J u n e 2 0 1 4

Abstract

This review examines World Bank support to social safety nets between FY07–FY13, including both financing and knowledge services. During this time period World Bank financing for safety nets totaled just over US$12 billion, 273 financing activities in 93 Countries, the World Bank spent approximately US$118 million on 281 safety net studies and supported approximately 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering in 24 countries. Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 received little or no safety net support from the World Bank prior to Fiscal Year 2007. The growth in Bank support is especially notable during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises. The analysis delves into these trends by region, type of intervention and instruments involved. Finally, it delineates implications and outlook for the future based on lessons learned, results measured and evaluative evidence.

World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007–2013

A Review of Financing, Knowledge Services and Results

Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu and Dahye Seo

D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R NO. 1422

© 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

About this series...

Social Protection & Labor Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of The World Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. This paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate for formally edited texts.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

For more information, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Room G7-803, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: socialprotection@worldbank.org or visit us on-line at www.worldbank.org/spl.

World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007-2013:

A Review of Financing, Knowledge Services and Results

Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu and Dahye Seo

June 2014

2

Abstract

This review examines World Bank support to social safety nets between FY07-FY13, including both financing and knowledge services. During this time period World Bank financing for safety nets totaled just over US$ 12 billion, 273 financing activities in 93 Countries, the World Bank spent approximately US$118 million on 281 safety net studies and supported approximately 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering in 24 countries. Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 received little or no safety net support from the World Bank prior to Fiscal Year 2007. The growth in Bank support is especially notable during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises. The analysis delves into these trends by region, type of intervention and instruments involved. Finally, it delineates implications and outlook for the future based on lessons learned, results measured and evaluative evidence. Keywords: Social Protection and Labor, Social Safety Nets, Financing, Knowledge Services, Impact Evaluation

JEL Classification: I380 Welfare and Poverty: Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare

Programs

Acknowledgements

This paper was written by Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu, and Dahye Seo. Peer review feedback was provided by Margaret Grosh, Penelope Williams, and Peter Pojarski. We are grateful for overall guidance from Ruslan Yemtsov and Anush Bezhanyan. Helpful feedback and inputs were also received from Arup Banerji, Laura Rawlings, Mark Sundberg, Briana Wilson, Hideki Mori, and Gisela M. Garcia. Special thanks to Sophie Warlop for continued inputs and quality checks of data and Ana Veronica Lopez for her inputs on impact evaluations. The authors alone are responsible for the contents of this final version. Moreover, the opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, its executive directors or the countries they represent. We are grateful to Fiona Mackintosh for editorial assistance and to Raiden Dillard, Michael Weber and Amira Nikolas for assistance with the final publication.

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Acronyms

AFR Sub-Saharan Africa region

AIM Africa Impact Evaluation Initiative CCT Conditional Cash Transfer CoP Community of practice CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment DID Difference-in-Difference approach DIME Development Impact Evaluation DPL Development Policy Lending DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAP East Asia and Pacific region ECA Europe and Central Asia region ESW Economic Sector Work FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GFRP Global Food Crisis Response Program GNI Gross National Income IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association IEG Independent Evaluation Group IPA Innovations for Poverty Action Lab JERP Joint Economic Research Program JPAL Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab LAC Latin America and the Caribbean region LIC Lower Income Country MIC Middle Income Country MNA Middle East and North Africa region P4R Program-for-Results PAD Project Appraisal Document PSM Propensity score matching PWP Public Works Program RAS Reimbursable Advisory Service RSR Rapid Social Response SAR South Asia region SIEF Spanish Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) SPL Social Protection and Labor SSA Sub-Saharan Africa region SSN Social Safety Net TA Technical Assistance TF Trust Fund TTL Task Team Leader UCT Unconditional Cash Transfer UN United Nations 3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation

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Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7 II. CONTEXT .................................................................................................................... 9 III. METHODOLOGY OF THE PORTFOLIO REVIEW ...................................................................... 13

DEFINITIONS AND KEY TERMS ..................................................................................................... 13

ACCOUNTING FOR SOCIAL SAFETY NET FINANCING .......................................................................... 17

DATA AND RESOURCES USED TO EXAMINE FINANCING AND KNOWLEDGE SERVICES AND RESULTS ............ 18

LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 20

IV. REVIEW OF FY2007-2013 SOCIAL SAFETY NET FINANCING .................................................. 22 OVERALL FINANCING PORTFOLIO FY07-13 ................................................................................... 22

IDA AND IBRD ALLOCATIONS ..................................................................................................... 26

TRUST FUND ASSISTANCE IN THE SAFETY NETS PORTFOLIO ............................................................... 30

TYPES OF INTERVENTIONS........................................................................................................... 32

LENDING BY REGION ................................................................................................................. 34

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA) ..................................................................................................... 36

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC) .................................................................................. 38

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) .............................................................................................. 40

EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) .................................................................................................... 42

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) ................................................................................... 43

SOUTH ASIA REGION (SAR) ....................................................................................................... 45

LENDING BY INSTRUMENT .......................................................................................................... 46

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOMES .................................................................................................... 48

PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................................ 50

V. KNOWLEDGE SERVICES ................................................................................................. 52 ECONOMIC SECTOR WORK (ESW) AND NON-LENDING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (TA) ............................ 52

IMPACT EVALUATIONS ............................................................................................................... 59

SOUTH-SOUTH LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE AND OTHER TRAINING SERVICES ....................... 61

VI. DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 69 WORLD BANK SAFETY NET OPERATIONS ....................................................................................... 69

MAJOR LESSONS LEARNED ......................................................................................................... 70

THE EVOLVING NATURE OF SOCIAL SAFETY NET PROVISION .............................................................. 73

LESSONS FROM KNOWLEDGE SERVICES ......................................................................................... 75

LINKS BETWEEN FINANCING AND KNOWLEDGE ACTIVITIES ................................................................ 76

KNOWLEDGE CHALLENGES AT COUNTRY AND GLOBAL LEVEL ............................................................... 76

EVALUATING AND MEASURING RESULTS ....................................................................................... 78

RESULTS FROM IMPACT EVALUATIONS .......................................................................................... 80

VII. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 90

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List of Figures

Figure 1: World Bank Financing for Safety Nets, FY02-13 ..................................................... 10

Figure 2: Social Safety Net Functions Supported by World Bank Projects ............................ 25

Figure 3a/b: Allocation to Theme 54 and Number of Financing Activities, IDDA and IBRD

FY07-13 ................................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 4a/b: Trend in TF espenditures (US$m and % by region) ........................................... 31

Figure 5: Number of Social Safety Net Activities by Type, FY07-13....................................... 32

Figure 6: Amounts Allocated to Social Safety Net Activities and Number of Financing

Activities by Region, FY07-13 (US$ billion) ............................................................................. 34

Figure 7a/b: Number of financing amounts allocated to SS .................................................. 36

Figure 8a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN ................ 38

Figure 9a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in ECA,

FY07-13 ................................................................................................................................... 40

Figure Figure 10a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in

ECA, FY07-13 ........................................................................................................................... 42

Figure 11a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in MNA 44

Figure 12a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in SAR

FY07-13 ................................................................................................................................... 45

Figure 13 a/b: Allocation to Theme 54 by Type of Lending Instrument and Number of

Operations by Lending Type FY07-13 ..................................................................................... 47

Figure 14: Percentage of Projects with a Performance Rating of Moderately Satisfactory or

Higher, by Region .................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 15: Additional IEG ratings, percentage of projects with a performance rating of

moderately satisfactory or higher by income level ................................................................ 49

Figure 16: Knowledge Services Theme 54, FY07-13 by output typee .................................... 53

Figure 17: ESW and TA by region, % of total ......................................................................... 54

Figure 18a/b: Regional distribution of Impact Evaluations and Types of SSN itnerventions

studied in Impact Evaluations ................................................................................................. 59

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List of Tables

Table 1: Types of Social Safety Net Interventions ................................................................. 14

Table 2a: Lending Commitments for Safety Nets, by region and fiscal year ......................... 22

Table 2b: Number of Projects with Safety Net Components, ............................................... 22

Table 3: Amounts Allocated to Social Safety Net Activities and Number of Financing

Activities by Region, FY07-13 (US$ billion) ............................................................................. 35

Table 4: Percentage of Projects with Moderately Satisfactory or ......................................... 48

Table 5: Safety Nets portfolio performance .......................................................................... 51

Table 6: Influential Country and Regional Knowledge Activities, ESW and TA (2007-2013) . 56

Table 7: RAS Activities in the Safety Net Knowledge Services Portfolio, FY07-13 ................. 59

Table 8: Flagship Global Knowledge Products ....................................................................... 67

Table 9: Select Corporate Scorecard Indicators for Human Development and Gender ....... 79

List of Boxes

Box 1: A Retrospective Look at the World Bank Safety Net Portfolio for 2002-2007………....12

Box 2: Flagship Operations in IDA Countries ………………………………………….………………....….....27

Box 3: Flagship Operations in IBRD Countries……………………………………………………………...……30

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I. Introduction

Social safety nets have become a highly visible part of the global development agenda. With

growing evidence base on their positive impact – from both low- and middle-income

countries – there has been an explosion of interest in the design and implementation of

safety net programs in recent years. Adding to the flagship examples such as Mexico, Brazil,

Ethiopia, and Bangladesh, there is a new generation of countries emerging with robust

safety net systems including Niger, Cameroun, Rwanda, and Pakistan. The aspirations of

individual countries are reflected by with growing calls at the global level for social

protection to be featured on the post-2015 development agenda.

Against this dynamic backdrop, this review aims to examine World Bank support to social

safety nets between FY07-FY13, including both financing and knowledge services. The

review will examine the entire portfolio, drawing on the considerable amount of data and

literature that has been generated in recent years. The analysis will pay particular attention

to shifts in the portfolio, including any change in: (i) support for safety nets in low- and

middle-income countries within regions; (ii) the most common types of safety net

interventions used; and (iii) the results achieved in various settings. The analysis builds on a

previous portfolio review entitled Social Safety Nets in World Bank Lending and Analytical

Work: FY2002-2007,1 which provided a strong comparative baseline for how World Bank

support for social safety nets has recently evolved.

The analysis confirms a surge of interest among developing countries in social safety net

support from the World Bank, particularly around the time of the food, fuel, and financial

(FFF) crises of FY09-11). The bulk of the Bank’s increased financing commitments were

made to middle-income countries that already had social safety nets in place, while the

number of new commitments has been highest in IDA countries that have only limited

1 Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

8

safety net provision in place. Significantly, the review highlights a recent convergence in the

Bank’s provision of support to low-income and middle-income support for safety net

activities worldwide.

The analysis also highlights the importance of knowledge services within the portfolio. In

recent years, the Bank’s analytical work has shifted from stand-alone reports to a more

programmatic approach in which diverse and tailor-made technical assistance is provided to

partner countries, often leading to subsequent financing for country operations. A hallmark

of the Bank’s work on knowledge services has been to facilitate the sharing of information,

best practices, and lessons learned between different countries, which have created a

vibrant community of global safety net practitioners worldwide. It is notable that safety net

projects tend to perform better, on average, than the World Bank’s portfolio as a whole. A

wealth of recent impact evaluation studies have shown that safety nets have had a direct

and significant effect in reducing poverty and narrowing inequality while also improving

other developmental outcomes.

This report highlights the progress that has been made in the Bank’s provision of support

for safety nets. It finds that the World Bank’s growing safety nets portfolio is adjusting to

different country scenarios and is increasingly moving towards building systems rather than

supporting individual programs. The Bank is also moving towards a pro-cyclical financing

model, in which support for safety nets continues beyond periods of crisis, while continuing

to focus on addressing the needs of those in the bottom 40 percent of the income

distribution. There is a strong evidence base charting the success and impact of Bank-

supported safety net programs in a diverse range of settings, including low income and

fragile settings. This evidence base is helping to improve the administration of safety net

programs and to codify knowledge on key program processes such as enrollment,

registration, verification, and monitoring and evaluation. A key lesson from many

operations is the importance of strong political leadership and governance to sustain such

advances.

9

At the same time, the review highlights a range of challenges. While the World Bank

business model in safety nets has clearly expanded in recent years, what are its limits in

terms of country coverage? As the World Bank sharpens its focus on poverty reduction and

shared prosperity, will safety net operations require greater selectivity? How can safety

nets maintain their flexibility to respond to shocks and crisis, whilest also moving towards a

longer terms systems approach. Given its retrospective nature, it is beyond the scope of this

paper to fully address these challenges, but it is expected that the analysis will increase

global knowledge and inform debate on safety nets and on the Bank’s support for them.

II. Context

Over the last decade, World Bank support for safety nets can most vividly be seen in

financing levels, which have been consistently high with growing regional diversification

(see Figure 1). This review focuses particularly on the period between 2007 and 2013, a

period that was dramatically shaped by events related to the global economic crisis. In

particular the fuel, food, and financial crises highlighted the importance of well-designed

social safety nets for reducing poverty and vulnerability and precipitated a wave of interest

in introducing safety nets, especially in IDA countries.2

2 Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

10

Figure 1: World Bank Financing for Safety Nets, FY02-13

In this broad context, the Bank’s support for safety nets has evolved in a positive direction

towards becoming more integrated and programmatic. In recent years the Bank has begun

moving from a project-focused approach that emphasized delivery of social assistance

benefits to an approach that focuses on helping countries to build safety net systems and

institutions to respond better to poverty, risk, and vulnerability. Stronger demand for safety

net support in middle-income countries (MICs) in the past led to the Bank being significantly

more involved in other countries than in low-income countries (LICs). The recent global

crisis caused the Bank to expand its support into 42 new countries, many of which are LICs.

The Bank’s support to safety nets has consisted of both financing and knowledge sharing. At

present, the World Bank has an active portfolio in 122 countries and regions, in 57 of which

it is providing both financing and knowledge services, in 34 of which it is providing

knowledge services alone, and in 31 of which it is providing just financing. As an increasing

number of governments look to build safety net systems, they are often faced hard choices

about the type, affordability, and sustainability of social protection initiatives, particularly

those in fragile states. By supporting both lending and grant operations, the Bank has been

able to give countries flexibility and has provided them with predictable funding within a

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long-term planning framework. Central to this support has been the dissemination and

sharing of knowledge through technical assistance, training, and south-south learning

events. In this context, trust funds have become an increasingly important part of the

Bank’s financing services, catalyzing both policy dialogue and support in low-income

settings.

The Bank’s strong engagement in the area of safety nets is reflected in the key findings of

the World Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group’s Evaluation on Safety Nets in 2010. It was

also an important component of the Bank’s recent Social Protection and Labor Strategy

2012-2022, which signaled an important shift towards integrating safety nets within the

broader social protection system to respond to country-level poverty, risks, and

vulnerabilities.3 The strategy aims to build sustainable and affordable safety nets in each

developing country while enabling them to invest in their human capital, thus increasing

their resilience, productivity, and their ability to access jobs and take advantage of

opportunities. With this aim in mind, the World Bank is developing country-specific tools

and approaches, investing in knowledge, data, and analysis, providing rapid-reaction policy

advice, and undertaking continuous technical assistance and capacity-building. In particular,

the Bank’s Rapid Social Response program is helping low-income countries to build social

protection systems that will protect their people during future crises. The Bank also

supports a diverse set of safety net interventions, ranging from cash transfers to labor-

intensive public works to school feeding programs.

Finally, it should be noted that the current review builds on a previous analysis of the safety

nets portfolio conducted during the time period 2002-2007.4 Because the previous study

used comparable data and methodology to the current review, it provides a useful

benchmark against which to assess what progress the Bank has made on safety nets since

then. Box 1 highlights the key findings of the previous review.

3 World Bank (2012b)

4 Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

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Box 1: A Retrospective Look at the World Bank Safety Net Portfolio for 2002-2007

Grosh and Milazzo (2008) identified a portfolio of 145 operations with active safety net components during the 2002-2007 period. The value of these components was US$3.4 billion dollars. Nine percent of all World Bank projects in those five years included safety nets, though these were usually a small share of the overall loan. Limited comparisons with a previous portfolio showed that there had been a larger number of loans in every year from FY98, the year before the social risk management framework that underlies the Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy was written. The size of the portfolio varied at different times as it was expanded when large or multiple countries were faced with economic crises. The share of the safety nets portfolio between IDA and IBRD countries was about the same as for the Bank’s overall portfolio. The safety nets portfolio was dominated by Latin America and the Caribbean both in terms of the number of projects and of dollars. The portfolio was nearly evenly divided between cash programs, various types of non-cash programs, public works, and technical assistance in that order, with much smaller amounts going to micro-finance, “other,” and food-related projects. Despite the ubiquitous appearance of the conditional cash transfer (CCT) in the literature at that time, the CCT portfolio was fairly small. The most common theme in analytical work on safety nets was cash transfers, with non-cash programs running second, and public works a distant third. A hallmark of the portfolio was the existence of a large number of credible impact evaluations of the main interventions, especially conditional cash transfers and public works programs. The assessment of current trends, country needs, and other factors suggested that the portfolio would continue to be active going forward, with a greater balance among the regions. The following areas were projected to be the main focus of the future portfolio: • Implementing safety nets in the low-income countries of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa • Lending for CCTs in more countries • Continuing to support institutional issues (such as targeting, decentralization, and improved service delivery), particularly in middle-income countries • Addressing policy issues throughout the portfolio, particularly how safety nets fit into the poverty reduction and social policies of each country.

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III. Methodology of the Portfolio Review

Definitions and Key Terms

This report defines social safety nets (SSNs) as non-contributory transfer programs that

target the poor and vulnerable. They are also referred to as social assistance or social

welfare in some countries. In most countries, safety nets operate within a broader poverty

reduction strategy that also includes social insurance, health, education, and financial

services, the provision of utilities and roads, and other policies aimed at reducing poverty

and managing risk. SSNs play four major roles: (i) redistributing income to reduce poverty

and inequality; (ii) enabling better human capital investments: (iii) helping households to

manage risk: and (iv) offering social protection to those negatively affected by government

reforms aimed at increasing efficiency and growth.5

The safety net programs listed in the inventory in Table 1 follow the same categories as

used by Grosh and Milazzo (2008), which are cash transfers (both means-tested and

categorical), non-cash (in-kind) transfers (including food or energy price subsidies for

households), and others (including public work schemes and microcredit). This review adds

several categories of technical assistance because of the surge in this type of work in recent

years.

5 Grosh et al (2008)

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Table 1: Types of Social Safety Net Interventions

Cash Transfers

Conditional cash transfer (CCTs) Social assistance / income support Family/child allowance Non-contributory pensions Disability benefits

Non-cash Transfers

Food transfers (including nutrition programs) Basic transfers Education-related (school vouchers, scholarships, fee waivers) Training for beneficiaries Health-related (fee waivers and exemptions for health care services) Energy subsidies Housing (including housing assistance )

Short-term Employment, Income Generation

Public works Microcredit / income-generation opportunities

Other activities Capacity Building and Institutional Improvements

Strengthening of the institutional capacity of governments (including improvements in the administration, coverage, and targeting of social safety nets)

Support for social sector reforms (including performance evaluations and/or the public monitoring of social sector programs)

Source: Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

The first group, cash programs, consists of programs that provide recipients with transfers

in cash targeted either by means (needs-based income support programs) or by category of

recipient (such as child allowances, non-contributory pensions for the elderly, and disability

benefits). It also includes conditional cash transfers (CCTs), which have become increasingly

popular since they were first found to be effective in Latin America. CCTs aim to reduce

poverty in the short term by providing cash transfers and in the longer term by making the

receipt of the transfers conditional on the recipients making investments in their human

capital (for example, by requiring them to make use of education and health facilities).

The non-cash category includes food-based programs (such as school feeding, maternal

child supplements, and food rations), training opportunities for beneficiaries (for example,

basic life skills training or vocational skills training), fee waivers or subsidies for health and

education services, and price subsidies for energy or housing.

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The third set of interventions consists of public works, micro-credit, and other income-

generating activities. Public works are the most important SSN intervention within this

category. Public works typically provides low-skilled employment opportunities (for

example, constructing or rehabilitating much-needed public infrastructure) to the poor who

are willing to work for a low wage paid either in cash or in kind. This category also includes

micro-credit programs and support for small-scale income-generating activities.

The final group of interventions aims to build capacity and improve institutions. Their

purpose is to strengthen the institutional capacity of key government agencies to improve

the administration, coverage, and targeting of social safety net programs. Some other

interventions in this category aim to encourage the development of a harmonized social

safety net system within a given country. In this area, the Bank often monitors or carries out

performance evaluations of the main social sector programs for the client country.

The World Bank has defined social protection as systems, policies, and programs that aim to

promote resilience, enhance equity, and build opportunities for all (World Bank, 2012a)

Social protection directly increases resilience by helping people to insure themselves against

any deterioration in their well-being as a result of different types of shocks and improves

equity by reducing poverty and destitution and promoting equality of opportunity. Social

protection also promotes opportunity by building human capital, assets, and access to jobs

and by freeing families to make productive investments because of their greater sense of

security. Through this assistance, social protection aims to contribute to poverty reduction

and equitable growth, specifically by focusing on: (i) protection to ensure adequate support

to the poor; (ii) prevention to provide security to vulnerable people; and (iii) promotion to

increase the chances for them to raise their productivity and their incomes.

The Bank defines “low-income” and “middle-income” countries as those countries that are

eligible to borrow from the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) or

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) respectively. (They will

16

henceforth be referred to in this report as IDA and IBRD countries.) As of July 1, 2013, low-

income economies are those that had per capita GNI of US$1,035 or less in 2012, with

exceptions for countries that have recently emerged from conflict or are small island

economies. IBRD countries are divided into lower-middle-income economies with a per

capita GNI of US$1,036 to US$4,085 and upper-middle-income economies with per capita

GNI of US$4,086 to US$12,615. This report defines “fragile situations” as those countries

that have an average institutional rating of 3.2 or less on the Bank’s Country Policy and

Institutional Assessment (CPIA) or that have had a United Nations (UN) and/or regional

peace‐keeping or peace‐building mission in their soil during the previous three years. During

FY12, 33 countries worldwide were recognized by the Bank as being fragile and

conflict‐affected, 19 of which were in Africa. Of these 33, with the exception of Iraq and the

West Bank and Gaza, all were also IDA‐eligible countries.

Financing services refers to the mix of loans, credits, and grants that the World Bank

provides to member countries in order to meet their development challenges. The three

main financing instruments include: (i) investment project financing; (ii) development policy

lending; and (iii) program-for-results operations. Investment projects provide funding (in

the form of IBRD loans or IDA credits and grants) to governments to cover specific

expenditures related to economic and social development projects.6 Development policy

operations provide budget support to governments for policy and institutional reforms

aimed at achieving a set of specific development results. Program-for-results operations

(P4R) support the performance of government programs by strengthening institutions and

building capacity and by linking the disbursement of funds directly to the delivery of defined

results. In addition to these three kinds of financing services, the World Bank’s support for

member countries also comes in the form of trust funds/grants, which are accounted for

separately from the Bank’s own resources. Trust funds are financial and administrative

arrangements that the World Bank has with an external donor that provide countries with

6 Over the past two decades, investment operations have made up about 75 to 80 percent of the Bank's

portfolio.

17

grants, credits, loans, or guarantees for high-priority development needs, such as technical

assistance, advisory services, debt relief, post-conflict transition, and co-financing.

Knowledge services refer to the non-lending segment of World Bank support, which usually

takes the form of research, analysis and technical assistance. This category typically

includes: (i) economic and sector work and non-lending technical assistance; (ii) impact

evaluations; (iii) South-South learning and knowledge exchanges and other training services;

and (iv) contributions to global knowledge e.g. data, flagship publications (v) services also

include reimbursable advisory services, which aim to help member governments to adopt

policies, programs, and reforms that can lead to greater economic growth and poverty

reduction. Each government pays the Bank for receiving these services.

