world bank · )m consultants (india) pvt ltd . 1 2 . 3 4 5 . 7 . 8 . contents . abbreviations ....

$: World Bank · )m Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd . 1 2 . 3 4 5 . 7 . 8 . CONTENTS . ABBREVIATIONS . INTRODUCTION CURRENT GOVERNfiiENT POLICY IN THE \\TATER AND SANITATION SECTORS$
r!l d~ E

INTEGRATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY &

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROJECT WITH WORLD BANK ASSISTANCE .. KARNATAKA .

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY REPORT

.,.._··~:" •. . ~. '•

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA/WORLD BANK

-----------APRIL 1991 -

-~----------_,.

: .. ~

i l: ·, ·'

' NIDC I OM CONSULTANTS UNDIAl PVT. L TO. BANGALORE

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83362

)m Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd

1

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CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

CURRENT GOVERNfiiENT POLICY IN THE \\TATER AND SANITATION SECTORS

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

\qATER USE, SANITATION AND \HLLINGHESS TO PAY

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

COMt-fUN!TY PARTICIPATION

IMPORTANT POINTERS FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

ANNE.XURES

ANNEXURE I TERMS OF REFERENCE

ANNEXURE II HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

ANNEXURE III VILLAGE QUESTIONNAIRE

PAGE .NO.

1

4

12

14

21

59

'7~

10

80

88

96

114

ANNEXURE IV . CHECKLIST FOR PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION 125

ANNEXURE V CHECKLIST FOR GROUP DISCUSSIONS 130

ANNEXURE VI LIST OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 136

ANNEXURE VII TABLES 137

)rn Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd

ARWSP

D.K.

GOI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REPORT

Accelerated Rural Hater Supply Programme

Dakshina KM1nada

Government of India

GOK Government of Karnataka

HP

JHC

LPCD

MNP

NGY

NIDC

O&M

OMCI

PHED

sc

SCP

ST

TOR

TSP

UNICEF

ZP

Hand Pump

Janata Housing ColonJ·

Litres Percapita Per Day

Minimum Needs Programme

Mini \~ater Supply

Nirmala Grama Yojana

National Industrial Development Corporation

Operation and ~1aintenance

Om Consultants {India) Private Limited

Public Health Engineering Department

Public \~orks Departrnent

Scheduled Caste

Special Component Programme

Scheduled Tribe

Terms of Reference

Tribal Sub-Plan

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

Village water and s~1itation Coffimittee

i'Yard \'Vater and Sanitation Committee

Zilla Parishad

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd

Position of KARNAT AKA in India

I \._....7

UTTARA ~ !-<ANNADA /

ARABIAN SEA

LEGEND

~ Project Districts

-·- District Boundary

MAP OF KARNATAKA

MAHARASHTRA

ANDHRAPRADE~

- 0 . BIJAPUR

N

40 0 40

Scale in Kms

TANJLNADU


1.1

1.2

1.3

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The Gcn .. ·err.sment of Karnataka {GOK) has decided. t.o

formulate a project for Integrated Rural \~ater

ten Supply and Environmental Sanitation in

districts of Karnata.k.a State for seeking Norld Bank

The ten districts selected for the Assistance.

project are

4. Belgaum,

1. Bangal ore {Rural}, 2. Mandy a, 3. Mysore,

5. Shimoga, 6. Dakshina Karmada, 7. Bidar,

8.Gulbarga, 9.Raichur and 10.Bellary.

The project is estimated to cost 1,435 millions of

rupees to cover 1,000 villages in ten districts over a

period of 5-7 years in tvm phases. It bas been decided

to take up 2B0 villages over a period of 2 years in

the first phase and the reri"Jaining 720 villages during

the second phase spread over a period of 5 years.

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the project are :

{a) Augmentation of water supply, including

rehabilitation of existing sources and ground water

recharging.

{b) Environmental sanitation with latrines, village

drainage and solid waste disposal.

Om ConSLIItants (tndia) Pvt Ltd

{c) Conduct of base-line survey on a sample basis and

devising of suitable messages to educate people in

villages about water-borne and water-related

diseases as part of health education prograrr~e.

PREPARATION OF THE PROJECT REPORT

1.4 In order to prepare the projec~ report for 280 villages

to be taken up during the first phase for

appraisal by the \'brld Bank, GOK has appointed

M/s.National Industrial Development Corporation

Ltd.(NIDC), Hew Delhi, as Consultants for the

preparation of the project report.

1.5

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASE-LINE SURVEY

The socio-economic base-line surveys are important to

any developmental project to understand the pre-

iilrplementation situation in the project areas. These

surv·eys also t;;Br'Ve as ex-ante data base to assess ~the

changes, if any, over a period of time. In this

connection, M/s.HIDC have selected M/s.Om Consultants

{India) P-,.-t. Ltd., {OMCI) to conduct a Socio-Economic

Base-line Survey {Part - C component of the project

objectives) in 30 Gffiaple villages.

