0Coals 5,0 Specialized machines - 5,9Fertilizers 2,7 Miscellaneous hardware - 5,5Cereals 1,9 Computer equipment - 5,3Basic inorganic chemicals 1,8 Meat - 5,2Non- edible agricultural prod. 1,3 Plastic articles - 4,9




Ukraine specialization

89




Energy Mining

I ndustry

AgricultureServices

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80


Iron Steel 101,0 Natural gas - 52,1Cereals 25,4 Crude oil - 22,8Iron ores 17,3 Plastic articles - 12,7Tubes 16,9 Pharmaceuticals - 11,7Fats 12,6 Refined petroleum products - 9,5Other edible agricultural prod 5,6 Cars and cycles - 7,8Commercial vehicles 4,3 Vehicles components - 7,0Fertilizers 3,8 Meat - 6,9Basic inorganic chemicals 3,4 Toiletries - 6,8Sugar 3,0 Specialized machines - 6,6

Strong points Weak points2009



China specialization

90




Energy Mining

I ndustry

AgricultureServices

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09


Other edible agricultural prod 1,2 Iron Steel - 1,4Miscellaneous manuf. articles 0,9 Basic organic chemicals - 1,4Meat 0,8 Tubes - 0,8Yarns fabrics 0,7 Fertilizers - 0,7Clothing 0,6 Precision instruments - 0,5Preserved fruits 0,4 Machine tools - 0,4Leather 0,3 Plastic articles - 0,4Coals 0,3 Engines - 0,3Non ferrous ores 0,3 Non ferrous metals - 0,3Knitwear 0,2 Commercial vehicles - 0,3


Computer equipment 17,1 Crude oil - 18,7Telecommunications equipment 14,0 Electronic components - 12,2Miscellaneous manuf. articles 10,0 Iron ores - 11,1Leather 8,6 Non ferrous ores - 6,5Knitwear 8,3 Non ferrous metals - 6,1Clothing 7,9 Optics - 5,9Consumer electronics 6,4 Plastic articles - 5,5Furniture 4,5 Basic organic chemicals - 5,0Miscellaneous hardware 3,7 Other edible agricultural prod - 4,1Domestic electrical appliances 3,6 Non- edible agricultural prod. - 3,1





Appendix



Geographical classification

92

3 continents 6 regions 10 zones of which Other countries

America North America (a) North America(a) CanadaMexico

United States

South and Central America South and Central America and the Caribbean (b) and the Caribbean (b) Brazil Argentina

ChileColombia

PeruVenezuela



Geographical classification (continued)

93


Europe Europe European Union (c) EU15 Austria

Euro Zone (d) Belgium

Africa France Bulgaria

Germany (e) Czech Republic

Middle East Italy Cyprus United Kingdom Denmark

EstoniaFinlandGreece

HungaryIrelandLatvia

LithuaniaLuxembourg

MaltaNetherlands

PolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSlovenia

SpainSweden

Other Europe Turkey

CIS Russian FederationUkraine

Africa Middle East Middle East, Maghreb EgyptSaudi Arabia

Sub-saharan Africa NigeriaSouth Africa



Geographical classification (continued)

94


Asia Oceania Japan Japan Japan

Other Asia Oceania East and South East Asia ASEAN 10 Hong KongChinea

South KoreaTaiwan

Oceania and other Asia Australia New ZealandIndia

Other Asia and Oceania

(a) including Mexico in the new harmonized classification of the WTO that can be found in the new issue of Internaétional Trade Statistics.(b) South and Central America and the Caribbean is referred to as South America(c) European Union 27 (including Bulgaria, Romania)(d) Euro Zone 13 : Austria, Belgium, Espagne, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, including Slovenia.(e) Former East Germany included since 1991.(f) ASEAN 10 :Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonésia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.



Sectoral classification*

• • Energy• IA Coals• IB Crude oil• IC Natural gas• IG Coke• IH Refined petroleum products• II Electricity•• Food agriculture • JA Cereals• JB Other edible agricultural products• JC Non-edible agricultural products• KA Cereal products• KB Fats• KC Meat• KD Preserved meat/fish• KE Preserved fruits• KF Sugar• KG Animal food• KH Beverages• KI Manufactured tobaccos•• Textiles• DA Yarns fabrics• DB Clothing• DC Knitwear• DD Carpets• DE Leather•

• Wood Paper• EA Wood articles• EB Furniture• EC Paper• ED Printing• EE Miscellaneous manuf. articles

•• Chemicals• BA Cement• BB Ceramics• BC Glass• GA Basic inorganic chemicals• GB Fertilizers• GC Basic organic chemicals• GD Paints• GE Toiletries• GF Pharmaceuticals• GG Plastics• GH Plastic articles• GI Rubber articles (incl.types)• HC Unprocessed minerals n.e.s.



Sectoral classification* (continued)

• Iron & Steel• CA Iron Steel• CB Tubes• HA Iron ores•• Non ferrous• CC Non ferrous metals• HB Non ferrous ores•• Machinery• FA Metallic structures• FB Miscellaneous hardware• FC Engines• FD Agricultural equipment• FE Machine tools• FF Construction equipment• FG Specialized machines• FH Arms• FV Ships• FW Aeronautics•• Vehicles• FS Vehicles components• FT Cars and cycles• FU Commercial vehicles

• Electrical• FP Domestic electrical appliances• FQ Electrical equipment• FR Electrical apparatus•• Electronic• FI Precision instruments• FJ Clockmaking• FK Optics• FL Electronic components• FM Consumer electronics• FN Telecommunications equipment• FO Computer equipment

* CHELEM-International Trade sectoral classification in 71 categories of products, aggregated in 11 chains.



“CHELEM - International Trade: new classifications”, A. de Saint Vaulry, The CEPII NewsLetter, Databases, n°37, 2nd Quarter, 2008.

«Base de données CHELEM-commerce international du CEPII», A. de Saint Vaulry, Document de travail du CEPII, n°2008-09, juin, 2008.

“CHELEM-GDP: New Basis for PPP Calculation”, C. Herzog et D. Ünal-Kesenci, The CEPII NewsLetter, Databases, n°36, 1st Quarter, 2008.

«Mondialisation des services: de la mesure à l’analyse», I. Bensidoun et D. Ünal-Kesenci, Document de travail du CEPII, n°2007-14, août, 2007.

«Base de données CHELEM-BAL du CEPII», H. Boumellessa et D. Ünal-Kesenci, Document de travail du CEPII, n°2006-08, mars, 2006.

Nations et Mondialisation, G. Lafay, M. Freudenberg, C. Herzog et D. Ünal-Kesenci, Economica, 1999.

Compétitivité des Nations, rapport collectif du CEPII sous la direction de M. Fouquin, Economica, 1998.

«CHELEM, la base de données du CEPII sur CD-ROM», CEPII, juillet, 1997.

“CHELEM, the CEPII database on CD-ROM”, CEPII , July, 1997.

«Les indicateurs de spécialisation internationale», G. Lafay, Document de travail du CEPII, n°88-01, janvier, 1988.

References

world economic overview

Documents