Accounting for Social Safety Net Financing

The Bank assigns sector and theme codes to investment lending and other activities that

directly serve an external client.7 As of 2001, the World Bank task team leaders have been

assigning up to five thematic codes to projects. Thematic code 54 is meant to capture social

safety net activities (sometimes referred to as social assistance) within the World Bank’s

financing and knowledge services. The guidance note for theme coding defines Thematic

Code 54 as: “Activities intended to provide social assistance or social care services targeted

in some way to the poor and vulnerable (such as in-kind or cash assistance to poor and

vulnerable individuals or families, including assistance to help them to cope with the

consequences of economic or other shocks).”8

Theme 54 includes cash benefits to poor and vulnerable groups (such as conditional and

non-conditional cash transfers), in-kind benefits (such as food/energy/transport vouchers),

subsidies for goods consumed (such as rice subsidies or rebates for electricity), subsidies for

7 World Bank internal website under Operations Policy and Country Services

8 World Bank internal website under Operations Policy and Country Services

18

services (such as fee waivers or subsidized connections to utilities), workfare programs

(such as cash-for-work), and institutional strengthening/capacity building for SSN programs.

The World Bank Business Warehouse serves as an internal information management system

that tracks data on the Bank’s financing and knowledge services.9 For the purpose of this

portfolio review, the Business Warehouse was used to extract information on both

financing and knowledge services that had been categorized as Theme 54. The analysis only

includes Theme 54 activities, as this is the current institutional theme code for safety nets.

Data and Resources Used to Examine Financing and Knowledge Services and Results

The main data that were used to quantify and evaluate the Bank’s financing and knowledge

services and results were extracted from the World Bank’s Business Warehouse system and

were valid as of July 8th, 2013. According to the financing data, there were 273 projects

approved between FY07 and FY13. All 273 projects identified as containing safety nets

(Theme 54) were included in the analysis, regardless of the amount allocated to safety nets

within the overall project. Information on knowledge services was also extracted from

Business Warehouse system, including all economic and sector work (ESW) and non-lending

technical assistance (TA) approved between FY07 and FY13 that was assigned as Theme 54.

A total of 281 activities were included in the analysis, 47 percent of which were EW and 53

percent were TA. Finally, the Independent Evaluation Group’s outcome ratings on

implementation completion reports for completed projects were reviewed.

The review also included an extensive literature review of key documents. For the financing

review, the second stage of the portfolio analysis involved a review of project appraisal

documents (PADs) for all 273 projects. Following the same categories as were used in Grosh

and Milazzo (2008), each project was categorized by fiscal year, region, country, project

title, total amount of financing committed, whether it was an IBRD loan or an IDA grant,

9 Data valid as of July 8

th, 2013

19

which sector board was supervising , country eligibility, theme allocation, type of financing

instrument, and type of SSN intervention. Some additional categories were subsequently

added: the number of project beneficiaries (as one of the main project indicators), which

donors/partners were involved, what co-financing was available, description on how project

links to wider safety net system, and the project development objectives (see Annex 1 for

the full SSN portfolio used in this review). For the knowledge services analysis, data and

statistics on knowledge-sharing activities including south-south learning forums, and

training were also gleaned from various publications, issue briefs, and Rapid Social

Response Annual Reports.

The review also included a careful analysis of the impact evaluations for Bank-supported

social safety net projects between 2007 and 2013. Building on the f the Independent

Evaluation Group’s 2011 meta-analysis, the database was updated as of July 2013.10 After

careful quality verification, a total of 52 additional impact evaluations were added to the

existing database. Currently, the database contains 220 impact evaluations published

between 1999 and 2013, and 129 of them study the impact of the Bank-supported

interventions. This review focused on findings from the evaluations that were carried out

between 2007 and 2013 and examined key results and trends in those evaluations. Impact

evaluations were considered to be credible if they met four criteria: (i) they had a

development focus; (ii) they included counterfactuals; (iii) they were robust; and (iv) they

included quality checks11

10

IEG (2011b) 11 As part of this review, all evaluations carried out between 2010 and 2013 were identified from World Bank impact evaluation databases, academic journals, institutions, experts, and the teams involved directly in impact evaluations. The specific World Bank databases used were the Africa Impact Evaluation Initiative (AIM), the Development Impact Evaluation (DIME), the Spanish Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF), and the Social Protection Publication Database. The institutions consulted were the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JPAL), the Innovations for Poverty Action Lab (IPA), and the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie). Each evaluation that was considered in this review followed the same search methodology, screening process, and cataloguing definitions as the initial IEG meta-analysis (IEG, 2011b).

20

Finally, the review team consulted knowledgeable Bank staff and the Independent

Evaluation Group (IEG). In particular, the complete financing portfolio was cross-checked

with similar exercises completed by the IEG in their evaluation of the Bank’s safety net

support between 2000 and 2010 and others that are currently ongoing.12 The cross-check

revealed important differences in the eligible pool of projects analyzed by the IEG, the main

distinction being the omission of additional financing, development policy loans (DPLs),

special financing, and recipient executed activities in the IEG’s review. Nevertheless, the

individual classification of each project (for example, by type of intervention was largely

consistent between the two exercises.

Limitations

Although numerous sources were used to analyze the SSN portfolio, there are still

considerable limitations to the data. The official World Bank thematic coding system is not

fully precise and suffers from possible errors of inclusion and exclusion and in the

assignment of percentage shares to each activity.13Also, Theme 54 does not cover the entire

range of SSN activities supported by the World Bank. For example, it does not cover broader

social protection and labor (SPL) systems (which are listed under Theme 51, Improving

Labor Markets), social and welfare services for the elderly and disabled (listed under Theme

87, Social Risk Mitigation), community-based public works carried out by social funds (listed

under Theme 56, Other Social Protection and Risk Management), or food crisis response

projects (listed under Theme 91, Global Food Crisis Response).

Regarding possible errors of exclusion, projects with the theme code 91 deserve special

attention. Theme code 91 was introduced following the launch of the Bank’s Global Food

Crisis Response Program (GFRP) in 2008, which was set up to provide emergency responses

to the sudden jump in food prices. To improve the tracking of the World Bank’s responses

12 IEG (2011a) 13 Grosh and Milazzo (2008)

21

to food crises, all operations processed under the GFRP were assigned to Theme Code 91.

Safety net activities to ensure access to food and to minimize the nutritional and poverty

impact of the crisis were included in 60 percent of GFRP operations, but often these

operations were not assigned to Theme Code 54. Furthermore, in the previous portfolio

review by Grosh and Milazzo (2008), cross-checking was done for all projects that were

approved by the social protection sector boards as well as projects under Theme 56 (Other

Social Protection and Risk Management) to minimize error of exclusion. However, the

number of projects that were identified as safety net programs after the cross-checking

exercise was minimal, and therefore the team conducting this review decided not to

replicate the exercise.

Another problem with the data is that it is hard to quantify all of the knowledge services

provided by the Bank. This review undoubtedly underestimates the large body of tacit and

informal information exchanges between the Bank and its client countries, which have been

a hallmark of the sector in recent years. Third, it is harder to track trust fund data than

regular IDA and IBRD financing, which reduces the quality of analysis on this topic. Finally,

some of the literature gives a very partial and ex-ante view of particular operations, for

example, project appraisal documents. For these reasons, the review team has had to make

some judgment calls in some cases.

22

IV. Review of FY2007-2013 Social Safety Net Financing

Overall Financing Portfolio FY07-13

The safety nets portfolio from FY07 to FY13 accounted for just over US$12 billion, with 273

financing activities in 93 countries. The total value of all financing activities that contained a

safety net theme (Theme 54) was US$33 billion, of which 36 percent (US$12 billion) was

dedicated to safety nets. The average annual commitment for safety nets during FY07-13

was US$1.72 billion, a threefold increase from US$567 million per year during FY02-07.

Table 2a: Lending Commitments for Safety Nets, by region and fiscal year

SSA 93 38 224 269 102 612 412 1,751 EAP 8 51 182 1 13 261 120 636 ECA 10 91 274 569 1,066 352 66 2,429 LAC 121 47 2,356 527 2,083 84 284 5,502 MNA 19 24 12 116 31 151 71 423

SAR 193 22 300 150 212 90 353 1,320 Total 444 272 3,348 1,633 3,508 1,550 1,306 12,061

Table 3b: Number of Projects with Safety Net Components, by region and fiscal year, FY07-13

Region FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 Total SSA 7 4 11 17 13 14 11 77 EAP 1 1 4 4 4 2 2 18 ECA 3 5 3 17 13 10 4 55 LAC 6 6 9 12 13 5 8 59 MNA 5 6 5 6 5 4 5 36

SAR 7 2 6 3 6 1 2 27 Total 29 24 38 60 54 36 32 272

23

The growth in the Bank support was especially notable during the period of the food, fuel,

and financial crises. The most dramatic increase in the safety net portfolio took place

between FY08 and FY09, right after the crisis hit developing countries in 2008. A large part

of this growth came from the expansion of well-established flagship operations, such as

Mexico’s Oportunidades and Argentina’s Basic Social Protection Program. However, also

contributing to the growth in the financing were the Bank’s newly established crisis

response programs that emphasized the most fragile states, including the Food Crisis

Response Program (established in 2008) and the Rapid Social Response Program, or RSR

(established in 2009).

Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 received little or no safety net

support from the World Bank prior to FY07. The region with the largest number of new

countries receiving safety net support was Africa with 17, followed by East Asia and the

Pacific (EAP) with six, Europe and Central Asia (ECA) with three, Latin America and the

Caribbean (LAC) with seven, and the South Asia region (SAR) with one. This reflects the

expansion of World Bank safety net support into low-income countries in Sub-Saharan

Africa, mainly in the form of the crisis response programs.

The safety net portfolio also increased in terms of its size relative to overall World Bank

lending. From FY07-13, 5 percent of total World Bank lending was accounted for by safety

net projects, up from 2.6 percent of total lending in the FY02-07 period. More importantly,

the percentage of safety net lending in the World Bank’s overall lending portfolio

experienced two peaks –in FY09 (6 percent) and FY11(8 percent). These peaks correspond

with the two highest peaks in lending for SSNs during the same time period.

The allocation to safety nets as a share of total project financing has also become larger.

The average financing package of total project financing equals US$122 million, of which

US$44 million (36 percent) is dedicated specifically to safety nets. During the FY02-07

24

period, the average loan with a safety net component was equal to US$92.4 million, of

which US$23.5 million (25 percent) was dedicated to social safety nets.

Reducing chronic poverty and inequality is the main objective of most financing activities in

the portfolio. During the course of the portfolio review, all 273 financing activities were

coded according to their association with five core objectives (or functions): (i) reducing

chronic poverty and inequality; (ii) encouraging more and better human capital investments

by poor households; (iii) enabling the poor to manage the risk of individual shocks; (iv)

enabling the poor to manage the risk of systemic shocks; and (v) protecting the poor if

necessary during broader economic reforms.14 Many programs were coded for multiple

functions. The majority of programs in the portfolio (82 percent) were coded for their

contribution to reducing chronic poverty and inequality. Fifty-one percent of the programs

aimed to enable the poor to manage the risk of systemic shocks, such as climatic

irregularities and macroeconomic shocks, and 50 percent of programs promoted more and

better household investments in education and health. These trends are largely similar in

both IDA and IBRD countries, with only slight variations. For example, IBRD countries have a

higher prevalence of programs that aim to help households manage the risk of individual

shocks, such as health insurance or unemployment schemes, whereas programs that aim to

help households manage the risk of systemic shocks (such as climatic or macroeconomic

shocks) were more prevalent in IDA countries. Also, there was a higher prevalence of

programs that support investment in human capital in IDA countries.

14 These functions are articulated, to different degrees, in the broader literature on SSNs and elaborated by the World Bank’s Social Protection Department on its website as well as in its flagship publication, “For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets” (Grosh et al (2008).

25

Figure 2: Social Safety Net Functions Supported by World Bank Projects

A small number of countries attracted the vast majority of financing. Ten countries

accounted for 70 percent of the overall financing portfolio, seven out of ten of which were

middle-income. 15 Four of the ten countries were in the Latin America region. This

concentration of funding for IBRD and LAC countries was because the great majority of

support during FY07-13 was allocated to well-established nationwide social protection

programs in middle-income countries where it was easiest to scale up funding quickly in

times of macroeconomic crises. Low-income countries tended to have a larger number of

small projects; for example, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC),

Yemen, and Rwanda all had more than six operations between FY07 and FY13. During this

time, there were 163 financing activities in IDA countries and 91 in IBRD countries.

15

Mexico, Romania, Argentina, Colombia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Brazil, and Turkey.

26

IDA and IBRD Allocations

Although overall safety net expenditure was greater in IBRD countries than in IDA countries

during FY07-13, we observed signs of a strategic shift toward IDA countries. These shifts

were in terms of the number of countries newly introduced to the portfolio, the growing

volume of IDA expenditure in the most recent years, and IDA presence in terms of the

number of projects under implementation (see Figures 3a and 3b).

FY07-13

First, during this period, there was a dramatic rise in the number of IDA countries with

hardly any safety nets that received Bank support for safety nets for the first time. Among

the 42 countries that had limited or no engagement with the Bank before FY07, 27

countries were IDA countries. The addition of 27 “new” IDA countries means that about 80

percent of all IDA countries (65 out of 81) have now received support for safety nets from

the World Bank. Before FY07, the number of IDA countries that had received World Bank

support was 39, or fewer than 50 percent of all IDA countries.

Second, the increase in the volume of IDA lending has been more prominent in recent years,

suggesting that this is a continuing and growing trend. From FY11 until FY13, there was a

positive increase in total lending to IDA countries, and in FY13, Bank lending in support of

Figure 3a/b: Allocation to Theme 54 and Number of Financing Activities, IDDA and IBRD FY07-13

27

SSN activities worldwide was higher in IDA eligible countries then in IBRD eligible countries,

at US$831 million and US$462 million respectively, which reversed a longstanding trend.16

Within the list of IDA-eligible countries, the Bank is also supporting several SSN operations

in fragile states and conflict-affected countries, mainly in the SSA, SAR, and Middle East and

North Africa (MNA) regions. “Fragile states” is the term used for countries facing

particularly severe development challenges, including weak institutional capacity, poor

governance, and political instability.17 Between FY07 and FY13, the Bank supported 22

countries that are classified as being in fragile situations, with over US$500m being directed

towards SSN activities. Examples of countries and places categorized as fragile include those

in a state of post-conflict (Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Timor Leste);

prolonged crisis (Somalia); fragile transition (Liberia, Haiti, and Sudan); slow progress

(Cambodia); and deteriorating governance (Eritrea and Papua New Guinea).

Box 2: Flagship Operations in IDA Countries

For FY07-13, the three largest IDA programs were in Bangladesh (FY13, P132634: Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project, US$350 million) Ethiopia (FY12, P126430: PSNP Additional Financing, US$296 million), and Nigeria (FY13, P126964: Youth Employment and Social Support Operation, US$180 million). In IDA eligible countries (both low-income and fragile states), the Bank’s responses to the crises included subsidies and tax exemptions, public work programs, and food transfers. In these countries, the impact of the food and fuel crises was greater than that of the financial crises, given their lesser integration into international markets and the relative importance of food in their overall consumption basket. Most social safety net programs in low-income countries have tended either to provide an immediate crisis response or to be pilot programs. Once countries have established these basic safety nets, then any follow-up operations can focus on strengthening institutions and scaling up or restructuring existing programs. Some country examples include: Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Nets Project (PSNP), one of the largest IDA programs, provides cash and in-kind transfers through labor-intensive public works to able-bodied households

16 The lending information for FY2013 includes both approved and pipeline projects. From the total of 88 lending operations included in the FY13 calculations, 42 are fully approved and the remaining 46 have yet to be approved. The 46 pipeline projects are all defined as "possible/likely" to be approved in Q4. 17 Information from the external World Bank Social Safety Nets website: www.worldbank.org/safetynets.

28

and direct support to other more vulnerable households. The program was first approved in FY05 at a cost of US$23 million and was refinanced in FY07, FY09, FY10, and FY12 for a US$470 million. It has reached 7.6 million clients or 8 percent of the Ethiopian population so far. Nigeria’s Youth Employment and Social Support Program was approved in FY13 at a cost of US$180 million. It is a comprehensive program that provides public works and CCT to youths from poor households, as well as supporting the government in defining and consolidating the institutional responsibilities and implementation arrangement to ensure effective coordination. Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN), implemented as the third phase of the Tanzania Social Action Fund, was approved in FY12 at a cost of US$154 million. Its goal is to create a comprehensive and permanent productive social safety net system with CCT and public works components for the poor and the vulnerable. In response to the food price crisis in Liberia, the Bank supported in 2007/2008a Cash-for-Works Temporary Employment Program that provided more than 640,000 days of employment to more than 17,000 beneficiaries. It has now been mainstreamed into the country’s social protection system. Bangladesh’s recent operation, Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project, takes the lead as the biggest IDA operation in terms of volume (for a single project). Its objective is to integrate existing safety net programs and to improve their equity and increase their efficiency and transparency. In 2008, Pakistan launched an extensive social protection program to provide cash transfers to the most vulnerable households. Within 10 months, the program provided cash transfers to 2.2 million families. By June 2012, the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) collected information on 7.15 million poor families, out of which 4.2 million (about 15 percent of households in Pakistan) are receiving regular cash transfers.

IBRD financing continues to be more substantial than IDA funding. In recent years, the

increase in overall safety net lending in response to the crises was unprecedented, and in

line with the countercyclical character of the interventions. This was particularly true in

IBRD countries.

Because safety net programs already existed in many IBRD countries before the financial

crises, it was possible to scale them up in response to the shocks in a timely and effective

way. These programs tended to be comprehensive, well-established interventions that were

flexible enough to be able to respond to crises. The systems and programs that were

already in place in these countries determined what kind of crisis response was feasible in

29

terms of what resources and administrative capacity were available and how willing the

governments were to respond.18

The response to the crises in IBRD countries was characterized by an increase in

government coordination in the EAP region, an unprecedented effort to avoid higher

poverty rates in ECA and LAC, and an expansion of the existing systems in LAC. The Bank’s

support was continuous throughout the crisis, mostly in the form of labor market measures

to protect jobs and stimulate employment. The Bank was more involved in MICs than in

LICs, mainly because of the demand from MICs such as Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina for

the Bank’s expertise in SSN development. The Bank’s support for IBRD countries tended to

be in a series of large financing operations over time in just a few countries whereas its

support for low-income countries was more thinly spread over a larger number of countries

and more limited in scope.

Overall, the Bank was most effective in helping countries with which it had had a

longstanding relationship in terms of financing, knowledge services, and country dialogue.

This long-term engagement had enabled these countries to develop SSN institutions and

had enabled the Bank to develop a deeper understanding of the countries’ dynamics. This

was evident in such countries as Brazil, Colombia, and Moldova.

Throughout the last decade, the Bank’s support for SSNs in middle-income countries has

shifted towards institutional capacity building and to the creation and strengthening of SSN

systems. In several IBRD countries, there has been a clear strategic shift in Bank support

towards coordinating its programs within a broad social protection strategy and in

alignment with the government’s economic policies.

18 Marzo and Mori (2012)

30

Box 3: Flagship Operations in IBRD Countries

Safety net programs in middle-income countries have been tremendously effective, and the success of these programs is encouraging the creation of new projects in countries across the globe. In IBRD countries, a new generation of flagship projects has recently emerged, including in the Philippines (2008) and Peru (2012). The Bank’s support to Mexico’s Oportunidades (US$1.5 billion in FY09, US$1.2 billion in FY11),a conditional cash transfer program, has benefitted 5.8 million families by increasing the coverage and improving the quality of health, nutritional, and education services and by promoting an increase in the number of children advancing from primary to secondary school and from secondary to high school. In Brazil, the Bank-supported Bolsa Familia program provides monthly cash transfers to 12 million poor households (about 25 percent of the population) who agree to send their children to school, meet vaccination requirements, and make regular use of health services. This program has been instrumental in reducing poverty and inequality in the country.

Trust Fund Assistance in the Safety Nets Portfolio

Between FY07 and FY13, trust funds provided US$97.7 million in total for safety net projects

executed by recipient member countries. Trust funds were particularly instrumental in

funding knowledge services during this time, and this is further explored in the next section.

Figures 4a and 4b represent the evolution of trust fund support for social safety net projects

over the FY07-FY13 period. Trust fund expenditure rose steadily since FY08 at the onset of

the food, fuel, and financial crisis and peaked in FY11. MNA is the region to which the

largest amount of trust fund grants have been given because of the abundance of fragile

and conflict-affected states in the region, particularly the West Bank and Gaza and Iraq, and

because several countries in the region have sufficient national capacities to implement SSN

projects.

31

During the time of the food, fuel, and financial crises, the Bank used trust funds to support

lower-income countries, especially in Africa. The Rapid Social Response Multi-donor and

Catalytic Trust Funds (RSR), Japanese Social Development Fund Emergency Window, and

the Global Food Crisis Response Program were the trust funds that were mainly responsible

for this expansion in safety net support at that time.

The RSR in particular played an important role in the Bank’s increased support for IDA

countries within the safety nets portfolio, comprising about one-third (35 percent) of total

trust fund expenditure in the portfolio between FY07 and FY13.The rapid disbursements

from the RSR were particularly helpful in setting a basis for safety net interventions and in

turn encouraging larger amounts of safety net financing from IDA. By March 31, 2013,

US$34.3 million worth of RSR projects had been followed by US$3.1 billion worth of IDA

resources for 45 IDA projects in 34 countries.19 Trust funds were also able to leverage larger

amounts of safety net spending from donors and governments, for example, in Ethiopia,

Yemen, and Pakistan.

19 World Bank (2013a)

Figure 4a/b: Trend in TF espenditures (US$m and % by region)

32

Types of Interventions

Figure 5 highlights the main types of safety net activities financed by the World Bank

between FY07 and FY12. One of the strongest trends in the portfolio has been the Bank’s

growing investment in cash transfer programs. In FY07-08, the Bank supported a total of

eight conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs and nine unconditional cash transfer (UCT)

programs worldwide. However, during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises,

FY09-10, the number of CCTs more than doubled to 17, and the number of UCTs nearly

tripled to 25. By FY10-FY12, the Bank supported 50 UCTs in 32 countries, and 24 CCTs in 16

countries. The use of UCTs has made it possible to create safety nets in countries with

limited capacity and supply-side constraints. The increase in the amount of available

evidence on the positive impact of UCT transfer payments has also bolstered investment in

this area (see Section 4).

Figure 5: Number of Social Safety Net Activities by Type, FY07-13

Public works programs also received more Bank support during the crisis period, mainly in

the SSA region. They were used as a short-term palliative to address the effects of

macroeconomic shocks during the crises. Eighty-five percent of the financing activities

containing public works in the portfolio were coded for helping the poor to manage

33

systemic shocks. Before the crises in FY07-08, there were only seven PW programs

supported by the Bank, but that number more than tripled during the crisis period FY09-10

to reach a worldwide total of 22 World Bank lending operations that supported PW

programs. In terms of regional concentration, 55 percent of all PWPs between FY09 and

FY10 were in SSA, which accounted for nearly 50 percent of the total amount of resources

allocated to SSN during the same time period. Over time, public works have evolved into a

flexible instrument to: (i) support multi-sectoral priorities as in Cambodia (road

rehabilitation) and Ethiopia (watershed management; (ii to address structural poverty and

employment challenges; and (iii) complement skills training, financial inclusion, and links to

intermediate services as in El Salvador, Yemen, and Liberia.

During review period, the Bank’s in-kind safety net support included food and nutrition

programs, basic transfers, educational transfers (including school vouchers, scholarships,

and vouchers), training for beneficiaries, health programs (provision of medical services),

energy, and housing. Although less widely used than CCTs in recent years, in-kind transfers

still are a significant part of the portfolio.

Technical assistance/ institutional improvement is the category of intervention that had the

most dramatic growth in the recent years. Out of 152 projects containing a TA/institution

improvement component during the review period, 100 provided technical assistance in

combination with other types of intervention, such as a CCT or a public works component.

In these cases, the technical assistance was often the sub-component that supported the

implementation or institutionalization of the main activity of the project. The remaining 52

projects provided technical assistance as the only safety net component in the project.

These projects often supported the strengthening of the institutional capacity of the client

government, helping to improve the administration, coverage, and targeting of the social

safety net and shaping new policies on which to build a harmonized and comprehensive

social protection system. The importance of such activities was especially emphasized

34

during the time of crisis when there was an emphasis on increasing the efficiency of social

spending to accommodate a tightened budget and increased need.

Lending by Region

Figure 6 highlights the regional distribution of the Bank’s safety net portfolio, taking into

account both financial allocations and the number of projects between FY07 and FY13. In

terms of the absolute number of lending operations (and percentage change), there was an

evident increase in Bank support for SSN programs in SSA, ECA, LAC, and EAP. From FY07 to

FY13, the regional distribution was as follows: SSA (28 percent), LAC (22 percent), ECA (20

percent), MNA (13 percent), SAR (10 percent), and EAP (7 percent).

Figure 6: Amounts Allocated to Social Safety Net Activities and Number of Financing Activities by Region, FY07-13 (US$ billion)

35

Table 4: Amounts Allocated to Social Safety Net Activities and Number of Financing

Activities by Region, FY07-13 (US$ billion)

FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 Total

$

amt a/

# $ amt # $

amt # $ amt # $

amt # $ amt # $

amt # $ amt #

SSA 0.093 7 0.03

8 4 0.224

11

0.269

17

0.102

13

0.612

14

0.412

11

1.751 77

EAP 0.008 1 0.05

1 1 0.182 4 0.00

1 5 0.013 4 0.26

1 2 0.120 2 0.63

6 19

ECA 0.010 3 0.09

1 5 0.274 3 0.56

9 17

1.066

13

0.352

10

0.066 4 2.42

9 55

LAC 0.121 6 0.04

7 6 2.356 9 0.52

7 12

2.083

13

0.084 5 0.28

4 8 5.502 59

MNA

0.019 5 0.02

4 6 0.012 5 0.11

6 6 0.031 5 0.15

1 4 0.071 5 0.42

3 36

SAR 0.193 7 0.02

2 2 0.300 6 0.15

0 3 0.212 6 0.09

0 1 0.353 2 1.32

0 27

Total 0.444

29

0.272

24

3.348

38

1.633

60

3.508

54

1.550

36

1.306

32

12.06

273

Note: a/ US$ amounts in billions, committed to Theme 54 Safety Nets (IBRD+IDA+Grant amounts)

In terms of the dollar amounts allocated to SSN activities, between FY07 and FY13 –as

depicted in Figure 6, the Bank’s lending portfolio experienced two extreme peaks. In FY09,

the three main recipients of the increase in financing were in the LAC region: Mexico

(Oportunidades AF, US$1.5 billion), Argentina (the Basic Protection Project], $0.41 billion),

and Colombia (the Second Social Safety Net, US$0.32 billion). In FY11, the three main

recipients were in LAC and ECA (US$1.2 billion for Mexico’s Oportunidades A-F, US$0.48

billion for Romania’s Social Assistance System Modifications, and US$0.67 billion for

Argentina’s Basic Protection Project, which amounted to US$2.35 billion or 67 percent of

the total portfolio).

36

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

During FY07-13, the Sub-Saharan Africa region had the greatest increase in safety net

financing and activities, with a total of 77 financing activities and an allocation of US$1.75

billion. In terms of the financing amounts allocated to SSN activities, the SSA region

experienced a remarkable six-fold increase between FY08 and FY10 to reach US$270

million. During that time, there was a complementary rise in the number of activities,

resulting in the peak of 17 operations in 12 countries in FY10. This support has been

strongly sustained since the crisis. Between FY11 and FY12, there were 27 additional

operations with an additional US$714 million being allocated to SSNs,74 percent of which

was accounted for by two big projects, one in Ethiopia (the Product Safety Net Program,

US$296 million) and one in Tanzania (Productive Social Safety Nets, US$154 million). In FY12

alone, the SSA region accounted for 40 percent of the total SSN financing portfolio ‒ a

staggering increase from pre-crisis level of less than 5 percent.in AFR,-13

For FY07-13, four countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania) accounted for 45

percent of the Africa financing portfolio. During the same time period, the Bank provided

the region with 12 grants averaging US$1.9 million, 33 percent of which involved PW

Figure 7a/b: Number of financing amounts allocated to SS

37

programs. Excluding projects with grant support, the average amount committed by the

Bank to SSN activities in Sub-Saharan Africa was US$65 million.

From FY07 onwards, the Bank provided financing for an additional 16 countries that had

had no prior support from the Bank on safety nets, 13 IDA countries, three IBRD, countries

and 1 blend.20 The majority of these new financing operations occurred between FY10 and

FY13. More importantly, many more countries, including several fragile states, received

sustained support from the Bank during FY07-13, including the DRC, Ethiopia, Rwanda,

Kenya, Malawi, and Ghana.

In terms of lending type, the Bank provided a total of 59 investment loans (or 76 percent of

the SSN portfolio), and 18 policy/adjustment loans (all of which were DPLs). After FY09, the

region experienced a surge in DPLs, covering eight countries, both IDA-eligible (Lesotho,

Malawi, Ghana, Rwanda, Cape Verde, and Niger) and IBRD-eligible (the Seychelles and

Mauritius). While investment loans remained the main type of lending support, the number

of DPLs grew, largely driven by crisis response operations.21 As noted in the IEG’s review of

the Bank’s safety net support between 2000 and 2010, the SSA region consumed a large

share of operations providing in-kind transfers (mostly school feeding) and the majority of

operations that supported PW programs.22 The portfolio composition has started to change

in recent years, with greater emphasis on UCTs, PWPs, and TA/institutional improvement

components. By 2013, the SSA portfolio included 11 CCT programs, 17 UCTs, and 38 TAs.

PWPs dominated the portfolio, with the majority of the activities supporting them either

partially or in full. CCTs became increasingly prevalent as well.23

20 The 13 IDA countries were Ghana, Kenya, Comoros, Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Rrepublic, Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire, Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, and Cameroon. The three IBRD countries were Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Swaziland, and the one blend country was Zimbabwe. 21 IEG (2011) 22 Thirty-four PW programs or 54 percent of the total in all six regions. 23 IEG (2011)]

38

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

Overall, during FY07-13, the LAC region dominated the regional distribution of the Bank’s

SSN activities in terms of financing amounts allocated, with a total of US$5.5 billion or 46

percent of the portfolio. The dominance was most apparent during the two major spikes in

spending in FY09 and FY11. As the crises unfolded in FY09, Bank support was heavily

concentrated in three countries ‒ Mexico’s Oportunidades Program (US$1.2 billion),

Argentina’s Basic Protection Program (US$414 million), and Colombia’s Second Social Safety

Net Program (US$318.2 million). Support for these three programs accounted for 94

percent of Bank financing for SSN activities in that year. The absence of equivalent

allocations in FY10 was the main reason behind the 24 percent drop in Bank lending for

SSNs in that year. The second hike in FY11 followed a similar trend in that Bank increased its

support for Mexico’s Oportunidades by another US$1.2 billion (60 percent of total

financing) and for Argentina’s Basic Protection by another US$480 million (see Figure 8b

below).

During this period, the nature of the Bank’s support in LAC changed. For instance, its

support for Brazil’s Bolsa Familia project is now in the form of technical assistance aimed at

enabling recipients to graduate from SSN programs. The Bank increasingly became focused

on strengthening the SSN systems that were already in place and on investing in human

capital in order to enable families to break out of the intergenerational poverty trap.

Figure 8a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN

39

During FY07-13, four countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico) absorbed 86

percent of the entire SSN portfolio. Eight countries (Panama, El Salvador, Grenada,

Guatemala, Dominica, Nicaragua, St. Lucia, and Antigua and Barbuda) without previous SSN

support from the Bank received IBRD, IDA or blended financing. This support was mainly

provided during FY09-10. Countries that had received Bank SSN support prior to FY07

continued to do so at varying rates (for example, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico,

Jamaica, and Honduras).

Investment lending accounted for 62 percent of the portfolio, with the remaining 38

percent being DPLs. Throughout the review period, investment loans followed a rising trend

(mainly in FY07-10) while DPLs became more apparent from FY09 onwards. LAC continued

to be the leading region for lending for CCTs. Twenty-eight SSN financing operations in LAC

approved between FY07-13 supported CCT programs in part or in full. This represents 56

percent of all Bank projects supporting CCTs in all six regions around the world. In-kind

transfers (health, education, or nutrition benefits) were present in 20 operations.

This rapid increase in financing in response to crises in LAC was possible because most

countries already had effective SSN systems in place prior to the crisis. The majority of LAC

40

countries that received Bank support for SSN activities in the review period was IBRD

eligible, and as such, has higher borrowing and spending capacity.

Europe and Central Asia (ECA)

During the review period, ECA was second only to LAC in terms of the amount of financing

allocated to SSN activities, with a total of US$2.4 billion for 55 operations in 19 countries.

Figure 9b below illustrates the impressive continuous (and almost linear) increase in the

dollar amounts that the Bank spent on SSNs in ECA. In FY11 alone, ECA received US$1.06

billion in Bank support, with Romania’s Social Systems Modernization Project taking up 63

percent (or US$674 million) of that amount.

Even prior to FY07, the Bank was providing financial services to 16 ECA countries in support

of their SSN activities, all of which continued after the crises (either in part or in full). This

continued support was necessary because of the scale of the impact of the crises.

Unemployment increased by an average of 30 percent in 27 countries in the region.24

During this time period, the ECA region has explicitly focused on three strategic areas ‒

crisis response and readiness, employment activation, and aging. The Bank has also begun

exploring reimbursable advisory services as a business line (see below).

24 Marzo and Mori (2012)

Figure 9a/b: Number of financing activities

and Total amounts allocated to SSN in ECA,

FY07-13

41

During the review period, Bank support was extended to three new countries, two of which

were high-income and IBRD-eligible (Poland and Latvia) and were gravely hit by the crises.

In FY09, the Bank financed the Polish Employment, Entrepreneurship, and Human Capital

Development Policy Program to the tune of US$221 million. The aims of this program were

to mitigate the social costs of the economic crises while continuing to support structural

reforms. Then in FY10 and FY11, the Bank supported the Latvian Safety Net and Social

Sector Reform Program, which aimed to protect vulnerable groups with emergency safety

net support.

In contrast to other regions, the main financing operations in ECA were DPLs, covering four

countries (Romania, Poland, Turkey, and Latvia) and averaging US$177 million. This is not

surprising given that historically SSN operations in ECA were undertaken to help to cushion

the negative effects of reforms. The dialogue between the Bank and the majority of ECA

countries has centered on increasing the efficiency of existing SSN programs and

strengthening institutions. This had led to several long-standing relationships with countries

such as Romania that have focused on improving targeted and reducing error and

corruption. Overall, the Bank’s investment loans in ECA have tended to be small, averaging

US$37 million in 13 countries.25 Many of these are Central Asian countries working to

increase SSN coverage and to put in place basic administrative mechanisms to improve

information management, payment systems, and targeting mechanisms.

With LAC taking the lead in CCTs and SSA with in-kind transfers, the ECA region has the most

experience with UCTs. Thirty-seven percent of Bank-supported programs that included a

UCT component were in ECA in the review period. Since FY10, there has been an increase in

PW programs as an instrument for tackling short-term unemployment (for example, in

25 Romania, Belarus, Albania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYRO Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, Serbia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Armenia.

42

Latvia, Kosovo, and Armenia). Programs providing in-kind transfers in the form of education,

health, and/or utility benefits have also been increasing.

As in LAC, the ECA region had well-functioning, well-established social safety net programs

in place prior to 2008. The maturity and flexibility of these programs enabled a quick

response to shocks when needed. Figure 9b above illustrates the continuing increase in

Bank financing for SSNs in ECA from FY07 until the peak in FY11. This peak came when the

Bank approved US$674.88 million in support for Romania’s Social Assistance Modernization

Project, which accounted for 64 percent of total ECA financing and nearly 20 percent of

total Bank support for SSNs in FY11.

East Asia and Pacific (EAP)

The EAP region experienced the biggest percentage increase in the number of financing

operations during the review period. As depicted in the figures below, the biggest jump in

lending operations in EAP occurred in FY10, a four-fold increase over previous years.

Nevertheless, EAP remains one of the smallest SSN portfolios, accounting for only 5 percent

of the total financing for FY07-13. Historically, safety nets have not been at the top of the

agenda in the country dialogues in the region. However, large-scale systemic shocks (the

Asian crisis and the recent crises) have made policymakers realize the benefits of SSNs for

protecting people during situations beyond their control.

The portfolio was dominated by three countries, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam

and was distributed equally between IBRD and blend countries. The total amount of

financing was US$626.89 million (80 percent of which were DPLs).

Figure Figure 10a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in ECA,

FY07-13

43

During FY07-13, Bank support was extended to six new countries through nine financing

operations. This included support to both IDA and IBRD countries, including Mongolia,

Vietnam, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Tonga. The majority of

these new activities occurred between FY09 and FY11. In terms of lending instruments, the

most common ones in EAP were PWPs, CCTs and in-kind transfers.

The EAP financing portfolio was split almost equally between investment loans and DPLs. In

FY09 and FY11, Mongolia received Bank support through two DPLs, which aimed to

strengthen institutions in order to reform the existing social policies.

Middle East and North Africa (MNA)

The MNA region constituted the smallest portfolio of all six regions, in terms of the overall

amount of financing allocated to SSN activities; mainly due to prolonged political instability

in the region. From FY07 to FY13, there was a total of 36 financing operations in ten

countries, totaling $0.4229 billion (of which, more than 50 percent were grants –either as

stand-alone or mixed with IDA/IBRD financing). The number of financing operations

followed a relatively stable trend during the same time period; yet, the amount of financing

allocated to SSNs increased over time (see Figure 11a and 11b below).

44

, FY07-13

In the review period FY07-13 – in contrast to the other regions ‒ financing activities were

spread evenly across a wide mix of countries including Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Yemen

Tunisia, Iraq, and Morocco. The majority of the countries are IBRD-eligible.

In terms of lending instruments, 83 percent were investment loans, with the remaining 17

percent as DPLs. Of the investment lending, five operations (or 23 percent) supported PW

programs. Another four activities included UCT components, a few included in-kind benefits

(school feeding), and almost all had institutional improvement components. The DPLs,

though few in number, amounted for the big increase in Bank’s support in MENA from

FY09-10 (Iraq’s Fiscal Sustainability DPL of $67.5million and Jordan’s Recovery Under Global

Uncertainty DPL of $35 million).

From FY07-13, as portrayed in the graphs above, the demand for Bank support in MNA

increased in the wake of political tensions following the Arab Spring. Efforts have focused

mainly on employment generation for the youth (Public Works Programs), as well as income

support and institutional improvement/reforms. In parallel, there has been an increase

within the Gulf States for Reimbursable Advisory Services, which is discussed shortly.

Figure 11a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in MNA

45

West Bank and Gaza, alone, accounted for 40 percent of all lending operations during FY07-

13 (or 14 out of 36). During the same time period, WBG undertook ambitious reforms in the

Social Protection sphere, with strong support from the World Bank, and experienced a clear

shift in SSN policy away from in-kind and toward cash-based assistance. 26 Today, WBG –and

it main cash transfer program –CTP, serves as a model for effectively putting in place the

platform for delivering SSN programs in fragile and conflict settings, including the creation

of a new of a new unified registry, sophisticated MIS system and utilization of PMT in

effectively targeting the poor.

In MNA countries where subsidies were being phased out after 2008, the Bank played a role

in strengthening SSN systems, as well as trying to cushion the effect of the subsidy reforms

on the most vulnerable households. This continues to be a difficult and highly politicized

agenda. With the continued rise in food prices and recent security concerns and volatility in

the region, governments may feel pressure to reintroduce general subsidies or other widely

targeted compensation, which is likely to put the introduction of any further targeted SSNs

on hold.

South Asia Region (SAR)

Bank support in the South Asia region has been volatile, largely as a result of natural

disasters and/or economic crises. SAR was hit particularly hard by the food and fuel crises of

2008. As depicted in Figures 12a and 12b below, activities and financing both increased in

FY09, with the majority of interventions being emergency food crisis response programs (for

example, in Bangladesh and Nepal). More sustained support was given to Pakistan and

Nepal.

26

(Ovadiya, M., Kryeziu, A., Masood, S, and Zapatero, E (Forthcoming)).

Figure 12a/b: Number of financing activities and Total amounts allocated to SSN in SAR FY07-13

46

The Bank’s SSN financing operations were spread over three countries ‒ Bangladesh, Nepal,

and Pakistan ‒ and equaled US$400 million (or 90 percent of Bank SSN funding to the

region). All three countries are IDA or blend. During FY07-13, 77 percent of SAR financing

operations were investment loans, the majority being sector investment loans (SILs), and

the remaining six, or 23 percent, were DPLs.

In terms of the types of SSN instruments supported, the majority of activities (11) had a UCT

component (mainly after FY09), followed by six PWPs, and four CCTs. Food transfers were

also extensively used in several South Asian countries to cushion the impact of the food

price spike in 2008.

Lending by Instrument

Figures 13a and 13b below illustrate the annual distribution of SSN projects and their dollar

value for both investment and policy-based loans. In terms of the type of SSN instrument

used in Bank operations, during FY07-13, investment lending accounted for over 67 percent

of the total number of projects, which represented 70 percent of the total spending on SSN

activities. The remaining 33 percent of projects and 30 percent of dollar amounts were

policy-based or adjustment operations. Nonetheless, despite the lower amounts allocated

47

to policy-based operations throughout the last decade, we noticed a progressive increase in

the number of operations using development policy lending (DPL) instruments.

It is important to point out that from FY07 to FY13, all policy-based operations were DPLs.

During the same time period, over 55 percent of all DPLs were in LAC and ECA (covering a

total of 25 countries), totaling 65 percent in allocations to operations coded as Theme 54.

With respect to country eligibility, an equal number of IDA and IBRD countries received

DPLs with SSN components, but IBRD countries accounted for over 70 percent of the dollar

amounts.

A total of 32 countries that received funding through DPLs also received Bank support

through investment loans. The majority of countries that received both policy and

investment operations were IBRD-eligible (over 60 percent).

Figure 13 a/b: Allocation to Theme 54 by Type of Lending Instrument and Number of

Operations by Lending Type FY07-13

48

Overall Project Outcomes

On average, operations with an SSN objective performed better than the rest of the Bank’s

portfolio. The IEG’s objectives-based evaluation methodology rates the performance of

completed projects on three criteria: (i) relevance (of objectives and design); (ii) efficacy

(the extent to which the objectives were achieved); and (ii) efficiency (in achieving the

objectives). Between 2007 and 2013, the IEG rated the performance of 101 completed

projects (it is important to note that this performance rating reflected the whole project’s

performance rather than only that of the specific SSN objective).

The IEG rated the operations that contained safety net components consistently higher than

the rest in countries of all income levels. The higher rating was particularly noticeable for

operations in lower-income countries, with 80 percent of projects containing SSN

components being rated moderately satisfactory or higher compared with 69 percent of IDA

operations Bank-wide. In terms of individual interventions, CCT projects had the highest

likelihood of having a satisfactory rating (Table 4).

Table 5: Percentage of Projects with Moderately Satisfactory or Higher Performance Rating

Projects with SSN Components

Percentage of Projects Rated Moderately Satisfactory or Higher

CCT 93% UCT 84% In-kind 78% Public Works 87%

The regional distribution of SSN-related projects rated as moderately satisfactory or better

by the IEG was highly correlated with Bank-wide projects, though with notably higher

performance ratings in SSA and LAC.

Figure 14: Percentage of Projects with a Performance Rating of

Moderately Satisfactory or Higher, by Region

49

A breakdown by income level shows that, while SSN projects in IDA countries tended to

have higher overall performance ratings than Bank-wide projects, their ratings for quality at

entry (QAE) and supervision tend to be lower. The QAE ratings of SSN projects in IBRD

countries were slightly higher than Bank-wide averages, with similar levels of supervision

and performance standards.

Figure 15: Additional IEG ratings, percentage of projects with a

performance rating of moderately satisfactory or higher by income

level

50

Portfolio Performance

The social protection and labor (SP&L) portfolio was one of the best performers in the Bank

between 2007 and 2013. The average disbursement ratio was 49.8 percent (as opposed to

23.1 percent for the rest of the Bank) and peaked at 82.3 percent in FY10 when most crisis-

related projects were disbursed. This strong performance was led by the LAC region with an

average disbursement ratio of 47 percent for both Latin American and Caribbean countries.

While the number of projects at risk increased, particularly after the beginning of the FFF

crisis, the overall commitment at risk (16 percent) remained more stable, even during the

crisis period, and was lower than the Bank average. This reflects the increased coverage of

SP&L lending to traditionally risky countries. There has also been a noticeable dip in projects

at risk as the world emerges from the crisis period, especially in lower capacity countries in

Africa and Asia. For further information on portfolio performance refer to Table 5.

51

Table 6: Safety Nets portfolio performance

FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13

Disbursement Ratio

Safety Nets 41.5 34.0 80.1 82.3 49.5 19.4 42.1

Bank-wide 22.8 22.2 26.5 27.0 22.4 20.8 20.6

AFR 58.5 34.6 43.7 76.3 23.5 34.4 31.4

EAP 44.7 72.4 64.6 137.7 21.9 22.9 59.8

SAR 17.3 15.2 6.1 12.9 67.3 25.0 30.2

ECA 8.0 14.6 14.6 11.7 22.0 27.3 14.2

MNA 49.0 41.1 27.9 47.1 34.9 27.7 20.0

LAR 58.1 45.5 253.7 93.1 118.0 10.1 60.9

% Commitments At Risk

Safety Nets 16.0 17.7 6.9 7.2 5.0 3.5 3.3

Bank-wide 14.9 16.8 14.3 16.3 14.0 13.5 22.1

AFR 13.1 22.0 15.2 11.3 14.3 3.7 5.8

EAP 0.0 1.3 0.6 0.0 0.3 1.3 0.3

SAR 37.6 48.6 5.4 28.2 25.1 25.7 4.6

ECA 19.3 0.0 10.9 5.6 0.1 1.1 11.1

MNA 4.7 19.6 15.4 9.9 11.6 8.8 7.3

LAC 3.9 12.3 5.8 4.6 1.8 0.7 0.6

% Projects At risk

Safety Nets 13.1 20.9 18.7 17.9 17.7 19.1 16.9

Bank-wide 16.3 16.8 19.4 20.0 18.1 19.3 20.7

AFR 19.8 20.9 16.7 19.5 10.9 13.0 7.7

EAP 0.0 8.8 7.7 0.0 26.8 20.9 3.9

SAR 14.9 17.1 12.5 36.0 47.7 26.5 12.2

ECA 12.3 0.0 11.7 15.4 1.3 19.3 41.2

MNA 18.1 41.5 44.4 25.8 37.5 38.3 33.5

LAC 7.9 23.3 16.1 11.8 12.0 9.7 7.7

% Proactivity

Safety Nets 39.6 100.0 74.8 100.0 51.0 31.1 55.2

Bank-wide 78.6 80.8 71.8 69.8 60.8 68.5 65.8

AFR 56.7 100.0 0.0 100.0 81.8 100.0

EAP 0.0 100.0 100.0

SAR 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.8 29.1 100.0

ECA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 24.8

MNA 0.0 100.0 100.0 31.7 15.3 39.5

LAC 100.0 81.3 100.0 24.5 26.6 53.5

% Unsatisfactory P

Safety Nets 10.5 11.1 7.5 12.6 8.6 13.6 10.9

Bank-wide 11.7 10.8 12.5 13.0 11.9 12.4 14.5

AFR 16.7 3.3 11.9 12.9 0.0 10.3 1.8

52

EAP 0.0 8.8 7.7 0.0 10.6 0.0 3.9

SAR 7.5 17.1 12.5 25.0 20.5 19.2 0.0

ECA 12.3 0.0 11.7 15.4 1.3 18.1 41.2

MNA 18.1 7.9 0.0 17.5 23.2 27.1 15.5

LAC 4.7 23.3 4.0 6.6 8.9 6.2 6.7

V. Knowledge Services

During the review period, the World Bank provided a considerable amount of knowledge

services to improve safety net design and implementation. This section examines the

different types of knowledge services that the Bank provided, including: (i) economic and

sector work; (ii) technical assistance; (ii) impact evaluation support; (iii) training and

knowledge exchanges including South-South learning, communities of practice, and study

tours; and (iii) contributions to the global knowledge base.

Economic Sector Work (ESW) and Non-lending Technical Assistance (TA)

The largest share of the Bank’s knowledge activities is country-specific and aims to meet the

needs and demands identified by its partner governments. The two main analytical services

that the Bank uses to respond to demand from country clients are economic and sector

work (ESW) and non-lending technical assistance (TA). The objectives of ESW are to inform

lending, inform government policy, build client capacity, stimulate public debate, and

influence the development community. The objectives of TA are to assist in policy

implementation, strengthen institutions, and facilitate knowledge exchange. Between 2007

and 2013, the World Bank spent approximately US$118 million on 281 SSN studies, which

covers both ESW and non-lending technical assistance, in 104 countries. A total of 133 ESW

and 148 non-lending TA activities coded as Theme 54 were identified. These analytical

studies have played a crucial role in informing country dialogues, in the planning of future

safety net operations, and in promoting knowledge exchanges. See Figure 16 for the annual

53

distribution of these services by type, as well as the number of projects and the financial

allocations during the period of this review.

Figure 16: Knowledge Services Theme 54, FY07-13 by output typee

Between FY07 and FY13, the knowledge services provided by the World Bank reflected the

broader institutional movement towards more programmatic activities, often synchronized

with ongoing country operations. From a portfolio dominated by ESW, after FY09 there was

a clear swing towards non-lending TA (see Figure 16. This increase in the use of non-lending

TA reflected a trend in the Bank towards customizing knowledge that is diverse in process

and output and often focused more on implementation topics rather than big policy

choices. Often this TA was provided in tandem with larger programmatic financing.

Nevertheless, the Bank still provided a significant amount of ESW, which constituted nearly

50 percent of all of the knowledge services provided by the Bank between FY07 and FY13.

The predominant source of funding for both SSN ESW and non-lending TA has been the

Bank budget, but trust fund resources have become increasingly important in recent years

in financing Bank-executed knowledge products, especially in low-capacity countries. The

RSR, for example, has financed country assessments focused on safety nets in 11 IDA-

54

eligible countries.27 This work has tended to be useful in terms of triggering follow-up

operations, for example, in Sierra Leone, Angola, and Burkina Faso.

The regional breakdown of ESW/TA activities highlights the strategic role that knowledge

services play in supporting the broader portfolio (see Figure 17). Table 6 highlights a

number of these influential country and regional knowledge activities during the review

period.

ECA: ECA accounted for the highest number and percentage of knowledge services (65

activities, 23 percent of the total). The emphasis on knowledge services/products comes as

no surprise in a region that has well-established SP programs with high spending. The

majority of knowledge services that the Bank provided in ECA (34) were ESW. Non-lending

TA rapidly increased (to 31 activities) in FY11 and has surpassed ESW every year ever since.

SSA: Within the last few years, the SSA region has experienced a surge in knowledge

services provided by the Bank (a doubling of ESW and a more than four-fold increase in TA),

which has mirrored the growth in its financing. From FY11-13, TA gradually surpassed ESW

and comprised 62 percent of the FY13 portfolio (with the majority of output types being

27 Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, DRC, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Albania, and Pakistan.

Figure 17: ESW and TA by region, % of total

55

how-to guidance notes, vulnerability assessments, public expenditure reviews, and country

economic memoranda). Within ESW, the majority were policy notes (such as risk and

vulnerability assessments or public expenditure reviews).

MNA: The bank provided a total of 28 non-lending TA services to the MNA region, the

majority of which occurred after FY09. The objective of most of these TA activities was to

manage the effects of subsidy reforms, including the Social Safety Nets for Subsidy Reforms

project in Morocco, the Improving Social Welfare Fund and Cash Transfer Targeting project

in Yemen, and the Electricity Pricing and Power Sector Reform in Iran.

EAP: Knowledge services have been especially critical in EAP as the region has been

strengthening its social protection provision. The Bank’s TA and ESW activities were

provided in a number of middle-income countries including Vietnam, China, Indonesia, the

Philippines, and Thailand as well as a number of smaller low-income economies including

Timor Leste, Cambodia, Fiji, and Laos.

LAC: In LAC, the Bank has had multiple years of sustained and integrated engagement, both

in terms of financing and knowledge services. In Brazil, for instance, the Bank provided eight

knowledge services (both ESW and TA) over five fiscal years, including policy notes and

risk/vulnerability assessments, to support the government in developing and improving the

Bolsa Familia program.

56

Table 7: Influential Country and Regional Knowledge Activities, ESW and TA (2007-2013)

Country / Region

Year Activity Description and Added Value

Brazil 2007 The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context (TA)

This World Bank Discussion Paper presents on the experience of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program, covering multiple facets of the program’s design and implementation. It is notable for codifying diverse strands of tacit knowledge, especially on implementation features.

Peru 2010 Juntos for Nutrition (TA)

This two-year program aimed to strengthen Peru’s technical capacity on nutrition, and to align it with the country’s conditional cash transfer program – Juntos. The main areas of Bank support for the non-lending technical assistance were: (i) knowledge sharing and TA to devise a plan of action for restructuring, re-launching, and consolidating Juntos; (ii) supporting a strategy to effectively articulate the demand and supply of health and nutrition services; (iii) promoting a multi-sectoral pilot in response to local demand in the Apurimac region.

Pakistan 2011 PK: Technical Assistance for Social Protection Reform (TA)

This TA helped with launching a national targeting system using proxy means testing, setting up thesafety nets organizational structure and developing management systems, processes, and procedures to ensure the effective delivery of the safety net programs, and designing and testing a data verification and processing system, an MIS, and a grievance system.

ECA Region

2011 Social Safety Nets in the Western Balkans: Design, Implementation, and Performance (ESW/TA)

This report provided a comparative perspective on the design, implementation, financing, and performance of the non-contributory cash transfer programs (social assistance) in six countries in the Western Balkan region and benchmarked their performance against similar programs in other countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

Ethiopia 2011 Designing and Implementing a Rural Safety Net in a Low-income Setting: Lessons Learned from Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program 2005–2009 (ESW)

This report described the context for the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), one of Africa’s largest safety net programs. It was notable for codifying tacit knowledge on design and operational mechanisms, evidence of the program’s impact and efficiency, and a discussion of key themes.

Kenya 2012 Kenya Social Protection Review (ESW)

This report presented a strategic view of 22 social programs and ongoing reforms from a sector-wide perspective focusing specifically on the interactions, links, and coordination among these programs. It was notable for data usage and international benchmark comparators and support of country reforms.

Indonesia 2012 Targeting Poor and Vulnerable Households in Indonesia (ESW)

This was a public expenditure review examining the targeting of social protection programs and options for a common targeting system to increase program effectiveness.

MENA 2012 Inclusion and Resilience: The Way Forward for

This report was a diagnostic of vulnerability, the performance of social safety nets, and the political economy of reform. It

57

Social Safety Nets in the Middle East and North Africa (ESW)

was notable for pulling together diverse information as inputs to the reform during a time of instability. The data used included existing household data, newly collected administrative data on spending, and innovative behavioral surveys.

Timor-Leste

2013 Timor-Leste Social Assistance Public Expenditure and Program Performance Report (TA)

This report was an expenditure review and performance evaluation of a fragile economy to determine the effectiveness and vulnerabilities of existing programs and the adequacy and composition of financial resources. It also reviewed operational and administrative issues and made recommendations

A significant share of the Bank’s country-specific knowledge work – especially during the

recent waves of crisis – has focused on social safety net assessments. Between 2009 and

2012, approximately 30 percent of ESW/TA products were safety net assessments. During

this time period, the Bank carried out a total of 60 assessments in over 40 countries and

four regions. The SSA region of the Bank has been particularly active in terms of producing

safety net assessments during this period. Between 2009 and 2013, the Bank supported 22

country-level social safety net assessments for African countries,28 as well as other relevant

reviews of specific types of safety net programs (such as cash transfers, public works, and

school feeding) in the region. Assessments have played a critical role in laying the evidence

base for follow-up operations, in helping to engage clients, and in identifying common

weaknesses that can hinder the establishment of robust safety net programs (such as weak

institutional capacity, limited monitoring, and financing constraints).

A further highlight of these country-specific knowledge activities has been the extent to

which partner governments have chosen to use the Bank’s reimbursable advisory services

(RAS), fee-based advisory services provided by the Bank and paid for by the governments.

They were introduced to extend the provision of the World Bank’s analytic and advisory

services beyond those that could be funded by the Bank’s administrative budget and

relevant trust funds. The RAS is an important instrument for the Bank’s middle- and high-

28

Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia.

58

income country clients, and for non-borrowing member clients it may be the only

instrument through which the World Bank’s knowledge services are provided. Between

FY07 and FY13, the Bank carried out 13 RAS activities out of a total of 250 programs (see

Table 7).

There was a moderate rise in demand for RAS services in recent years, with the number of

RAS activities peaking between FY11 and FY12. Even though there were only a small

number of RAS activities related to safety nets, The Bank provided a wide range of RAS

support to client countries in the form of policy advice, ESW, capacity building, program

support, and impact evaluation. In terms of regional distribution, the majority of RAS

projects took place in MNA (seven) and ECA (five). In MNA, the Bank increased the services

that it provided to members of the Gulf Corporation Council, with the GCC’s Country

Department acting as the liaison between the World Bank and the member states. 29 The

Bank has provided RAS on social safety net issues to four out of six GCC member countries

(Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait) in addition to providing

region-wide RAS support for building the capacity of the Arab Bank for Economic

Development in Africa (BADEA).

The food, fuel, and financial crises exposed structural weaknesses in ECA countries. It

resulted in an increased need for analytical and advisory work for policy analysis and

capacity building, which may explain the rise in RAS support during FY11-FY12.30 The

countries to which the Bank provided RAS support were Kazakhstan, the Czech Republic,

and Albania. Kazakhstan in particular received three safety net-related RAS activities, all as a

part of the Joint Economic Research Program (JERP), which is jointly funded by the Bank and

the Kazak government. The JERP was launched in early 2000s as a tool to help the Kazak

government to develop its economic and social development agenda. Most JERP analytical

work has been focused on public resource management, education, health, agriculture, and

29

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/EXTANNREP/EXTANNREP2013/0,,contentMDK:23461530~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:9304888,00.html 30

http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/brief/reimbursable-advisory-services

59

private sector development, but recently it has expanded its focus to poverty, social

protection, and social sector expenditure.31

Table 8: RAS Activities in the Safety Net Knowledge Services Portfolio, FY07-13

Impact Evaluations This review identified 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering 41 World Bank

supported projects in 24 countries between 2007 and 2013. The LAC region had the most

World Bank SSN impact evaluations (11 countries), followed by SSA and EAP with four each.

The high volume of impact evaluations in LAC can be attributed to the abundance of CCT

programs in the region, which is the type of intervention that was most frequently studied.

31

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2002/04/06/kazakhstan-joint-economic-research-program

EAP ECA MNA Total

FY09

1 1 2

FY11

2 3 5

FY12 1 2 2 5

FY13

1 1

Total 1 5 7 13

Figure 18a/b: Regional distribution of Impact Evaluations

and Types of SSN itnerventions studied in Impact

Evaluations

60

There were 93 impact evaluations of 21 World Bank-funded CCT programs worldwide (see

Figure 19). There were also many impact evaluations of unconditional cash transfers (12

studies) and public works (14 studies).

Recent impact evaluations have focused less on the direct, short-term effects of the

program than on a diverse range of behavioral outcomes, such as changes in dietary

diversity, sexual behavior, and intra-household decisions. An increasing number of impact

evaluations investigated the impact of program design by experimenting with different

design features for the same program (such as different targeting approaches, size of

transfer, or degrees of conditionality) In recent years there has also been a surge in credible

evaluations of unconditional cash transfers, mainly in IDA countries in Africa.

These evaluations used a variety of methodologies with approximately 47 using

experimental designs and the remainder using quasi-experimental approaches for

estimating impact. The most common estimation strategy used (27 out of the 129

evaluations) was a double difference (or difference-in-difference) approach. 27 evaluations

used a single-difference comparison of means using randomized experimental data. Other

common approaches used were regression discontinuity design, propensity score matching

(PSM), fixed effects, and multivariate regression with instrumental variables. Twenty-nine

evaluations used more than one strategy to check for the robustness of their results, for

example, using a PSM approach and comparing results with a difference-in-difference

approach (DID). The types of data used for evaluations included program surveys, national

censuses, and administrative data. The vast majority of evaluations used baseline data that

had been collected before the program began to be implemented. Around 80 percent of

evaluations used longitudinal panel data.

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South-South Learning and Knowledge Exchange and Other Training Services

The World Bank has historically fostered South-South learning and knowledge exchange as a

hallmark of its safety net and wider social protection and labor practices since the initiation

of the concept 15 years ago.32 This has taken a range of forms, from large-scale conferences

involving hundreds of participants from dozens of countries and numerous regions all the

way down to one-on-one peer consultations and expert visits. All of these efforts aim to

facilitate the sharing of knowledge, especially first-hand country experiences. This section

looks at some of the most common learning activities used during 2007-2013: (i) South-

South learning forums; (ii) communities of practice; (iii) study tours, expert visits, and

twinning arrangements (iv) training.33

South-South Learning Forums

From FY07 to FY13, there were four annual large-scale learning forums in Cairo, Arusha,

Addis Ababa and Hyderabad in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 for country practitioners and

global experts. They generally consisted of five days of plenary sessions in which country

delegations and experts discussed measures they had implemented with particular

reference to what worked and what did not as well as smaller parallel sessions geared

toward interactive dialogue focusing on specific country case studies. Each forum has also

included a field trip to look first-hand at safety net and social protection operations in the

host country. Time was also devoted to informal networking and group interaction in the

form of “global cafes,” marketplaces, and social events. The Rapid Social Response (RSR)

multi-donor trust fund has been instrumental in promoting South-South Learning by

sponsoring a major portion of expenses for each of the above events.

32 South-South Learning is the sharing of knowledge, experience and expertise between governments, organizations, and individuals in low- and middle-income countries. It recently has gained more momentum as governments have come to recognize that building social protection and labor systems is a prudent investment and are now looking for help and information on how to do so. 33 Much of this section draws on Bratwaithe et al, (2013)

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The evaluations of these events completed by the participants show that they were highly

appreciated. They provide an opportunity to bring together hundreds of people from

dozens of countries and multiple regions to learn about a specific topic and can be

especially useful to countries that are in the formative stages of program development or

are just thinking about reforms. The forums are a quick way to disseminate best practices

in different areas of SP&L and have tended to facilitate the establishment of communities of

practice (see below). They can also contribute to the global knowledge debate. For

example, the Arusha Forum was followed up by a flagship publication synthesizing much of

the data and country experiences explored during the event. There are some challenges

inherent in these events including cultural and language barriers, the large amount of

administrative planning needed to organize such flagship events, and availability of funding.

The events have been attended by a growing number of donors and high-level government

counterparts.

Communities of Practice

Communities of practice (CoP) are online forums that grew out of South-South learning

events as collaborative spaces where people can share and exchange knowledge on a

particular subject. Professionals from a variety of disciplines and geographic areas now

convene in online spaces such as video conferencing and blogs and also, though less

frequently, in face-to-face meetings. Officials working to revise their SSN policy in one

country can connect with their counterparts and experts on other countries who have

carried out similar reforms. If an unexpected problem or issue arises, they can simply reach

out to members of the community for feedback, advice, and suggestions.

Communities of practice tend to have a regional focus, formed by countries driven by

similar political economy situations as well as a common language. The main model for

communities of practice was the Latin American CCT Learning Circle. In late 2006, the client

countries with the most developed CCT programs in LAC (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El

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Salvador, and Mexico) asked the World Bank to act as a regional facilitator of knowledge,

learning, and innovation for CCT programs. In response, the Bank’s LAC region created the

CCT Learning Community, which client countries say has facilitated innovation and provided

them with timely advice on CCT programs.34 By the end of the 2010 South-South forum in

Arusha, a new community of practice (CoP) had emerged, building on this experience.

Today, there are SSN CoPs and peer-to-peer knowledge exchange forums in ECA, MENA,

LAC, and SSA that connect practitioners from different countries and disseminate best

practice. For example:

The SSA region community of practice was launched in 2011 and now has 11 member

countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, South

Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) through five videoconferences (with topics such as:

Targeting, Community Participation in Cash Transfers, Community-based Compliance and

Monitoring, Payments, and Governance), two face-to-face meetings in Tanzania and Kenya,

and numerous web-based interactions.

The MENA region has recently established a CoP on employment and social safety nets to

facilitate South-South knowledge exchanges initially in eight countries (Morocco, Tunisia,

Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Djibouti, and Yemen), creating a space where practitioners from the

region can share their operational experience, knowledge, and best practices on issues

related to the design and implementation of employment and social safety net programs.

The work of this community focuses on three main elements: (i) operational support; (ii)

knowledge dissemination; and (iii) knowledge generation. The community’s events and

learning outputs are being widely disseminated through social media, e-platforms, and

corporate websites (such as the World Bank MENA Facebook page, the Jobs Knowledge

Platform Facebook page, and various Bank corporate and private Twitter accounts, as well

as blog forums).

34

IEG (2010) [this is not on the reference list]

64

The ECA CoP on social safety nets was initiated in November 2011 and has had a series of

video conference meetings since then with regular participation by senior-level

counterparts (Deputy Ministers, Advisors, and Directors from Ministries of Labor and Social

Protection) from 12 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. These meetings

facilitated South-South knowledge sharing among countries in the region (Armenia,

Georgia, and Turkey) and outside the region (Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil). In addition, a

face-to face meeting/ study tour for the ECA CoP on social safety nets took place in London

in 2012 to provide practitioners with experience of how the UK welfare system works.

Study Tours, Expert Visits, and Twinning Arrangements. Study tours refer to visits by an

individual or a group to one or more countries or areas to exchange knowledge. Study tours

provide an opportunity for stakeholders to learn relevant and effective development

practices from their peers. In a survey conducted by the Bank’s Social Protection and Labor

department, several study tours were mentioned from 2007-2013. Study tours can play a

vital role in mobilizing support for reform among policymakers as well as during the initial

design stages, but tracking the impact of study tours is not simple.

Expert visits are when a country, city, or organization requests the Bank or another country

to send an expert on a particular subject to impart knowledge on her/his (or its) area of

expertise. The visits allow for in-depth consideration of an issue or problem and the

application of practical knowledge and experience to the local context. Some examples of

expert visits that occurred during the study period included:

Argentine experts accompanied by a Bank task team leader (TTL) visited Tunisia to

introduce the model of their public works program, Trabajar. Prior to the visit, a

public works program was not included in the policy dialogue for Tunisia, but after

receiving a grant from the Bank , the Tunisian government is currently designing a

program based on the Argentine model.

65

After a delegation from Congo went to Madagascar, there was a reciprocal visit from

Madagascar to the Congo.

An expert from Mexico went to Grenada to review and discuss the targeting system

and the proxy means test for Grenada’s cash transfer program.

A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) expert from the Dominican Republic visited

Honduras to advise the government on their M&E system.

Pakistan brought in an expert from Colombia to devise a product and give advice on

SP&L systems.

Twinning Arrangements

Twinning arrangements involve pairing an organizational entity in one developing country

with a similar, more mature one in another country. For example, Nicaragua and Colombia

have shared learning on the design and use of management information systems in CCT

programs, while St. Lucia and Grenada have done the same with regard to beneficiary

registries.

Training

The Bank has offered Core Courses on Safety Nets since 2000. These are two-week long,

formal, and highly structured training courses for policymakers and practitioners in the

Bank’s client countries as well as for Bank staff working on safety nets. They provide 60–90

participants from developing countries per course with valuable information and training.

These events have typically received the best feedback of any training courses offered by

the Bank. Overall, from FY07 toFY13, over 400 practitioners received training through the

Core Course on Safety Nets. This total rises to 2,000 if the South-South Learning Forum

series is included.

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To complement face to face learning, the Bank created an e-Learning course called

Introduction to Social Safety Nets in 2011. This work was undertaken in collaboration with a

technical unit within the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that specializes in

distance learning programs. The course aims to support capacity building and on-the-job

training of policymakers, managers, and technical staff involved in safety nets and food

security policy and implementation. Built upon two key knowledge products (“For

Protection and Promotion” and “Safety Nets How To”), the course consists of six lessons

containing interactive step-by-step instructions, case studies, exercises, and relevant

reading material. A course certificate is awarded upon successful completion of the final

assessment. Through the FAO alone, the course has been disseminated to over 2,400 users

since 2011, with 1,219 having been accessed online, 857 downloaded onto computers, and

295 ordered by mail. The vast majority of users have been from IDA countries.

Global Knowledge Products

During the review period, the Bank produced a steady stream of global knowledge

products, mainly in the form of publications but more recently in the form of open-access

data platforms and benchmarking initiatives. A core component of global knowledge

products has been the Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, which featured 30

discussion papers focused on safety nets between 2007 and 2013. In addition the World

Bank commissioned a series of quarterly newsletters from 2010 to disseminate information

on new publications, developments, and events in the sector. During the formulation of the

World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2010, a series of influential background

papers were also commissioned with a heavy emphasis on safety nets, looking at their

productive impact, their role in crisis situations, and their relevance for low-income and

fragile countries and environments.

Some of the most influential global knowledge products produced within the Bank during

this time period are shown in Table 8.

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Table 9: Flagship Global Knowledge Products

Activity Year Description and Added Value For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets

2008 This publication summarized several years of careful research and was launched with a vigorous dissemination strategy tailored to meet country demand for help with safety net implementation, particularly as the triple wave of financial, fuel, and food crises unfolded. Drawing on a wealth of research and the World Bank’s policy dialogue and lending from over 100 countries, For Protection and Promotion provided pragmatic and informative guidance on how to design and implement safety nets to promote growth and poverty reduction and to protect vulnerable groups in the wake of shocks.

Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector

2009 This review was undertaken jointly by the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Bank Group, building on the comparative advantages of both organizations. The overall objective was to provide guidance on how to develop and implement effective school feeding programs in the context of a productive safety net, both as part of the response to the social shocks of the current global crises and as a fiscally sustainable investment in human capital as part of long-term global efforts to achieve Education for All and provide social protection for the poor.

Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty: Policy Research Report

2009 Based on thorough research, this report provided an assessment, of CCT programs as an instrument of social policy. The report paid particular attention to the following four themes: (i) the conceptual basis for understanding CCT programs and their role in social policy; (ii) evidence of their impact on consumption poverty, education, health, and nutrition outcomes; (iii) evidence of the effects of alternative design features such as choice of targeting methods, size of transfers, and types of conditions; and (iv) the role played by CCTs and similar programs in the context of social protection policies.

ADePT SP – Software Platform for Economic Analysis

2010 AdePT SP examines how the beneficiaries and/or benefits of social protection programs are distributed across quintiles, deciles, or other population groups. The software performs sensitivity analysis with different consumption counterfactuals, generates estimates with correct standard errors, and produces statistics that make it possible to compare survey and administrative data. It can also be used to simulate the distributional impact of new/restructured programs.

Safety Nets How To

2011 Safety Nets How To is a resource guide for practitioners involved in the design and implementation of social protection systems. It pulls together summary information, country cases, and guidelines on key processes and cross-cutting issues, with lessons for everyday program implementation. The information is organized in a standardized, concise, and accessible format (hard copy publication and online toolkit) and draws on best practices across from a variety of contexts, including middle-income, low-income, and fragile states. The objective of Safety Nets How To is to provide practitioners with technical knowledge on key implementation issues.

The Cash Dividend: The Role of Cash Transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa

2012 In 2009, growing interest in the use of cash transfer programs in Sub-Saharan Africa led the World Bank to initiate a comprehensive desk review of the cash transfer programs that had been used recently in the region. This book presents the results of the review. A total of 1,231 cash transfer programs were identified in the review, although only a subset of these programs was described in detail. The programs were diverse, ranging from emergency one-time transfers, to unconditional non-contributory social pensions, to conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) with human capital development objectives similar to those of the vanguard CCTs in Latin America.

Public Works as a Safety Net: Design,

2013 The publication reviewed the conceptual underpinnings and operational elements of public works programs around the world. Drawing from a rich

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Evidence, and Implementation

evidence base including program documentation, policy papers, peer-reviewed publications, and empirical data from over 40 countries, it provided an overview of the state of public works programs and how they function as part of wider social protection systems.

ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection

2013 ASPIRE is an internet service that presents comprehensive and harmonized indicators on the elements of a SPL system (architecture, performance, and inputs and outputs) in order to help countries to develop and strengthen their SPL systems through benchmarking. This web portal is in the process of generating open, accessible and comparable performance indicators of social assistance, social insurance, and labor market programs based on various data sources (including administrative and survey data). Currently available are indicators of the performance and impact of social protection and labor programs, which are based on household survey data from 56 developing countries. Further indicators based on administrative records will later be added. All indicators will be regularly updated and more countries will be added as data become available.

Most flagship publications have been accompanied by vigorous dissemination strategies.

For example, the dissemination efforts during FY09 for “From Protection to Promotion”

included: (i) a traditional launch event led by Africa Region’s Chief Economist and

government representatives from Ethiopia and Colombia; (ii) desk-to-desk distribution to

key policy makers and decision makers within and outside the World Bank; (iii) electronic

distribution on the World Bank website and the creation of an e-learning module (jointly

with the Food and Agricultural Organization) and an extensive Wikipedia page on social

safety nets; (iv) the translation of overview into Spanish, French, Russian, and Arabic and of

the whole report into Spanish, Russian, and Vietnamese; (v) two regional (ECA and MNA)

and 26 country-specific workshops for Bank staff and government counterparts (vi) a

presentation given on the report at a global South-South learning event, which provided the

basis for improved materials for the World Bank’s Core Course on Safety Nets; and (vii) spin-

off documents such as a Guidance Note for Human Development Reponses to the Food and

Fuel Crisis, a paper for the Bank’s Development Committee at the 2008 Annual Meetings,

and various briefing notes for the Bank’s senior management.

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VI. Discussion

Based on the above findings, this section looks at key issues, lessons, and results

concerning: (i) safety net operations; (ii) knowledge services; and (iii) impact evaluation

studies.

World Bank Safety Net Operations

This review highlights the Bank’s continued support for safety nets. Between FY07 and FY13

it had a safety net support portfolio of just over US$12 billion, which funded 273 financing

activities in 93 countries. The total value of all financing activities that contained a safety

net theme (in other words, were coded as Theme 54) was US$33 billion, of which 36

percent (US$12 billion) was dedicated to safety nets. The Bank’s average annual

commitment to safety net support between FY07 and FY13 was US$1.72 billion, a threefold

increase from the US$567 million per year that was spent between FY02 and FY07.

Of the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 had little or no safety net-related

support from the World Bank prior to FY07. During the review period, Sub-Saharan Africa

was the region with most countries newly introduced to the portfolio (17), followed by EAP

(6), ECA (3), LAC (7), and SAR (1). This reflected the expansion of the World Bank’s safety net

support into low-income countries in Africa, largely in the form of crisis response programs.

For the first time in the history of the World Bank’s safety net portfolio, the gap between

IDA and IBRD lending closed. In FY13, the Bank’s lending for SSN activities was higher to

IDA-eligible countries than in IBRD-eligible countries at US$831 million and US$462 million

respectively, thus reversing a longtime trend.

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Major Lessons Learned

Underlying these trends was a range of different country experiences of safety net design

and implementation. Our review of the project appraisal documents for the flagship country

operations discussed in Section 1 points to the following lessons that can be learned from

the main safety net projects that the Bank supported during the time period of the review:

Safety net programs, while traditionally designed to foster medium-term increases in human

capital, have a role to play in responding to crises and protecting poor households’

investments in their human capital. This can be seen by the recent increase in demand for

safety net programs in lower-income countries where risk, vulnerability, and transitory

poverty are often more prevalent.

Governments should invest in safety nets during stable times to build programs that can

help them to respond effectively when shocks occur. During the food and fuel crises (2007-

08), the countries that already had effective safety net programs in place were able to use

them to respond to the effects of the crises, whereas the countries with no such programs

had to rely on ad hoc interventions. At the same time, the crises pointed out some

weaknesses in existing programs. For example, many IBRD countries found that their

poverty-targeted safety nets were not flexible enough to make it possible to increase

coverage or benefits as needed, while many IDA countries lacked the necessary poverty

data and systems to target and deliver benefits.35 These experiences have prompted the

World Bank to move towards a pro-cyclical financing model, in which it is sustaining its

support for safety nets after the crisis and is continuing to meet the needs of the bottom 40

percent during stable times.

35 IEG (2011)

71

Political commitment is critical to the sustainability of safety net interventions. The

involvement and commitment of sector ministries also makes it possible to plan recurrent

expenditure within medium-term planning frameworks. At the same time, the involvement

of local governments is also crucial because of the decentralization of service delivery in

many countries.

Before projects are implemented, policymakers should spend time upfront in developing a

solid institutional design built on country systems as well as local community structures. This

will help to define lines of authority and accountability, including for administration and

service delivery. It will also help to align incentives and financing and to ensure that risks

and remedies are identified up front. While using existing government channels and

institutional structures is consistent with long-term public sector management objectives,

relying solely on permanent civil service staff will not be sufficient in most countries in the

short term to address capacity constraints. Making use of contracted staff ‒ which is

permitted within the civil service structure of most countries can ease implementation

capacity constraints and improve program performance, especially if combined with staff

performance incentives and best practices from community-driven approaches.

Safety net programs need an accurate and credible system for identifying and selecting the

target population. The available empirical evidence shows that the impact of cash transfer

programs on poverty and inequality is significantly greater when effective and accurate

targeting mechanisms are used. Designing and constructing such a mechanism requires

using appropriate criteria to identify and select beneficiaries. A good targeting system is

often complex to develop but can be used for many programs, not only for direct cash or in-

kind transfers but also for programs that provide health care insurance, school feeding, or

training. Once effective targeting instruments and recertification procedures are in place in

one program, they can gradually be expanded to other programs.

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Detailed monitoring, evaluation and accountability mechanisms need to be designed and

implemented from the outset of a safety net program to provide transparent, timely, and

adequate information to all stakeholders. A strong monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system

makes it possible to assess whether existing programs are fulfilling their objectives and how

their performance could be improved. Programs are monitored to evaluate their targeting,

to assess beneficiary take-up rates, and measure selected program outcomes. For this

purpose, the M&E system collects information on selected process and result indicators,

tracks program caseloads and spending, and estimates inclusion and exclusion targeting

errors. The information generated by management information systems (MIS) serves two

critical functions: (i) it allows program managers to assess program operations and monitor

program targets and (ii) it enables policymakers, financiers, and the general public to hold

programs and their managers accountable for their performance. Consequently, setting up

an integrated MIS is crucial for producing continuous updates throughout the program’s

life. In addition monitoring should be complemented by rigorous impact, process, and

beneficiary evaluations, the findings of which are crucial for fine-tuning and re-designing

the program where necessary to ensure that it achieves its objectives. Furthermore, the

dissemination of such findings has often helped to secure continued political and public

support for safety net programs (as was the case in Mexico, Colombia, and Kenya).

Coordination between -donors – especially in low-income countries – is necessary to ensure

a coherent approach to safety net support. The transaction costs involved in this

coordination can be reduced by securing formal arrangements and dedicated staff. Care is

necessary to ensure that development partners are not excessively involved in the day-

today implementation of the program so as not to erode government control over the

program’s management.

Safety net programs should be designed to encourage beneficiaries to graduate from

support and to access human development services and programs. International experience

suggests that efforts to enable beneficiaries of transfer programs to access complementary

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services and help them to develop strategies for graduating from support can be an

effective way to lift them out of poverty. Some successful examples of programs that have

taken this on board] are Jamaica’s PATH (the Program for Advancement through Health and

Education), Ecuador’s Bono de Desarrollo Humano, and Bulgaria and Romania’s income-

generation programs. At the same time, the pace of program exit needs to be set against a

realistic assessment of overall trends and conditions.

As safety net systems develop and programs expand in coverage, the role of effective

communications has become increasingly important. More than merely providing

information, communications facilitates public dialogue and social awareness, and provides

a mechanism to enhance program implementation. A well-planned and -executed

communications strategy can help identify program obstacles and opportunities for

program success, and promote an enabling environment to broaden program

understanding. Experiences in Pakistan, Brazil, and Indonesia highlight the role of strategic

communications in introducing, sustaining and reforming safety net interventions

respectively.

A large body of research has shown that policymakers must pay careful attention to gender

issues because the outcomes of policies and programs can differ markedly for women and

men. In particular, understanding local socio-cultural dynamics is crucial for ensuring that

women benefit equally from SSN programs.

The Evolving Nature of Social Safety Net Provision

During the review period, there was a considerable amount of experimentation and

adaptation of core safety net interventions. The rise of UCTs has enabled the spread of

safety nets even to countries with such limited capacity that would make it difficult for

them to be able to deliver a CCT. The increasing amount of evidence about the effectiveness

of UCT transfer payments in terms of reducing poverty and vulnerability has also bolstered

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demand and investment in this area (see discussion below on impact evaluation results).

During the period covered by this review, there has also been a blurring of lines between

conditional and unconditional transfers, with some UCT programs (for example, in Kenya,

Ghana, and Pakistan) introducing some co-responsibility arrangements with less stringent

enforcement than in most CCTs. At the same time, the Bank’s lending for cash transfer

programs is still heavily concentrated in IBRD-eligible countries and mostly on CCTs in LAC.

CCT programs have proven to be particularly effective in Latin America, where health and

education services are fairly widely available, and where there are fewer implementation

constraints than in some other regions.

Although more than half of all CCT activities in the portfolio were in LAC countries, a

substantial number of activities – 11 out of 49 ‒ were located in Africa. Unlike in LAC, CCTs

in Africa are rarely a stand-alone activity. Instead, they usually come as a part of a package

of safety net interventions that often also include a public works component. The three

largest CCT financing activities in SSA region – Nigeria’s Youth Employment and Social

Support, Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net, and Ghana’s Social Opportunities Project –

all combine a CCT with a public works component, suggesting that combining investments

in human capital with CCTs and with the building of community infrastructure through

public works may be the trend for a new wave of CCTs in lower-income countries.

In recent years, there has been a large number of impact evaluations of CCT programs in

lower-income countries in Africa. The evidence shows that these CCTs have had a positive

short-term impact on the incomes and the health and nutrition indicators of their

beneficiaries. Few of the programs in Africa have been around for long enough to generate

any long-term effects, and the evaluations have tended to focus on observing outcomes

related to the satisfaction of basic needs given the low-income nature of the countries

involved. It should be noted that only 18 percent of CCT activities in the portfolio were

located in regions other than LAC or SSA, suggesting that there is room for the expansion of

CCTs in the future to these regions in the future. As impact evaluations have suggested that

75

educational CCTs work particularly well in terms of promoting the attainment of

marginalized students, policymakers in MNA and SAR might wish to consider introducing

CCTs that contain conditions aimed at increasing schooling for girls.

Finally, during the review period, public works programs were introduced and scaled up on

an unprecedented scale. Public works programs tend to garner strong public and political

support because they are seen as contributing to a productive economy as well as

reinforcing a community’s capacity to manage its own affairs. As has been seen in, for

example, Ethiopia, Argentina, and India, such programs can be a flexible instrument. In low-

income countries particularly, public works programs have served several different

functions. For example, they have been used as a short-term palliative for the negative

effects of shocks with the World Bank approving 47 projects with public works components

in the wake of the FFF crises in FY09/10. They have also been used to support multi-sectoral

priorities as in Cambodia (road rehabilitation) and Ethiopia(watershed management), to

address structural poverty and employment challenges, for example, by providing

employment guarantees as in India’s MGNREGS, and to complement skills training,

financial inclusion, or links to intermediate services as in El Salvador, Yemen, and Liberia.

Finally, they have often been introduced with the aim of supporting social stability and

cohesion, for example, by targeting youths and marginal groups (in Sri Lanka, South Sudan,

and Uganda).

Lessons from Knowledge Services

The review underscores the critical role played by knowledge services in advancing the

safety nets agenda, especially in countries where implementation capacity is weak such as

South Sudan and East Timor. Aside from the wealth of technical reports and assessments

that it has generated, the Bank has been especially strategic in promoting South-South

exchanges and global knowledge sharing. During the period of the review, the Bank hosted

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four global South-South Learning Forums and oversaw the establishment of communities of

practice in three regions, building on the initial success of the CCT Learning Circles in LAC.

Links between Financing and Knowledge Activities

This review has found that knowledge activities seem to have fostered subsequent country

demand for financing for safety nets. Among the 42 countries that were added to the World

Bank’s safety nets financing portfolio after FY07, the majority (26) had also received some

form of knowledge services during the period between FY07 and FY13. In a sizable number

of countries, knowledge services either preceded or were provided concurrently with the

first financing support, with 10 countries having received knowledge services prior to

receiving financing36 and four countries receiving their first knowledge and financing activity

in the same year.37 It is plausible that ESW can generate demand among governments for

further support from the World Bank, at least in technical assistance. Among the 42

countries that had no World Bank safety net support prior to FY07, 17 had received ESW

between FY07 and FY13. Twelve out of the 17 countries had received technical assistance in

the years following the ESW, and one country received TA concurrently with the ESW.

There were only four countries in which technical assistance did not follow the ESW.

Knowledge challenges at country and global level

While the Bank has had a number of achievements in its provision of knowledge services

(see Section 4), some challenges remain.

At country level:

Despite the Bank’s efforts to expand country knowledge services, there is still a gap

between IDA and IBRD countries, albeit one that has shrunk in the last several years. For the

36 Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Guinea, Mali, Mauritius, Togo, Timor, Jordan, Lebanon, and Nepal 37

Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Vietnam, and El Salvador

77

period FY07-13, only 29 percent of the Bank’s knowledge services (both ESW and TA) were

provided to low-income countries.

Typically the Bank’s budget can only be used to fund knowledge services in countries where

the Bank already has an operational presence. This restriction has been overcome to some

extent in recent years with the advent of trust fund financing such as the Rapid Social

Response Fund, which is applicable only to low-income countries. However, as these trust

funds have increasingly scarce budgets and an increased number of countries to support,

there is a risk of small and fragmented technical assistance work.

Increasing demand for customized technical assistance poses challenge, because of the

many different forms and themes that may be requested. This can stretch the limits of

available technical expertise.

The methodologies and approaches that the Bank uses to undertake country assessments

vary and are dependent on what information is available at the country level. Additionally,

country assessments are time-consuming and labor-intensive

Globally:

The distillation of timely and relevant global knowledge requires broad input, including

expertize from country level and global partners. This requires careful planning and

investment, as well as mechanisms to capture best practice from outside of the World Bank.

There are challenges to ensure high quality and comparable data. Quality control and

accountability are critically important, and require investment especially at country level.

There is a recognized need to enhance incentives, mechanisms, tools and processes to

promote selecting and sharing of knowledge across countries, teams, functions and

institutions.

78

Evaluating and Measuring Results

The World Bank has various options for measuring the results achieved by Bank-supported

safety net projects. It is possible to get a general sense of overall trends and primary impact

from the World Bank’s Aspire Database, its Corporate Score Indicators, and completed

impact evaluations. The performance of individual projects and their key outcomes can be

obtained by reviewing their implementation completion reports and project performance

portfolio information.

The Bank’s tracking of safety net coverage and impact has not been consistent and is an

area that is now being strengthened, especially in light of the World Bank’s Social Protection

and Labor Strategy. The strategy’s results framework outlines a series of outputs and

outcomes at both the World Bank and the country level that are being tracked in order to

assess progress towards achieving the goals of the strategy over the next 10 years. The

results framework follows a three-tier approach that reflects respectively the World Bank’s

contribution to sectoral development outcomes (Tier 1), country outcomes and outputs

attributable to Bank support (Tier 2), and the actions and activities for which the World

Bank will be accountable (Tier 3). Each tier tracks the progress made by countries and the

World Bank in the main focus areas of the strategy. The results framework indicators from

the strategy are consistent with other institutional frameworks as well, including the World

Bank’s Corporate Scorecard Indicator, a recent initiative that looks at the coverage of active

safety net projects supported by the Bank and their breakdown by gender.

Information published in the latest version of the Corporate Scorecard Indicator suggests

that the average annual number of beneficiaries receiving Bank-financed safety net support

during FY09-11 was 141 million. When the baseline number collected in FY09 (141.6 million)

and the number collected from program exit reviews in FY11 (141.1 million) are compared,

it can be seen that coverage was stable over the three-year period. Data on the number of

79

women and girls benefitting from Bank-financed social protection programs were collected

in FY12, and the number came to 78 million.38

Table 10: Select Corporate Scorecard Indicators for Human Development and Gender

Indicators Type Baseline Current

Value Year Value Year

Number of beneficiaries covered by social

safety net programs (millions) Outcome 114.6 FY09 114.1 FY11

Number of women and girls benefitting

from social protection programs and other

targeted schemes (millions)

Outcome 78 FY12 78 FY12

Evidence from the World Bank’s new ASPIRE database shows that, each year, safety nets in

developing countries lift 50.3 million people out of absolute poverty (defined as living on

less than US$1.25 a day). At the same time, 96.4 million people are lifted out of the bottom

quintile (relative poverty). Overall, this represents a significant impact on the global fight

against poverty.

38 World Bank Corporate Scorecard: Integrated Results and Performance Framework. April 2013. The World Bank.

80

Results from Impact Evaluations

Recent impact evaluations of established CCT projects have begun to find that these

programs are having not only short-term effects but also a longer-term positive impact on

the welfare of recipients. They have also found that both longstanding and newer CCT

programs are affecting household decision-making in ways that have policy implications.

This evidence comes mainly from Latin America, specifically from programs in Mexico,

Colombia, Nicaragua, and Brazil.

Evaluations have shown that, after five and a half years of providing program benefits,

Mexico’s Oportunidades program has had a positive and sustained impact in terms of

improving school enrollment, reducing child and youth labor, increasing employment for

older girls, and facilitating a shift in employment in rural areas from agricultural to non-

agricultural work.39 A government evaluation from 2008 found that former Oportunidades

beneficiaries were more likely to enter middle-class occupations than non-beneficiaries,

while their share of better paying jobs was on average 25 percentage points higher.40 In

contrast, a study from 2011 found that Colombia’s Familias en Accion had had no significant

impact on the cognitive development of beneficiary children. 41 The study found that

participating children were 4 to 8 percentage points more likely than non-participating

children to finish high school (particularly girls and beneficiaries in rural areas), but

recipients who graduated from high school seemed to perform at the same level as equally

poor non-recipient graduates.

The findings of evaluations of Nicaragua’s Atención a Crisis underscored the long-term

positive potential of health interventions focusing on early childhood intervention. It was

found that households who received Atención a Crisis transfers had increased their

39

Behrman et al (2010) 40

Government of Mexico (2008) 41

Baez and Camacho (2011)

81

expenditure on critical inputs into child development (such as more nutrient-rich foods,

more early stimulation provided to children, and more use of preventative health care). This

had led to improvements in the cognitive outcomes of children aged 36 months old from

beneficiary households, and even two years after the program was ended and the transfers

had been discontinued, these positive effects continued.42

Impact evaluations of both established and newer programs are helping policymakers to

understand the causal pathways leading to positive outcomes. A 2012 evaluation of Brazil’s

Bolsa Família program yielded evidence of how beneficiary women made decisions that

resulted in better living conditions for both children and women.43 Also, a 2012 evaluation

of Morocco’s Tayssir CCT found a significant difference in the amount of time children had

available for learning when transfers were given to female heads of household as opposed

to male heads of households. The study found that children in the female-headed

households spent around five more hours a day in school‐related activities than children

from male-headed households 44

In recent years, there has been a breakthrough in the evidence base documenting the

impact of unconditional cash transfers. Evaluations have highlighted the growing interest

from governments in so-called “social cash transfers” (or UCTs) as a way to improve human

development and poverty outcomes and foster local economic development, particularly in

low-capacity countries. Evaluations have shown that UCTs can help vulnerable households

to manage risk by immediately increasing their income and consumption, although the

magnitude of these effects depends on the initial conditions and implementation logistics.

For example, a one-time unconditional transfer provided in the West Bank region enabled

recipient households to maintain their food consumption levels and even to significantly

improve the quality and increase the variety of food that they consumed.45 Ghana’s

Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) program is reported to have led to a

42

Macours et al (2012) 43

DeBrauw (2012) 44

Benhassine et al (2012) 45

EMCC (2010)

82

significant 14 percent increase in the likelihood of beneficiary households being able to

save.46 An innovative simulation analysis of Lesotho’s Child Grants Program in 2012

suggested that cash transfers can have significant positive effects not only at the household

level but also on the local economy, as it found that the program had generated US$2.23 in

income within local communities for every dollar provided to the beneficiaries.47 Few

evaluations have directly assessed human development outcomes, but some notable

findings have emerged on the links between UCTs and education. A 2011 evaluation of LEAP

in Ghana found that the program had increased school enrollment by an average of seven

percentage points, though these results varied between male and female children. For

females, the effect of LEAP was to increase the attendance of those already enrolled in

school. For males, LEAP increased both access and progression between grades.48 Also, a

2013 evaluation of Uganda’s Youth Opportunities Program found that 75 percent of direct

grant beneficiaries spend a portion of their transfer on technical and vocational training.49

Public works interventions have been found to have a positive effect on income,

consumption, and employment, particularly in agricultural economies and during covariate

shocks. A 2011 evaluation of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) found that

the program had led to consumption gains among beneficiary households. Receiving public

works payments for five years yielded an increase of 1.05 months of food security

compared to having received no transfers in all regions where the PSNP was being

implemented.50 Another study found that PSNP beneficiaries had significantly increased

their livestock holdings, while the combination of the PSNP together with another

complementary program (OFSP/HABP) led to considerable increases in the use of fertilizer

and enhanced investments that were likely to increase agricultural productivity among

households receiving both benefits. However, only in some cases had this resulted in

46

Handa and Parker (2013) 47

Taylor et al (2012) 48

Samson et al (2011) 49

Blattman et al (2013) 50

Berhane et al (2011)

83

observed increases in production yields. 51 A 2012 report tracked the success of Latvia’s

Workplaces with Stipends (WWS) program, which had been introduced in response to the

2008 financial crisis.52 The evaluation found that the program had been successful in

targeting poor and vulnerable people with minimal leakage to non-poor households. Almost

83 percent of WWS beneficiaries were in the bottom 20 percent of the income distribution,

and the program was credited with raising the income of participating households by 37

percent in the short term.53 Yemen’s Labor-intensive Public Works Program was expected to

protect beneficiaries from the negative effects of the economic crisis by providing them

with additional days of work. The evaluation of this program coincided with incidents of

armed conflict, economic paralysis due to fuel shortages and general instability during the

widespread protests associated with the Arab Spring of 2011. During this period the

program was found to have increased participants’ income by approximately US$23 per

month in active projects, but this change was not statistically significant. However, the

program led to a meaningful and significant increase in average consumption of between

320 and 435 calories per day, equivalent to an 11 to 13 percent increase in calorie

consumption in participating communities compared to non-participating communities.54

In-kind transfers, particularly food-based programs, have had a significant positive impact in

situations where cash has limited use or fluctuating value. In situations where purchasing

power changes rapidly and food insecurity is a concern, for example, Ethiopia in 2007, a

combination of food and cash transfers has proved to be the best way to protect beneficiary

households. Comparing different groups of Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP)

beneficiaries, a 2010 report showed that between 2006 and 2008 receiving food and/or a

combination of food and cash was more effective than cash payments in protecting

households measured in terms of income changes, assets, and the food gap.55 Specifically,

the income of households that received in-kind food payments grew by 59 percent more

51

Hoddinott (2012) 52

Azam et al (2012) 53

Azam et al (2012) 54 Christian (2013) 55

Sabates-Wheeler and Devereux (2010)

84

than the incomes of non-beneficiaries, while the incomes of households that received a

combination of food and cash grew by 45 percent more than those of non-beneficiaries.

VII. Conclusions

The review highlights the Bank’s strong support for the continued expansion of safety nets

through diverse financing and knowledge activities. The World Bank’s support for safety

net expansion is most visibly evidenced through financing activities amounting to just over

$12 billion between FY07-13. During this time period the average annual commitment for

safety nets during was US$1.72 billion, a threefold increase from US$567 million per year

during FY02-07.

In recent years the Bank has supported the consolidation of established programs and

emergence of new ones, especially in low income settings. The portfolio continues to reflect

the importance and consolidation of safety nets in middle income countries. Greater IBRD

financing commitments – especially in LCR and ECA regions - reflect the mature nature of

these programs, especially a handful of flagship operations which have required major

investment to expand coverage and promote program reforms. These countries are also

becoming increasingly important in sharing south-south knowledge. At the same time there

is a new generation of promising IBRD interventions, including in the Philippines, as well as

a pipeline operations for Vietnam.

The expansion of safety nets in lower income settings is a notable advancement of the

portfolio. Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 had no or limited

exposure to the World Bank safety nets engagement prior to FY07. Africa was the region

with the most number of countries newly introduced to the portfolio (17), reflecting the

increase of World Bank support for safety nets in low-inome countries, aided also by the

crisis response. For the first time in the World Bank’s Safety Net portfolio’s history, the

85

review reports a convergence of the gap between IDA and IBRD lending in support of SSN

activities worldwide. In FY13, lending allocated towards SSN activities was higher in IDA

eligible countries compared to IBRD eligible countries, at US$831 million and US$462

million, respectively, reversing a longtime trend.

Knowledge services now comprise a critical component of World Bank support to the safety

nets agenda, especially in low capacity contexts where implementation capacity is weak.

During the time period of the review the World Bank spent approximately $118 million on

281 safety net studies - covering economic and sector work, and non-lending technical

assistance and covering 104 countries and regions. Between 2009-2012 alone, the Bank

conducted a total of 60 Safety Net assessments, covering 40 countries in 4 regions. Aside

from the wealth of technical reports and assessments generated, the Bank has been

especially strategic in promoting South-South exchange and global knowledge. In the course

of the review the Bank hosted four global South-South Learning Forum Events, and saw the

evolution of practitioner Communities of Practice in three regions, building on the initial

success of the LAC CCT Learning Circles.

Some major observations emerging from the review are as follows:

World Bank supported safety net projects play a major role in addressing chronic poverty

and inequality, and in turn meeting the needs of bottom population quintiles. Some 82% of

projects reviewed had chronic poverty and reduction of inequality as their main function.

The World Bank’s Corporate Scorecard illustrates that in FY11, total beneficiary numbers of

safety net beneficiaries reached at least 114 million. Even more impressive is the data

provided by the Bank’s ASPIRE database, which shows that each year; safety nets in

developing countries lift 50.3 million people from absolute poverty. At the same time,

safety nets play a major role in responding to shocks and transitory needs. Some 51% of

projects reviewed including mechanisms to manage risk from system shocks.

86

One of the major lessons emerging from the triple wave of food, fuel and finance crises was

recognition of the need to invest continuously in safety nets during stable times so that

programs can be scaled up effectively when shocks occur. These experiences have

prompted the World Bank to move towards a pro-cyclical financing model where it is

sustaining support for safety nets after a crisis and meeting basic needs of the bottom

population quintiles during stable times.

Countries require customized support in order to effectively design and implement safety

net programs. A hallmark of the World Bank’s support to safety nets concerns technical

assistance and institutional improvement, which were factored into the vast majority of

projects in the portfolio. These projects often support the strengthening of the institutional

capacity of the client government and the social sector reform, making improvements in the

administration, coverage and targeting of social safety net and shaping new social safety

nets policies to provide the foundation for building a harmonized and comprehensive

system of social protection. The importance of such activities was especially emphasized

during the time of crisis when there was an emphasis on a more efficient social spending

with a tightened budget and an increased need.

Robust evidence continues to mount on the impacts of social safety nets, although more

research is needed. During the review time period approximately 129 credible safety net

impact evaluations covering 41 World Bank supported projects in 24 countries were

identified. Findings from these evaluations are providing a strong evidence base of social

safety nets on a vast range of dimensions, such as poverty, inequality, food security and

nutrition, human capital, local economic multipliers, investments in productive activities,

risk resilience, social cohesion, and others. Yet more research might be needed on the

performance of alternative design and implementation options, on linking social safety nets

to the ‘graduation’ agenda, and on adapting social safety nets to different contexts,

particularly urban areas and fragile states.

87

Safety net interventions are evolving to support broader social protection initiatives and

multi-sectoral strategies. In recent years there has been an increase in Conditional Cash and

Unconditional Cash transfers, as well as interventions that fall somewhat in between i.e.,

soft conditionalities. The use of public works instruments has also evolved considerably to

meet complementary objectives such as temporary employment creation and

environmental protection through asset accumulation as examples. The integration of these

activities with broader interventions raises challenges to ensure continued quality of

technical support, ability to assess impact and plan for long term sustainability.

The World Bank is investing heavily in knowledge services to advance the safety nets

agenda at both global and country level. A strength of knowledge support has been

investment towards cross country learning and technical knowledge exchange amongst

country level practitioners. Knowledge activities have fostered subsequent country demand

for safety net financings.

Finally, it is significant to note that the safety nets portfolio at the Bank has been one of the

best performing during FY2007-2013. On average, the disbursement ratio was 49.8 percent

(against 23.1 percent for the rest of the Bank) and peaked at 82.3 percent in FY10, when the

crisis-related projects disbursed in earnest. Although, the bank extended safety net

program coverage to riskier countries (i.e. fragile states), the overall commitment at risk (16

percent) remained more stable, even during the crisis period, and below the Bank average.

Going forward the future trends in the portfolio are projected as follows:

A continued emphasis on integration and systems building, combining safety net

interventions with broader social protection strategies.

88

Progressive scaling up of interventions in low income settings, including

customization efforts to ensure programs are flexible in light of crisis situations and

ongoing needs.

Greater attention to identify appropriate customization of interventions in low

capacity and fragile situations, with much focus on institutional design and capacity

services, including the role of third party delivery agents.

Sustained engagement in middle income countries, with a shift towards

strengthening of SSN systems, within framework of broader social protection and

labor programs and in context or decentralization and country reform agendas

Continued demand for to share operational experiences and knowledge, especially

in the context of strengthening administrative mechanisms for identifying and

selecting target populations e.g. single registry systems, targeting instruments.

More programmatic and strategic use of knowledge services, with greater selectivity

of analytical work and sustained demand for learning and knowledge exchange

opportunities. In this context a greater emphasis also on open data and information

availability.

Strengthened monitoring and evaluation at the outset of a project in order to

provide more timely information and to better understand the causal impacts

through which safety nets are shaping outcomes. The impact evaluation agenda

points to a series of empirical gaps including long term impacts, cost effectiveness

and behavioral pathways of change.

Greater emphasis on managing risk in the portfolio, especially in the context of

general governance and accountability challenges that face safety net operations.

89

A need for greater external engagement with the international community and

donor agencies, especially to support efforts towards greater safety net and social

protection systemization.

Continued reliance on donor and trust fund resources to create flexibility

90

Bibliography Alderman, H., and Yemtsov, R. 2012. Productive Role of Safety Nets. Background Paper for the World Bank 2012–2022 Social Protection and Labor Strategy. Washington, DC: World Bank. Andrews, C., Das, M., Elder, J., Ovadiya, M., and Zampaglione, G. 2012. Social Protection in Low Income Countries and Fragile Situations: Challenges and Future Directions. Background Paper for the World Bank 2012–2022 Social Protection and Labor Strategy, NO. 1209. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Azam, Mehtabul, Céline Ferré, and Mohamed Ajwad. 2012 "Did Latvia's public works program mitigate the impact of the 2008-2010 crisis?." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6144. Washington, DC: World Bank. Baez, Javier, and Adriana Camacho. 2011. "Assessing the long-term effects of conditional cash transfers on human capital: evidence from Colombia." Policy Research Paper No. 5681. Washington, DC: World Bank. Behrman, Jere R., Susan W. Parker, and Petra E. Todd. 2011. "Do conditional cash transfers for schooling generate lasting benefits? A five-year followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades." Journal of Human Resources 46, (1): 93-122. Benhassine, Najy, Florencia Devoto, Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, and Victor Pouliquen. "Unpacking the Effects of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Experimental Evidence from Morocco." Unpublished manuscript (2012). Berhane, Guush, et al. 2011. "The impact of Ethiopia’s productive safety nets and household asset building programme: 2006–2010." IFPRI, Washington DC. USA. Blattman, Christopher, Fiala, Nathan and Martinez, Sebastian. 2012 “Employment Generation in Rural Africa: Mid-Term Results from an Experimental Evaluation of the Youth Opportunities Program in Northern Uganda.” Discussion Paper No. 1201. Berlin: DIW. Christian, Sikandra, Alain de Janvry, Daniel Egel, and Elisabeth Sadoulet. 2013. “Quantitative Evaluation of Social Fund for Development Labor Intensive Works Program (LIWP)” LIWP Program Design. De Brauw, Alan, Daniel Ol Gilligan, John Hoddinott, Shalini Roy. 2012. “The Impact of Colsa Familia on Child Maternal anc Household Welfare.”

91

EMCC (Engineering & Management Consulting Center). 2010. Impact Evaluation for Additional Financing for Food Crisis Project: Social Safety Network Reform. Final Report. Ministry of Social Affairs. GoM (Government of Mexico). 2008. “External Evaluation of Oportunidades in Rural Areas (1997-2007).” Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, Mexico, D.F. Grosh, M., C. Andrews, R. Quintana, and C. Rodriguez. 2011. Global Food Price Increases and Grosh, M.E. and Milazzo, A., (2008). Social Safety Nets in World Bank Lending and Analytical Work: FY2002 – 2007. SP Discussion Paper No 0810. World Bank, Washington, DC. Grosh, Margaret E., del Ninno, Carlo., Tesliuc, Emil and Oeughi, Azedine, with Milazzo, Annamaria and Weigand, Christine (2008). For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets. World Bank, Washington, DC. Handa, Sudhanshu, Michael Park, R. Darko Osei, and I. Osei-Akoto. 2013. “Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty Program Impact Evaluation.” Carolina Population Center. North Carolina: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Hoddinott, John, Guush Berhane, Daniel O. Gilligan, Neha Kumar, and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse. 2012. "The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme and Related Transfers on Agricultural Productivity." Journal of African Economies 21 (5): 761-786. IEG (2011a). Social Safety Nets: An Evaluation of World Bank Support, 2000–2010.Washington, DC: Independent Evaluation Group, the World Bank Group. IEG (2011b). Evidence and Lessons Learned from Impact Evaluations on Social Safety Nets. Washington DC: Independent Evaluations Group, World Bank. Ovadiya, M., Kryeziu, A., Masood, S, and Zapatero, E (Forthcoming). Social Protection in Fragile and Conflict Affected States: Trends and Challenges Discussion Paper. World Bank: Human Development Network. 2014 Macours, Karen, Norbert Schady, and Renos Vakis. 2012. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and cognitive development in early childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, (2): 247-273. Marzo, Federika and Mori, Hideki. 2012. Crisis Response in Social Protection. Background Paper for the World Bank 2012–2022 Social Protection and Labor Strategy, NO. 1205. Washington, DC: World Bank. Ribe, H., Robalino, D. A., and Walker, I. 2010. Achieving Effective Social Protection for All in Latin America and the Caribbean From Right to Reality. Washington, DC: World Bank

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Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel, and Stephen Devereux. 2010. "Cash transfers and high food prices: explaining outcomes on Ethiopia’s productive safety net programme." Food Policy, 35(4), 274-285.

Safety Net Readiness. Internal Memo. Washington DC: World Bank.

Subbarao, K., del Ninno, C., Andrews, C., and Rodriguez, C. 2013. Public Works Programs: Design, Evidence and Implementation. Washington, DC: World Bank. Taylor, J. Edward, Karen Thome, and Mateusz Filipski. 2013. “Evaluating Local General Equilibrium Impacts Lesotho’s Child Grants Program.” Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. World Bank (2011). The State Of World Bank Knowledge Services: Knowledge For Development 2011. Washington, DC. World Bank (2012b). Resilience, Equity and Opportunity: The World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy: 2012–2022. Washington DC. World Bank (2013a). Rapid Social Response Progress Report 2013. Washington, DC. Draft. World Bank (2013b). Closing the Gap: The State of Social Safety Nets 2013. Washington, DC World Bank (2013c). Social Safety Nets in Africa: A Review of the Experiences in 22

Countries. Washington, DC.

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Annex 1: Extract from Inventory of SSN Projects FY07-13

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

y/Se

con

dar

y

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN (54)

Full Amount Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

Fam

ily/C

hild

A

llow

. N

on

-co

ntr

ib.

pen

sio

ns

Dis

abili

ty b

enef

its

Foo

d

Bas

ic

tran

sfer

s Ed

uca

tio

n

Trai

nin

g fo

r b

enef

. H

ealt

h

Ener

gy /

u

tilit

ies

Ho

usi

ng

(in

c as

sist

.)

Pu

blic

Wo

rks

Mic

rocr

/

inco

me

gen

.

TA, i

nst

it.

imp

rov.

Oth

ers

1 2007 AFR Congo, Democrat P086294 Education Sector Project ED IDA S Inv SIL 25.50 150.00

X

2 2007 AFR Congo, Democrat P098576 Emergency Reintegration Program SDV IDA P Inv ERL 5.61 17.00

X X X

3 2007 AFR Madagascar P103606 Madagascar Sustainable Health System Development Project HE IDA S Inv SIL 1.10 10.00

X

X

4 2007 AFR Niger P098963 Second Rural and Social Policy Grant (RSRC-2) SP IDA S Pol DPL 5.50 50.00

X

5 2007 AFR Rwanda P104189 Multi-Sectoral HIV/AIDS Project - Additional Financing HE IDA S Inv SIL 2.50 10.00

X X

6 2007 AFR Ethiopia P098093 Productive Safety Nets (APL II) SP IDA P Inv APL 50.75 175.00

19%

76%

5%

7 2007 AFR Madagascar P096296 MG-Community Develop. Fund/

Additional Financing (FID IV) - Supplemental

SP IDA S Inv SIL 2.34 18.00

X

8 2007 EAP Vietnam P104097 Program 135 Phase 2 Support Credit RDV IDA S Pol DPL 8.00 50.00

X

9 2007 ECA Georgia P099882 Third Poverty Reduction Support Operation EP IDA P Pol DPL 5.00 20.00

X X

10 2007 ECA Moldova P095250 Health Services and Social Assistance Project HE IDA S Inv SIL 4.25 17.00

X

11 2007 ECA Tajikistan P096861 Public Sector Reform TA PS IDA S Inv TAL 0.85 5.00

X

94

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

y/Se

con

dar

y

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN (54)

Full Amount Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

Fam

ily/C

hild

A

llow

. N

on

-co

ntr

ib.

pen

sio

ns

Dis

abili

ty b

enef

its

Foo

d

Bas

ic

tran

sfer

s Ed

uca

tio

n

Trai

nin

g fo

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12 2007 LCR Colombia P094097 Third Labor Reform and Social Development

Policy Loan Project (LaRSDPL III) SP

IBR

D P Pol DPL 46.00 200.00

X

13 2007 LCR Colombia P104507 Additional Financing for Colombia Social Safety

Net Project (Ln. 7337) SP

IBR

D P Inv SIL 41.92 104.80

98%

2%

14 2007 LCR Dominica P094869 Growth and Social Protection Technical

Assistance Project PO

Ble

nd P Inv TAL 0.32 1.45

X

15 2007 LCR Guatemala P089898 Education Quality And Secondary Education

Project ED

IBR

D S Inv SIL 10.40 80.00

X X

16 2007 LCR Haiti P099918 Education For All Adaptable Program Grant

Phase 1 ED IDA P Inv APL 8.25 25.00

X X

17 2007 LCR Uruguay P083927 First Programmatic Reform Implementation DPL EP IBR

D S Pol DPL 14.00 100.00

X

18 2007 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P074594 Emergency Municipal Services (Rehab. II) UD N/A S Inv ERL 1.30 10.00

X

19 2007 MN

A Iraq P098979

Iraq: Strengthening Policy Making for Poverty

Reduction,

Employment Generation and Safety Net

Development

PO IBR

D S Inv ERL 0.92 6.60

X

20 2007 MN

A Iraq P099295 Emergency Social Protection Project SP

IBR

D P Inv ERL 2.64 8.00

X

21 2007 MN

A Morocco P100026

National Initiative for Human Development

Support Project (INDH) SDV

IBR

D S Inv SIL 11.00 100.00

X X

22 2007 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P096777 Third Palestinian NGO Project SDV N/A P Inv SIL 2.90 10.00

X

95

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

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try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

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Bo

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Allocation to SSN (54)

Full Amount

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IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

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CC

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23 2007 SAR Bangladesh P102541 Third Education Sector Development Support

Credit Project ED IDA S Pol DPL 17.00 100.00

X

24 2007 SAR Bangladesh P105742 Additional Credit for Second Poverty

Alleviation Microfinance Project FSP IDA P Inv FIL 7.50 15.00

X

25 2007 SAR Nepal P090967 Second Higher Education Project ED IDA S Inv SIL 12.00 60.00

X

26 2007 SAR Pakistan P099110 Second Poverty Reduction Support Credit

Project (PRSC II) PO

Ble

nd P Pol DPL 101.50 350.00

X

X X

27 2007 SAR Pakistan P099110 Sindh Education Sector Development Policy

Credit (SEDPC) ED

Ble

nd S Pol DPL 16.00 100.00

X

28 2007 SAR Pakistan P104393 Additional Financing for Rehabilitating

Earthquake Affected Communities II RDV

Ble

nd S Inv SIL 34.50 138.00

X

29 2007 SAR Sri Lanka P100390 Puttalam Housing Project UD IDA S Inv SIL 4.16 32.00

X

30 2008 AFR Burundi P109964 Second Multisectoral HIV/AIDS HE IDA S Inv SIL 4.95 15.00

X X

X

31 2008 AFR

Congo,

Democratic

Republic of

P105729 DRC: Emergency Demobilization &

Reintegration - Additional Financing SP IDA P Inv SIL 14.50 50.00

X X X X

32 2008 AFR Eritrea P107254 Integrated Early Childhood Development

Project II ED IDA S Inv SIL 1.68 12.00

X X

33 2008 AFR Malawi P110446 Malawi Third Social Action Fund (MASAF 3)

APL II (LDF Mechanism) SP IDA P Inv APL 16.50 50.00

80%

20%

96

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

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try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

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Co

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Elig

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ty

Co

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54 :

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Allocation to SSN (54)

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Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

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CC

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Oth

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34 2008 EAP Indonesia P105002 National Program for Community

Empowerment in Rural Areas SDV

Ble

nd P Inv SIL 50.86 231.19

X

35 2008 ECA Azerbaijan P105116 Social Protection Development SP Ble

nd P Inv SIL 8.81 26.70

X

X

X

36 2008 ECA Kyrgyz

Republic P112142 Health & Social Protection Project IDA

GFR

P Inv ERL 6.00 6.00

5.00

1

37 2008 ECA Lebanon P094288 Reform Implementation Development Policy

Loan (RIDPL) EMT

IBR

D S Pol DPL 14.00 100.00

X

38 2008 ECA Serbia P096823 Delivery of Improved Local Services Project SP IBR

D S Inv SIL 6.50 46.40

39 2008 ECA Turkey P088837 Second Programmatic Public Sector

Development Policy Loan (PPDPL 2) EP

IBR

D S Pol DPL 56.00 400.00

X

40 2008 LCR Bolivia P087925 BO Land for Agricultural Dev ARD Ble

nd P Inv SIL 4.20 15.00

41 2008 LCR Bolivia P101084 BO Investing in Children and Youth SP Ble

nd P Inv SIL 6.80 17.00

X

X

X

42 2008 LCR Colombia P052608 CO- Antioquia Secondary Education Projec ED IBR

D S Inv SIL 4.00 20.00

X

X

43 2008 LCR Dominican

Republic P090010 DO Social Sectors Investment Program SP

IBR

D P Inv SIL 4.85 19.40

X

44 2008 LCR Jamaica P105024 Social Protection Project SP IBR

D P Inv SIL 20.00 40.00

90%

10%

97

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

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54 :

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men

t

Allocation to SSN (54)

Full Amount Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

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45 2008 LCR Panama P098328 Social Protection Project SP IBR

D P Inv SIL 6.96 24.00

X

X

46 2008 MN

A Jordan P100546 Jordan Social Protection Enhancement Project SP

IBR

D P Inv SIL 2.68 4.00

X

X

47 2008 MN

A Lebanon P106489

Lebanon Emergency Social Protection

Implementation Support Grant SP

IBR

D P Inv ERL 0.67 1.00

X

48 2008 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P108373

Third Emergency Services Support Project (ESSP

III) SP N/A S Inv ERL 2.00 10.00

X

49 2008 MN

A

Yemen,

Republic of P108649 RY-PUBLIC WORKS III ADDITIONAL FINANCING UD IDA P Inv SIL 8.65 29.84

X

50 2008 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P109304

GZ-Social Safety Net Reform Project -

Supplemental SP N/A P Inv SIL 3.30 10.00

75%

25%

51 2008 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P111078

WBG Support for Fiscal Sustainability and Public

Financial Management PS N/A S Pol DPL 6.80 40.00

X

52 2008 SAR Bangladesh P110280 Social Investment Program Additional Financing

for Floods 2007 ARD IDA S Inv SIL 5.00 25.00

X

X

53 2008 SAR Nepal P110762 Peace Support Project SP IDA S Inv ERL 16.50 50.00

X

54 2009 AFR Cape Verde P106502 POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT CREDIT IV EP IDA S Pol DPL 1.70 10.00

X

55 2009 AFR

Congo,

Democratic

Republic of

P116637 CG - HIV/AIDS & Health Additional fin HE IDA S Inv SIL 0.55 5.00

X

X

98

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

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54 :

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Allocation to SSN (54)

Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

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CC

T

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Oth

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56 2009 AFR Kenya P111545 Kenya - Cash Transfer for Orphans and

Vulnerable Children Project SP IDA P Inv SIL 43.50 50.00

75%

25%

57 2009 AFR Nigeria P102119 Nigeria HIV/AIDS Program Development Project

II SP IDA S Inv SIL 56.25 225.00

X

X

58 2009 AFR Rwanda P106834 RW-First Community Living Standards Grant SP IDA P Pol DPL 1.20 6.00

X

59 2009 AFR Senegal P115938 Rapid Response Child-Focused Social Cash

Transfer and Nutrition Security Project HE IDA S Inv ERL 2.30 10.00

X

60 2009 AFR Uganda P109216 Uganda Emergency Demobilization and

Reintegration Project SDV IDA S Inv ERL 3.30 8.25

X

X

61 2009 AFR Ethiopia P114683 Productive Safety Nets II (FY09) Additional

Financing IDA

GFR

P Inv APL 25.00 25.00

10%

90%

62 2009 AFR Ghana P113301 GH-EGPRC (fast-track) EP IDA S Pol DPL 51.00 300.00

X

X

X

63 2009 AFR Madagasca

r P113134

Emergency Food Security and Reconstruction

Project IDA

GFR

P Inv ERL 19.30 40.00

12.3

7 64 2009 AFR Uganda P111633

Second Northern Uganda Social Action Fund

Project (NUSAF2) SP IDA S Inv SIL 20.00 100.00

X

X

X

65 2009 EAP Indonesia P110191 Fifth Development Policy Loan EP IBR

D S Pol DPL 105.00 750.00

X

66 2009 EAP Mongolia P115737 Mongolia-Development Policy Credit EP IDA S Pol DPL 8.00 40.00

X

99

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

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Co

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Elig

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ty

Co

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54 :

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Allocation to SSN (54)

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67 2009 EAP Vietnam P107062

Second Program for Communes Facing Extreme

Hardship in Ethnic Minority and Mountainous

Areas (Program 135)

ARD IDA S Pol DPL 16.00 100.00

X

68 2009 EAP Vietnam P111164 Vietnam Poverty Reduction Support Credit 8 PS IDA S Pol DPL 52.50 350.00

69 2009 ECA Bulgaria P100657 Social Inclusion Project SP IBR

D P Inv SIL 40.71 59.00

X

X

70 2009 ECA

Macedonia,

former

Yugoslav

Republic of

P103974 Conditional Cash Transfers SP IBR

D P Inv SIL 12.50 25.00

90%

10%

71 2009 ECA Poland P116125 Poland Employment, Entrepreneurship &

Human Capital Dev. Policy Program DPL SP

IBR

D S Pol DPL 221.04 1300.24

X

72 2009 LCR Argentina P101171 Second Social and Fiscal National Identification

System (SINTyS) Project PS

IBR

D P Inv APL 8.00 20.00

X

73 2009 LCR Argentina P115183 AR Basic Protection Project SP IBR

D P Inv SIL 414.00 450.00

90%

8%

2%

74 2009 LCR Colombia P101211 CO Second Social Safety Net Project SP IBR

D P Inv SIL 318.25 636.50

X

75 2009 LCR El Salvador P114910 El Salvador Public Finance and Social Sector DPL EP IBR

D S Pol DPL 63.00 450.00

X

76 2009 LCR Grenada P095681 OECS (Grenada) Skills for Inclusive Growth ED IDA P Inv APL 0.51 3.00

X

X

77 2009 LCR Guatemala P112312 GT Fiscal and Institutional DPL EP IBR

D S Pol DPL 28.00 200.00

X

100

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

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Co

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Elig

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ty

Co

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54 :

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Allocation to SSN (54)

Full Amount Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit

Amt.

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CC

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78 2009 LCR Mexico P115067 MX Support to Oportunidades Project SP IBR

D P Inv SIL 1503.76 1503.76

98%

2%

79 2009 LCR Panama P106445 Health Equity and Performance Improvement

Project HE

IBR

D S Inv SIL 4.80 40.00

X

80 2009 LCR Panama P115177 PA Protect Poor Under Glob Uncert DPL EP IBR

D S Pol DPL 16.00 80.00

X

X

81 2009 MN

A Lebanon P111849

Second Emergency Social Protection

Implementation Support Project SP

IBR

D P Inv ERL 4.26 6.00

X

82 2009 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P113621

WBG Support for Fiscal Sustainability and Public

Financial Management PS N/A S Pol DPL 5.20 40.00

X

83 2009 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P116776 ESSP III Additional Financing SP N/A S Inv SIL 1.00 5.00

X

84 2009 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P116777 Palestinian NGO III Additional Financing UD N/A P Inv SIL 0.87 3.00

85 2009 MN

A

West Bank

and Gaza P116794

Emergency Municipal Services (Rehab. II) -

Additional Financing UD N/A S Inv ERL 0.39 3.00

X

86 2009 SAR Bangladesh P112761 Bangladesh Food Crisis Development Support

Credit IDA

GFR

P Pol DPL 117.00 130.00

X

87 2009 SAR Bangladesh P106332 Bangladesh Disability and Children at Risk SP IDA P Inv SIL 31.50 35.00

X

X

88 2009 SAR Nepal P113002 Nepal Food Crisis Response Program-Social

Safety Net Project IDA

GFR

P Inv ERL 16.70 16.70

X

101

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

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Co

un

try

Elig

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ty

Co

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54 :

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Allocation to SSN (54)

Full Amount Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

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CC

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89 2009 SAR Pakistan P103160 Social Safety Net Technical Assistance Project SP Ble

nd P Inv TAL 60.00 60.00

X

X

90 2009 SAR Pakistan P099110 Pakistan Poverty Reduction and Economic

Support Operation (PRESO) EP

Ble

nd S Pol DPL 50.00 500.00

X

91 2009 SAR Pakistan P105075 Third Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund Project ARD Ble

nd S Inv SIL 25.00 250.00

92 2010 AFR Ethiopia P113220 Productive Safety Nets III SP IDA P Inv APL 101.50 350.00

20%

75%

5%

93 2010 AFR Africa P106063 3A-West Africa Fisheries - Phase 1 ARD

Not

assi

gne

d

S Inv APL 0.9 45.00

X

X

94 2010 AFR Ghana P115247 GH-Social Opportunities Project (FY10) SP IDA P Inv SIL 62.02 88.60 X

X

X

95 2010 AFR Guinea-

Bissau P117861 GW - Participatory Rural Development SPF SP IDA P Inv SIL 1.5 0.00

X

96 2010 AFR Kenya P111546 KE-Youth Empowerment Project (FY10) SP IDA P Inv SIL 26.4 60.00

X

97 2010 AFR Comoros P120631 KM-Emergency Crises Response Project SP IDA S Inv ERL 0.69 5.31

100%

98 2010 AFR Liberia P121686 LR: Youth, Employment, Skills Project SP IDA P Inv SIL 1.68 6.00

X

X

99 2010 AFR Malawi P117238 MW-PRSC 3 EP IDA S Pol DPL 5.94 54.00

X

102

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

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ty

Co

de

54 :

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t

Allocation to SSN (54)

Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Amt.

CC

T

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100 2010 AFR Malawi P121065 MW - MASAF AF (CRW) SP IDA P Inv APL 4.62 14.00

51%

49%

101 2010 AFR Rwanda P117758 RW-Second Community Living Standards Gra SP IDA P Pol DPL 2.52 6.00

X

X

X

102 2010 AFR Seychelles P114822 SC DPL PO IBR

D S Pol DPL 1.53 9.00

X

X

103 2010 AFR Sierra Leone P113757 SL-Decentr. Serv. Del. Program (FY10) SP IDA P Inv APL 6.8 20.00

42%

42%

16%

104 2010 AFR Sierra Leone P121052 SL-Youth Employment Support (FY10) SP IDA P Inv ERL 10 20.00

40%

50%

10%

105 2010 AFR Tanzania P120881 TZ:Second Add'l Financing for TASAF II SP IDA P Inv SIL 35 35.00 X

X

X

X

106 2010 AFR

Congo,

Democratic

Republic of

P115318 DRC-Street Children Project (FY10) SP IDA P Inv SIL 3.5 10.00

38%

62%

107 2010 AFR

Congo,

Democratic

Republic of

P117558 DRC: Gender Based Violence in South Kivu SDV IDA S Inv SIL 0.2 1.99

108 2010 AFR

Congo,

Democratic

Republic of

P118658 DRC: Emergency Social Action Project AF SP IDA P Inv SIL 4.55 35.00

X

X

X

109 2010 EAP Mongolia P119825 Mongolia Multi-Sector TA FPD IDA P Inv TAL 0 12

100%

110 2010 EAP Philippines P082144 PH-Social Welfare and Development Reform SP IBR

D P Inv SIL 0 405

84%

16%

103

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

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Allocation to SSN (54)

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Amt.

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CC

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111 2010 EAP Philippines P120564 Philippines DPO Supplemental SP IBR

D S Pol DPL

0 250

X

X

112 2010 EAP Solomon

Islands P114987 SB - Rapid Employment Project SDV IDA P Inv ERL

0 3

13%

87%

113 2010 ECA Armenia P115626 First Development Policy Operation (DPO-1)

Program (2009-2011) EP

Ble

nd S Pol DPL 8.40 60.00

X X

114 2010 ECA Bosnia and

Herzegovina P116774 Social Safety Nets & Employment Support SP

Ble

nd P Inv SIL 10.00 10.00

X X

115 2010 ECA Georgia P112700 Georgia: First Development Policy Operation

(DPO-1) EP

Ble

nd P Pol DPL 28.05 85.00

X X

116 2010 ECA Armenia P118157 Social Protection Add'l Financing SP Ble

nd P Inv SIL

1.55 5.00

100%

117 2010 ECA Armenia P118158 SIF3 ADD'L FIN 2 SP Ble

nd P Inv SIL

2.66 7.00

X

X

X

X

118 2010 ECA Bosnia and

Herzegovina P116951 Public Expenditure Crisis DPL EP

Ble

nd S Inv DPL

36.63 111.00

100%

119 2010 ECA Belarus P115700 Belarus Development Policy Loan EP IBR

D S Inv DPL

60.00 200.00

X

X

X

X

120 2010 ECA Croatia P117665 Fiscal, Social and Financial Sector DPL EP IBR

D S Pol DPL

32.64 296.75

X

X

121 2010 ECA Latvia P115732 Safety Net & Soc. Sector Reform Program SP

Not

assi

gne

d

P Pol DPL

86.34 143.90

X

X

X

X

104

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

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Project ID Project Title

Sect

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Elig

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Allocation to SSN (54)

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CC

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122 2010 ECA Moldova P112625 ECONOMIC RECOVERY DPO EP ID

A S Pol DPL

5.00 25.00

X

X

123 2010 ECA Moldova P117301 SIF 2 ADD'L FIN 2 SP ID

A P Inv SIL

10.00 20.00

X

X

124 2010 ECA Moldova P118405 MOLDOVA REG DEVT WA

T

ID

A P Inv SIL

3.75 12.50

125 2010 ECA

Macedonia,

former

Yugoslav

Republic of

P116984 Macedonia DPL 1 EP IB

RD S Pol DPL

5.10 30.00

X

126 2010 ECA Romania P102018 DPL 1 EP IB

RD P Pol DPL

84.60 422.99

X

X

X

127 2010 ECA Tajikistan P120628 COMM. DEVT ACCES TO QUALITY SEED PROG AR

D

ID

A S Inv TAL

0.09 0.85

128 2010 ECA Turkey P112495 REGE DPL EP IB

RD S Pol DPL

169.00 1300.00

X

X

X

129 2010 ECA Serbia P108759 Public Expenditure DPL EP IB

RD S Pol DPL

25.00 100.00

X

X

130 2010 LCR Colombia P106708 CO Social DPL SP IB

RD P Pol DPL

250.00 500.00

X

X

131 2010 LCR Dominican

Republic P115145 DO Prog.PubFinance & Social Sector DPL EP

IB

RD S Pol DPL

19.50 150.00

X

X

X

X

X

132 2010 LCR Dominican

Republic P116369 DO (AF) Social Sectors Investment Progr SP

IB

RD P Inv SIL

2.50 10.00

X

X

105

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

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Elig

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ty

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Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

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CC

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133 2010 LCR Dominican

Republic P116972 DO-1st Perform.&Accbilty SocSctrs DPL SP

IBR

D S Pol DPL 21.00 150.00

X

X

X

X

134 2010 LCR Grenada P117000 GD Economic and Social DPL EP Ble

nd S Pol DPL 1.76 8.00

X

X

135 2010 LCR Guatemala P107416 GT Expanding Opport. Vulnerable

Groups SP

IBR

D P Inv SIL 45.80 114.50

17%

42%

42%

136 2010 LCR Honduras P115592 HN- Social Protection SP IDA P Inv SIL 40.00 40.00

78%

22%

137 2010 LCR Jamaica P121563 JM Conditional Cash Transfer Program SP IBR

D P Inv TAL 2.50 2.50

33%

67%

138 2010 LCR St. Lucia P117016 LC Economic and Social DPL EP Ble

nd S Pol DPL 3.00 12.00

X

139 2010 LCR Mexico P116226 MX Social Protection in Health HE IBR

D S Inv SIL 125.00 1250.00

X

X

140 2010 LCR El Salvador P117440 SV-Income Support and Employability SP IBR

D S Inv SIL 5.50 50.00

64%

19%

32%

141 2010 LCR El Salvador P118036 SV Sustaining Social Gains EP IBR

D S Pol DPL 10.00 100.00

X

X

X

X

142 2010 MNA Djibouti P120588 EMPLOYMENT AND HUMAN CAPITAL

SSN SP IDA P Inv ERL 3.64 3.64

24%

76%

143 2010 MNA West Bank

and Gaza P118560 GZ:Econ/Regulatory Institution-Building FPD

Not

assi

gne

d

S Inv TAL 0.74 3.70

X

X

106

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

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54 :

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Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

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CC

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O

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144 2010 MNA Iraq P119214 IQ - Fiscal Sustainability DPL EP IBR

D P Pol DPL 67.50 250.00

X

X

X

X

145 2010 MNA Iraq P121739 IQ Household Survey/Policies Poverty Red PO IBR

D S Inv ERL 0.14 1.00

146 2010 MNA Jordan P117023 JO-Recovery Under Global Uncertainty DPL EP IBR

D S Pol DPL 36.00 300.00

X

X

X

147 2010 MNA

Yemen,

Republic

of

P117608 RY SWF Institutional Support Project SP IDA P Inv SIL 8.00 10.00

X

X

X

148 2010 SAR Afghanist

an P113421

Afghanistan Pension Administration and

Safety Net Project SP IDA S Inv SIL 4.00 15.50

X X

149 2010 SAR Pakistan P099110 Social Safety Nets Development Policy

Credit SP

Ble

nd P Pol DPL 134.00 200.00

X X X X

150 2010 SAR Nepal P120538 NP: Social Safety Nets Project Add Fin ARD IDA S Inv ERL 12.42 47.77

5%

76%

12%

7%

151 2011 AFR Benin P121104 BJ-Community Dev't Add. Financing SP IDA P Inv SIL 2.40 12.00

1%

6%

93%

152 2011 AFR

Central

African

Republic

P122099 CF: Community Reintegration Program SDV IDA S Inv ERL 0.69 8.60

X

X

X

153 2011 AFR Ghana P117924 Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC-7) PO IDA S Pol DPL 27.95 215.00

X

X

X

154 2011 AFR Kenya P121504 KE Support Social Prot Prog SP IDA P Inv TAL 1.50 1.50

91%

9%

107

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

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ty

Co

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54 :

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stru

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Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit

Amt. IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

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155 2011 AFR Comoros P121550 KM:FOOD-SECURITY & UNEMPLOYMENT

SUPPORT SP

ID

A P Inv ERL 2.37 2.37

100%

156 2011 AFR Lesotho P122783 LS-PRSC III EP ID

A S Pol DPL 2.88 18.00

X

X

X

X

157 2011 AFR Malawi P121496 MW:Protecting Early Childhood Developmen SP ID

A P Inv TAL 2.00 2.00

X

X

X

158 2011 AFR Niger P117286 NIGER- Growth Policy Reform Operation II EP ID

A S Pol DPL 5.72 52.00

X

X

X

159 2011 AFR Niger P123399 Niger Safety Net Project SP ID

A P Inv SIL 49.00 70.00

78%

17%

5%

160 2011 AFR Rwanda P121596 RW:TA&CB V2020 Umurenge Program

(FY11) SP

ID

A P Inv TAL 2.00 2.00

161 2011 AFR Rwanda P122157 RW-3rd Community Living Standards Grant SP ID

A P Pol DPL 1.98 6.00

X

X

162 2011 AFR Swaziland P110156 SZ-Health, HIV/AIDS & TB Project (FY11) HE

IB

R

D

S Inv SIL 3.80 20.00

18%

82%

163 2011 AFR

Congo,

Democratic

Republic of

P126683 DRC: Emergency Social Action Project AF2 SP ID

A S Inv SIL 0.14 6.80

X

X

X

164 2011 EAP Mongolia P117421 Mongolia - Development Policy Credit 2 EP ID

A S Pol DPL 6.53 29.70

X

X

165 2011 EAP Papua New

Guinea P114042 PNG - Urban Youth Employment Project SDV

Bl

en

d

S Inv SIL 3.79 15.80

X

X

108

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

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ty

Co

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54 :

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Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

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CC

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s

166 2011 EAP Philippines P122565 Improving Urban Livelihood

Opportunities

SDV

IBR

D P Inv SIL

1.05 3.00

X

X

X

167 2011 EAP Timor-Leste P125784 RSRF-MDTF Social Protection Adm

Project

SP

IDA P Inv SIL

2.00 2.00

X

168 2011 ECA Albania P116937 Social Sector Reform DPL

SP

IBR

D P Pol DPL

14.25 25.00

X

X

X

169 2011 ECA Armenia P116451 Armenia DPO 2

EP

Ble

nd P Pol DPL

7.50 25.00

X

X

X

X

170 2011 ECA Georgia P117698 Georgia: DPO-2

EP

Ble

nd S Pol DPL

5.00 50.00

X

X

X

171 2011 ECA Latvia P121796 2nd Safety Net and Social Sector

Reform

SP

Not

assi

gne

d

P Pol DPL

71.04 142.08

X

X

X

X

172 2011 ECA Moldova P120913 Strengthen SSN - Results

SP

IDA P Inv SIL

37.00 37.00

84%

16%

173 2011 ECA Romania P117667 DPL 2

EP

IBR

D S Pol DPL

76.10 380.50

X

X

174 2011 ECA Romania P121673 SOC ASST SYST MOD-Results

SP

IBR

D P Inv SIL

674.88 710.40

X

X

175 2011 ECA Tajikistan P119690 PUB. EMPLMNT FOR SUST. AGR. &

WATER MGT

ARD

IDA S Inv ERL

0.30 10.02

94%

6%

176 2011 ECA Tajikistan P122039 SOCIAL SAFETY NETS

SP

IDA P Inv SIL

3.20 3.20

X

109

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

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con

dar

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din

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stru

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Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit

Amt.

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CC

T

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177 2011 ECA Tajikistan P123704 Targeting & payment of social assistance SP ID

A P Inv

T

AL 1.65 2.20

X

178 2011 ECA Turkey P123073 REGE DPL 2 EP IB

RD S Pol

D

PL 154.00 700.00

100%

179 2011 ECA Kosovo P112227 SEDPO SP ID

A S Pol

D

PL 0.88 6.30

X

X

180 2011 ECA Serbia P120399 PEDPL 2 EP IB

RD S Pol

D

PL 20 100.00

100%

181 2011 LCR Argentina P120622 AR (AF) Basic Protection SP IB

RD P Inv

SI

L 480 480

16%

78%

6%

182 2011 LCR Brazil P101504 BR Bolsa Familia 2nd APL SP IB

RD P Inv

A

PL 190 200.00

93%

6%

183 2011 LCR Brazil P106768 BR Rio de Janeiro PSM/Fiscal MST PS IB

RD S Inv

T

AL 2.61 18.67

100%

184 2011 LCR Dominican

Republic P121778 DO-2nd Perform.&Accbilty SocSctrs DPL SP

IB

RD P Pol

D

PL 75 150.00

X

X

185 2011 LCR Ecuador P125602 EC Growing with our GUAGUAS (JSDF) SP

IB

RD S Inv

T

AL 0.89 2.12

186 2011 LCR Honduras P124157 HN Employment Generation in Poor

Urban N UD

ID

A P Inv

SI

L 2.5 2.54

100%

187 2011 LCR Honduras P126158 HN-(AF-C) Nutrition & Social Protection SP ID

A P Inv

SI

L 2.02 3.60

50%

50%

110

#

FY

Re

gio

n

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

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ty

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54 :

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Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

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CC

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188 2011 LCR Mexico P122349 MX (AF) Support to Oportunidades SP IB

RD P Inv

SI

L 1237.5 1250.00

98%

2%

189 2011 LCR Nicaragua P121779 NI Social Protection SP ID

A P Inv

SI

L 16.19 19.50

X

X

X

X

190 2011 LCR Panama P123255 PA DPL EP IB

RD S Pol

D

P

L

31 100.00

X

X

191 2011 LCR Peru P116264 PE-3R Results & Accnt.(REACT)DPL SP IB

RD P Pol

D

P

L

16.5 50.00

100%

192 2011 LCR Peru P117310 PE Results Nutrition for Juntos SWAp SP IB

RD P Inv

SI

L 15 25.00

37%

37%

27%

193 2011 LCR Uruguay P116215 UY 1st Prog PubSect Comptitiv&Soc I

DPL EP

IB

RD S Pol

D

P

L

14 100.00

X

194 2011 MNA West Bank

and Gaza P117444 GZ-Palestinian PNGOIV SDV

No

t

as

sig

ne

d

P Inv SI

L 0.58 2.00

10

0%

195 2011 MNA West Bank

and Gaza P118593 WBG:PRDP Support III PS

No

t

as

sig

ne

d

S Pol

D

P

L

4 40.00

x x 196 2011 MNA

West Bank

and Gaza P119307

West Bank and Gaza Cash Transfer

Project SP

No

t

as

sig

ne

d

P Inv SI

L 10 10.00

90%

10%

197 2011 MNA West Bank

and Gaza P122272 ESSP III Additional Financing II SP

No

t

as

sig

ne

d

S Inv SI

L 0.6 3.00

100%

198 2011 MNA Yemen,

Republic of P122414

RY Private Sector Growth & Social

Protec EP

ID

A S Pol

D

P

L

15.4 70.00

100%

111

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

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con

dar

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Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

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ther

s

199 2011 SAR Bangladesh P118701 BD: Employment Generation Program SP ID

A S Inv

SI

L 105 150.00

90%

10%

200 2011 SAR Bangladesh P123629 BD: SP Pilot with Local Govt - RE SP ID

A P Inv

T

A

L

2.10 2.10

X

201 2011 SAR Bangladesh P126263 BD:Repatriation & Livelihood

Restoration UD

ID

A P Inv

E

R

L

20 40.00

100%

202 2011 SAR Nepal P125331 NP: HD Pilot Project SP ID

A P Inv

SI

L 1.4 2.00

43%

57%

203 2011 SAR Pakistan P118177 PK: Skills Development Project ED

Bl

en

d

P Inv SI

L 6.3 21.00

x

204 2011 SAR Pakistan P099110 PK: KP and FATA Emerg Recovery

Project SP

Bl

en

d

P Inv

E

R

L

77.5 250.00 60

%

40%

205 2012 AFR Benin P117764 BJ-Decentralized Community Driven

Servic SP

ID

A S Inv

A

P

L

5.06 46.00

50%

50%

206 2012 AFR Cote d'Ivoire P122546 CI - Emerg. Youth Empl & Skills Dev.

Pro ED

ID

A S Inv

E

R

L

18 50.00

100%

207 2012 AFR Ethiopia P126430 ET:PSNP (APL III) Additional Financing SP

ID

A P Inv

A

P

L

296.0 370.00

50%

50%

208 2012 AFR Ghana P127314 GH-PRSG 8 PO ID

A S Pol

D

P

L

13 100.00

100%

209 2012 AFR Guinea P123900 GN Productive Social Safety Net

Project SP

ID

A P Inv

SI

L 17 25.00

25%

75%

112

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

y/Se

con

dar

y

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant Commit

Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

Fam

ily/C

hild

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w.

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u

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.)

Pu

blic

Wo

rks

Mic

rocr

/

inco

me

gen

. TA

, in

stit

.

imp

rov.

O

ther

s

210 2012 AFR Mauritius P125694 MU-First Public Sector Performance

DPL SP

IB

RD P Pol

D

PL 5 20.00

100%

211 2012 AFR Mozambique P124216 MZ-Pilot Public Works Program SP ID

A P Inv

T

A

L

1.8 1.80

100%

212 2012 AFR Niger P129793 NIGER - GPRC-2 Supplemental

Financing EP

ID

A S Pol

D

PL 1.65 15.00

100%

213 2012 AFR Nigeria P121455 NG-State Employment and

Expenditure PS

ID

A S Inv

SI

L 50 200.00

100%

214 2012 AFR Rwanda P126877 RW-Support to Social Protection

System 1 SP

ID

A P Pol

D

PL 34.4 40.00

100%

215 2012 AFR Sierra Leone P119355 SL:Decentralized Service Delivery

Prog 2 SP

ID

A P Inv

A

PL 8.84 26.00

X

216 2012 AFR Togo P127200 TG Community Development and

Safety Nets SP

ID

A P Inv

SI

L 6.44 14.00

34%

50%

16%

217 2012 AFR Tanzania P124045 TZ: Productive Social Safety Net SP ID

A P Inv

A

PL 154 220.00

35%

35%

38%

2%

218 2012 AFR Zimbabwe P125857 ZW Productive Safety Net SP

Bl

en

d

P Inv

T

A

L

0.6 0.60

100%

219 2012 EAP Indonesia P130048 Progr for Econ Resilience, Inv & Soc

Ass EP

IB

RD S Pol

D

PL 260.0 2,000

100%

220 2012 EAP Tonga P126453 Economic Recovery Operation EP ID

A S Pol

D

PL 1.26 9.00

100%

113

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

y/Se

con

dar

y

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

Fam

ily/C

hild

Allo

w.

No

n-c

on

trib

. pen

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ns

Dis

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ty b

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Foo

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uca

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enef

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gy /

u

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Ho

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(in

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.)

Pu

blic

Wo

rks

Mic

rocr

/

inco

me

gen

. TA

, in

stit

.

imp

rov.

O

ther

s

221 2012 ECA Albania P122233 Social Assistance Modernization

Project SP

IB

RD P Inv

SI

L 50 50.00

45%

45%

10%

222 2012 ECA Armenia P122195 AM-DPO 3 EP

Bl

en

d

S Pol

D

P

L

10.4 80.00

100%

223 2012 ECA Georgia P122202 GEORGIA DPO-3 EP

Bl

en

d

S Pol

D

P

L

13.2 40.00

100%

224 2012 ECA Kyrgyz

Republic P125425 Economic Recovery Support Operation EP

ID

A S Pol

D

P

L

4.2 30.00

33%

33%

33%

225 2012 ECA Moldova P125719 HEALTH AF HE ID

A S Inv

SI

L 0.51 10.20

100%

226 2012 ECA

Macedonia,

former

Yugoslav

Republic of

P125837 FYR Macedonia Policy Based

Guarantee EP

IB

RD S

Guara

ntee # 29.68 134.39

100%

227 2012 ECA Poland P127433 DPL 1 EP IB

RD S Pol

D

P

L

99.14 991.40

x

228 2012 ECA Romania P122222 DPL 3 EP IB

RD S Pol

D

P

L

140.15 560.60

33%

33%

33%

229 2012 ECA Romania P128150 PHRD Disability Trust Fund SP

IB

RD P Inv

SI

L 1.72 1.72

100%

230 2012 ECA Kosovo P129327 SEDPO 2 SP ID

A S Pol

D

P

L

3.22 23.00

100%

231 2012 LCR Dominican

Republic P125806

DO-3rd Perform.&Accbilty of SocSctrs

DPL SP

IB

RD P Pol

D

P

L

35 70.00

80%

20%

114

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

y/Se

con

dar

y

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

Fam

ily/C

hild

Allo

w.

No

n-c

on

trib

. pen

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ns

Dis

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ty b

enef

its

Foo

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tran

sfer

s Ed

uca

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enef

. H

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gy /

u

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Ho

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(in

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blic

Wo

rks

Mic

rocr

/

inco

me

gen

. TA

, in

stit

.

imp

rov.

O

ther

s

232 2012 LCR Grenada P123128 GD Safety Net Advancement SP

Bl

en

d

P Inv SI

L 5 5.00

90%

10%

233 2012 LCR Honduras P127331 HN 1st Progr. Reduc. Vulner. Growth

DPC EP

ID

A S Pol

D

P

L

6.02 86.00

100%

234 2012 LCR Uruguay P123242 UY 2nd Prog PubSct, Comp&Soc

DPL/DDO EP

IB

RD S Pol

D

P

L

36.4 260.00

100%

235 2012 LCR Uruguay P123461 UY (AF) Institutions Building TAL PS IB

RD S Inv

T

A

L

1.8 10.00

100%

236 2012 MNA Djibouti P130328 DJ Crisis Response-SSN project SP ID

A P Inv

E

R

L

3.5 5.00

43%

57%

237 2012 MNA Egypt, Arab

Republic of P126339

EG Emergency Labor Intensive

Investment SP

IB

RD P Inv

E

R

L

120 200.00 10

0%

238 2012 MNA Yemen,

Republic of P122594

RY-Labor Intensive Public Works

Project SDV

ID

A S Inv

SI

L 24.4 61.00

100%

239 2012 MNA Tunisia P128427 TN-Community Works/ Local

Participation SP

IB

RD P Inv

SI

L 3.0 3.00

100%

240 2012 SAR Pakistan P125793

PK: Social Safety Net Technical Asst.

AF SP

Bl

en

d

P Inv SI

L 90 150.00

44%

45%

11%

241 2013 AFR Malawi P131648 MW 2nd Additional Financing for

MASAF3 SP

ID

A P Inv

A

P

L

50 50.00

86%

14%

242 2013 EAP Philippines P122702 PH-SWDRP Additional Financing SP IB

RD P Inv

SI

L 84 100.00

98%

2%

115

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

y/Se

con

dar

y

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN (54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

Fam

ily/C

hild

Allo

w.

No

n-c

on

trib

. pen

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ns

Dis

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ty b

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its

Foo

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tran

sfer

s Ed

uca

tio

n

Trai

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enef

. H

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Ener

gy /

u

tilit

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Ho

usi

ng

(in

c as

sist

.)

Pu

blic

Wo

rks

Mic

rocr

/

inco

me

gen

. TA

, in

stit

.

imp

rov.

O

ther

s

243 2013 ECA Armenia P125791 JSDF Strengthening Livelihoods SP

Bl

en

d

S Inv SI

L 0.53 2.60

244 2013 ECA

Macedonia,

former

Yugoslav

Republic of

P133791 Macedonia Public Expenditure PBG EP IB

RD S

Guara

ntee # 60.45 201.50

100%

245 2013 ECA Tajikistan P133327 PAMP II ARD ID

A S Inv

SI

L 0.54 18.00

100%

246 2013 LCR Peru P131028 PE Social Inclusion DPL SP IB

RD P Pol

D

P

L

18 45.00

X

X

X

247 2013 LCR Peru P131029 PE Social Inclusion TAL SP IB

RD S Inv

T

A

L

5 10.00

X

248 2013 MNA

Middle East

and North

Africa

P132097 5M: Displaced People in Jordan /

Lebanon SDV

No

t

as

sig

ne

d

S Inv

T

A

L

0.6 2.40 10

0%

249 2013 MNA Yemen,

Republic of P131236

RY Emrg Targeted Nutrition

Intervention HE

ID

A S Inv

E

R

L

0.82 2.73

100%

250 2013 SAR Sri Lanka P123632 LK: Transfers and Training for PWD -

RE SP

Bl

en

d

P Inv

T

A

L

2.59 2.59

82%

9%

9%

251 2013 AFR Cameroon P128534 CM Social Safety Nets SP ID

A P Inv

S

I

L

40 50.00

72%

12%

16%

252 2013 AFR Nigeria P126964 NG:Youth Employment & Soc

Support Operat SP

ID

A P Inv

S

I

L

180 300.00

17%

10%

67%

7%

253 2013 AFR Rwanda P131666 RW-Support to Social Protection

System 2 SP

ID

A P Pol

D

P

L

25 50.00

100%

116

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

y/Se

con

dar

y

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN

(54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

Fam

ily/C

hild

Allo

w.

No

n-c

on

trib

. pen

sio

ns

Dis

abili

ty b

enef

its

Foo

d

Bas

ic

tran

sfer

s Ed

uca

tio

n

Trai

nin

g fo

r b

enef

. H

ealt

h

Ener

gy /

u

tilit

ies

Ho

usi

ng

(in

c as

sist

.)

Pu

blic

Wo

rks

Mic

rocr

/

inco

me

gen

. TA

, in

stit

.

imp

rov.

O

ther

s

254 2013 AFR Seychelles P125202 SC-Sustainability&Competitivenes

(FY13) EP IBRD S Pol

DP

L 1.4 7.00

100%

255 2013 MNA Yemen,

Republic of P133811 Emergency Crisis Recovery Project SP IDA P Inv

ER

L 50 100.00

100%

256 2013 LCR Panama P127332 PA 2nd Programmatic DPL EP IBRD S Pol DP

L 20 100.00

X

X

257 2013 AFR Comoros P133755 KM-Emergency Crises Resp Proj

Add Fin SP IDA S Inv ERL 0.39 3.00

50%

50%

[b

asic

infr

astr

uct

ure

fo

r

com

mu

nit

y,

com

mu

nit

y

dev

elo

pm

ent

init

iati

vies

]

258 2013 AFR Mozambique P129524 MZ-Social Safety Net project SP IDA P Inv SIL 40 80.00

74%

26%

259 2013 MNA Yemen,

Republic of P133699 Additional Financing for SFD IV SP IDA P Inv SIL 12.5 25.00

100%

260 2013 AFR Mali P127328 ML Emergency Safety Nets project SP IDA P Inv ER

L 52.50 70.00

83%

6%

11%

261 2013 AFR Malawi P126155 Malawi - Rapid Response DPG EP IDA S Pol DP

L 11.00 50.00

33%

33%

33%

262 2013 AFR

South

Sudan P143915 Safety Net and Skills Development SP

Not

assi

gne

d

S Inv IPF 10.50 21.00

18%

55%

28%

263 2013 AFR Togo P144484 TG- Pilot Cash Transfer Program SP IDA P Inv SIL 1.28 2.55

264 2013 EAP Indonesia P126162 INSTANSI (Institutional, Tax Adm

..DLP) EP

IBR

D S Pol

DP

L 36.00 300.00

100%

117

#

FY

Reg

ion

Co

un

try

Project ID Project Title

Sect

or

Bo

ard

Co

un

try

Elig

ibili

ty

Co

de

54 :

Pri

mar

y/Se

con

dar

y

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t Ty

pe

Len

din

g In

stru

men

t

Allocation to SSN

(54) Full Amount

Types of Safety Nets Intervention

Cash Non-cash Others

IBRD + IDA + Grant

Commit Amt.

IBRD + IDA + Grant Amt.

CC

T

SA /

Inco

me

Sup

po

rt

Fam

ily/C

hild

Allo

w.

No

n-c

on

trib

. pen

sio

ns

Dis

abili

ty b

enef

its

Foo

d

Bas

ic

tran

sfer

s Ed

uca

tio

n

Trai

nin

g fo

r b

enef

. H

ealt

h

Ener

gy /

u

tilit

ies

Ho

usi

ng

(in

c as

sist

.)

Pu

blic

Wo

rks

Mic

rocr

/

inco

me

gen

. TA

, in

stit

.

imp

rov.

O

ther

s

265 2013 SAR Bangladesh P132634 BD: Safety Net Systems for the

Poorest SP

ID

A P Inv IPF 350.00 500.00

100%

266 2013 ECA Moldova P143202 EMERGENCY AG SUPPORT AR

D

ID

A S Inv

ER

L 4.80 10.00

96%

4%

267 2013 MNA Lebanon P124761 LB-Social Promotion & Protection

Project SP

IB

R

D

S Inv SIL 6.90 30.00

22%

56%

22%

268 2013 LCR Antigua and

Barbuda P126791 AG - Pub&Soc Sctr Transformation SP

IB

R

D

S Inv SIL 2.50 10.00

77%

23%

269 2013 LCR Brazil P132768 BR-Pernambuco Equity &

Inclus.Growth DPL SP

IB

R

D

P Pol DP

L 137.50 550.00

X

X

X

270 2013 LCR Brazil P121590 BR 3rd Minas Gerais Partnership

DPL PS

IB

R

D

S Pol DP

L 90.00 450.00

100%

271 2013 LCR Haiti P123706 HT Improving Maternal and Child

Health HE

ID

A S Inv SIL 9.80 70.00

X

X

X

272 2013 LCR Jamaica P144263 Social and Economic Inclusion of

Persons SP

IB

R

D

P Inv SIL 1.50 3.00

Social Protection & Labor Discussion Paper Series Titles 2012-2014

No. Title 1423 Any Guarantees? An Analysis of China’s Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee

Program by Jennifer Golan, Terry Sicular and Nithin Umapathi, August 2014 1422 World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007-2013: A Review of Financing,

Knowledge Services and Results by Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu and Dahye Seo, June 2014 1421 STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills

by Gaëlle Pierre, Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta, Alexandria Valerio and Tania Rajadel, July 2014

1420 Our Daily Bread: What is the Evidence on Comparing Cash versus Food Transfers? by Ugo Gentilini, July 2014

1417 Benin: Les Filets Sociaux au Bénin Outil de Réduction de la Pauvreté

par Andrea Borgarello et Damien Mededji, Mai 2011 1416 Madagascar Three Years into the Crisis: An Assessment of Vulnerability and Social

Policies and Prospects for the Future by Philippe Auffret, May 2012 1415 Sudan Social Safety Net Assessment

by Annika Kjellgren, Christina Jones-Pauly, Hadyiat El-Tayeb Alyn, Endashaw Tadesse and Andrea Vermehren, May 2014

1414 Tanzania Poverty, Growth, and Public Transfers: Options for a National Productive

Safety Net Program by W. James Smith, September 2011

1413 Zambia: Using Social Safety Nets to Accelerate Poverty Reduction and Share

Prosperity by Cornelia Tesliuc, W. James Smith and Musonda Rosemary Sunkutu, March 2013

1412 Mali Social Safety Nets

by Cécile Cherrier, Carlo del Ninno and Setareh Razmara, January 2011

1411 Swaziland: Using Public Transfers to Reduce Extreme Poverty by Lorraine Blank, Emma Mistiaen and Jeanine Braithwaite, November 2012

1410 Togo: Towards a National Social Protection Policy and Strategy

by Julie van Domelen, June 2012 1409 Lesotho: A Safety Net to End Extreme Poverty

by W. James Smith, Emma Mistiaen, Melis Guven and Morabo Morojele, June 2013 1408 Mozambique Social Protection Assessment: Review of Social Assistance Programs

and Social Protection Expenditures by Jose Silveiro Marques, October 2012

1407 Liberia: A Diagnostic of Social Protection

by Andrea Borgarello, Laura Figazzolo and Emily Weedon, December 2011 1406 Sierra Leone Social Protection Assessment

by José Silvério Marques, John Van Dyck, Suleiman Namara, Rita Costa and Sybil Bailor, June 2013

1405 Botswana Social Protection

by Cornelia Tesliuc, José Silvério Marques, Lillian Mookodi, Jeanine Braithwaite, Siddarth Sharma and Dolly Ntseane, December 2013

1404 Cameroon Social Safety Nets

by Carlo del Ninno and Kaleb Tamiru, June 2012 1403 Burkina Faso Social Safety Nets

by Cécile Cherrier, Carlo del Ninno and Setareh Razmara, January 2011 1402 Social Insurance Reform in Jordan: Awareness and Perceptions of Employment

Opportunities for Women by Stefanie Brodmann, Irene Jillson and Nahla Hassan, June 2014 1401 Social Assistance and Labor Market Programs in Latin America: Methodology and

Key Findings from the Social Protection Database by Paula Cerutti, Anna Fruttero, Margaret Grosh, Silvana Kostenbaum, Maria Laura

Oliveri, Claudia Rodriguez-Alas, Victoria Strokova, June 2014 1308 Youth Employment: A Human Development Agenda for the Next Decade by David Robalino, David Margolis, Friederike Rother, David Newhouse and Mattias

Lundberg, June 2013

1307 Eligibility Thresholds for Minimum Living Guarantee Programs: International Practices and Implications for China by Nithin Umapathi, Dewen Wang and Philip O’Keefe, November 2013

1306 Tailoring Social Protection to Small Island Developing States: Lessons Learned from

the Caribbean by Asha Williams, Timothy Cheston, Aline Coudouela and Ludovic Subran, August

2013 1305 Improving Payment Mechanisms in Cash-Based Safety Net Programs by Carlo del Ninno, Kalanidhi Subbarao, Annika Kjellgren and Rodrigo Quintana,

August 2013 1304 The Nuts and Bolts of Designing and Implementing Training Programs in Developing

Countries by Maddalena Honorati and Thomas P. McArdle, June 2013

1303 Designing and Implementing Unemployment Benefit Systems in Middle and Low

Income Countries: Key Choices between Insurance and Savings Accounts by David A. Robalino and Michael Weber, May 2013 1302 Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis by Yoonyoung Cho and Maddalena Honorati, April 2013 1301 Skilled Labor Flows: Lessons from the European Union by Martin Kahanec, February 2013 1220 Evaluating the Efficacy of Mass Media and Social Marketing Campaigns in Changing

Consumer Financial Behavior by Florentina Mulaj and William Jack, November 2012 1219 Do Social Benefits Respond to Crises? Evidence from Europe & Central Asia During

the Global Crisis by Aylin Isik-Dikmelik, November 2012 1218 Building Results Frameworks for Safety Nets Projects by Gloria M. Rubio, October 2012 1217 Pension Coverage in Latin America: Trends and Determinants by Rafael Rofman and Maria Laura Oliveri, June 2012

1216 Cash for Work in Sierra Leone: A Case Study on the Design and Implementation of a Safety Net in Response to a Crisis

by Colin Andrews, Mirey Ovadiya, Christophe Ribes Ros and Quentin Wodon, November 2012

1215 Public Employment Services, and Activation Policies by Arvo Kuddo, May 2012 1214 Private Pension Systems: Cross-Country Investment Performance by Alberto R. Musalem and Ricardo Pasquini, May 2012 1213 Global Pension Systems and Their Reform: Worldwide Drivers, Trends, and

Challenges by Robert Holzmann, May 2012 1212 Towards Smarter Worker Protection Systems: Improving Labor Regulations and

Social Insurance Systems while Creating (Good) Jobs by David A. Robalino, Michael Weber, Arvo Kuddo, Friederike Rother, Aleksandra Posarac and Kwabena Otoo

1211 International Patterns of Pension Provision II: A Worldwide Overview of Facts and

Figures by Montserrat Pallares-Miralles, Carolina Romero and Edward Whitehouse, June 2012 1210 Climate-Responsive Social Protection by Anne T. Kuriakose, Rasmus Heltberg, William Wiseman, Cecilia Costella, Rachel

Cipryk and Sabine Cornelius, March 2012 1209 Social Protection in Low Income Countries and Fragile Situations: Challenges and Future

Directions by Colin Andrews, Maitreyi Das, John Elder, Mirey Ovadiya and Giuseppe Zampaglione,

March 2012 1208 World Bank Support for Pensions and Social Security by Mark Dorfman and Robert Palacios, March 2012 1207 Labor Markets in Middle and Low Income Countries: Trends and Implications for Social

Protection and Labor Policies by Yoonyoung Cho, David Margolis, David Newhouse and David Robalino, March 2012 1206 Rules, Roles and Controls: Governance in Social Protection with an Application to Social

Assistance by Lucy Bassett, Sara Giannozzi, Lucian Pop and Dena Ringold, March 2012

1205 Crisis Response in Social Protection by Federica Marzo and Hideki Mori, March 2012 1204 Improving Access to Jobs and Earnings Opportunities: The Role of Activation and

Graduation Policies in Developing Countries by Rita Almeida, Juliana Arbelaez, Maddalena Honorati, Arvo Kuddo, Tanja Lohmann,

Mirey Ovadiya, Lucian Pop, Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta and Michael Weber, March 2012

1203 Productive Role of Safety Nets by Harold Alderman and Ruslan Yemtsov, March 2012 1202 Building Social Protection and Labor Systems: Concepts and Operational Implications by David A. Robalino, Laura Rawlings and Ian Walker, March 2012 1201 MicroDeterminants of Informal Employment in the Middle East and North Africa Region by Diego F. Angel-Urdinola and Kimie Tanabe, January 2012

To view Social Protection & Labor Discussion papers published prior to 2012, please visit www.worldbank.org/spl

J u n e 2 0 1 4

Abstract

This review examines World Bank support to social safety nets between FY07–FY13, including both financing and knowledge services. During this time period World Bank financing for safety nets totaled just over US$12 billion, 273 financing activities in 93 countries, the World Bank spent approximately US$118 million on 281 safety net studies and supported approximately 129 credible safety net impact evaluations covering in 24 countries. Among the 93 countries represented in the portfolio, 42 received little or no safety net support from the World Bank prior to fiscal year 2007. The growth in Bank support is especially notable during the period of the food, fuel, and financial crises. The analysis delves into these trends by region, type of intervention and instruments involved. Finally, it delineates implications and outlook for the future based on lessons learned, results measured and evaluative evidence.

World Bank Support for Social Safety Nets 2007–2013

A Review of Financing, Knowledge Services and Results

Colin Andrews, Adea Kryeziu and Dahye Seo

D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R NO. 1422

© 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

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Social Protection & Labor Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of The World Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. This paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate for formally edited texts.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

For more information, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Room G7-803, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: socialprotection@worldbank.org or visit us on-line at www.worldbank.org/spl.