1.6 The findings of the study were presented to GOK and the

World Bank on 25t.h Marc .. h 1991. This report has been

prepared based on e>..-tensive field data collected during

the study &id the discussions with the variOU$ sections


of people in the study villages, and NIDC, GOK and The

World Bank tearn. The report presents the essent.ial

details related to the project objectives.

1. 7 He wish to thank the ~nne. the GOK and the Horld Bank

for having given us this opportunity to participate in

this innovative effort. Ne are e:>..-tremely thankful to

the various Government officials (both at the State and

field level}, elected representatives of the Zilla

Parishads {ZP}, Mandal Panchayats, and in particular

the people of the study villages for their whole

hearted co-operation. ~"Ye are particularly thar.1kful to

Mr.N.P.Singh, Commissioner and Secretary (Rural

Dev-elopment and

Mr.B.N.Nagarajan,

invaluable support.

Pancbayat Raj),

Engineer-in-Chief, PHED,

GOK

for

and

their

)m Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd

CHAPTER 2

COE:RENT GOVERNMENT POLICY IN THE ~iATER AND SANITATION SECTORS

2. 1 RURAL ~iATER SUPPLY

2. 1. l The Government of Karnataka {GOK) has been giving high \

priority to the water supply sector &jd relatively to a

lesser e:>.~ent, to sanitation. Concerted efforts have

been made to meet the basic drinking water needs under

the state sector as v1ell as under the central sector

programmes. These programmes receive financial support

from the Government of India {GOI) under the Minimum

Needs Programme, {70~~ loan, 30% grant) and t.he

Accelerated Rural ~~ater Supply Programme {AR\~SP) { 100%.

grant).

2. 1. 2 The above schemes are entrusted to Zilla Parish ads

{ZPs) for implementation. On the formation of ZPs and

Mandal Panchayats in the year 1987 as part of the

decentralisation process, all field level officers of

the Public Health Engineering Department. (PHED), Public

Norks Department {PND) and Health Department have been

placed under the ZPs. The maintenance of all piped

water supply schemes rest with Mandal Panchayats as per

the ZP Act.


2. 1. 3

2. 1. 4

2. 1. 5

The Mini Nater Supply and Handpump schemes are also

covered under the Special Component Programme {SCP) and

Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) of the state sector. Some

schemes are functioning under bilateral assistance, and

foreign aid has become significant in the water and

sanitation sector.

As per the guidelines of the Technology Mission, the

GOK has set the norm of 40 LPCD as the basis for all

schemes. There are 3 t~~es of rural water supply

schemes and the GOK has set normative guidelines for

the applicability of these schemes:

Piped ~'tater Supply {PNS) schemes {Pump and overhead

tank with the pipelines laid to public water

fountains) for habitations with population

exceeding 2, ~'?0.

Mini i'Vater Supply (MNS) schemes (which consist of a

cistern and an energized pump) for habitations

with a population between 1,000 and 2,000.

Similarly, the Handpump {HP) Schemes are generally

for smaller habitations with population less than

1,000.

At the end of the VII plan { HJ89-1990) there were ~H6

not covered habitations, 12,764 partially covered

babit.ations, and 4,0f~2 fully covered habitation under

the above mentioned schemes. The emphasis in the VII


2. 1. 8

2. 1. 7

2. 1. 8

plan was mostly on piped water supply schemes and roir.s.i

water supply schemes so as to achieve the prescribed

standard required besides continuing borev1ell

progrrumnes {future investments tend to focus on the

improvement of the quality and reliability of water

suppl!-·). The work of the revival of defunct piped

water supply schemes, mini water supply and

augumentation of piped water supply schemes were also

taken up during the year 1989-90 and onwards.

During the VIII five year plan, the above said schemes

are proposed to be continued and it is also proposed to

take up the balance of 316 not covered habitations and

12,764 partially covered habitations for full coverage

v;i th the objective of providing 40 LPCD at the end of

the VIII plan.

The main thrust

of the problem

sustained water

during the VIII plan is 1007~ coverage

villages to provide uniform and

supply of 40 LPCD for all the rural

populations, as per the Technology Mission Standards.

The proposed programme for the VIII Five Year Plan

(1990-95) aims at providing 8411 borewells fitted with

handpumps, 2182 mini water supply schemes and 950 PNS

Schemes. The ZPs have been directed to accelerate the

progress for the uncovered villages.


2. 1. 9

2. 1. 10

2.1.11

The proposed outl~· for ·1990-95 in the central sector

for the GOK is Rs.1,482 millions for new project$

and the state's outla~y ~s Rs.1,436 million$for new

projects under the ZPs. An outlay of Rs.100,000 is

pr·oposed for meeting the establishri'ient costs of

Maintenance and Investigation Unit 7 which would be

totally met by the GOI. Provision bas also been made

towards necessar~y training for caretakers under the

state sector.

During 1990-91, the emphasis is on habitations that

include main villages, hamlets, thandas, and ,Janata

Housing Colonies. Even habitations with less than

population are covered by the above schemes.

500

The

GoverTnnent has proposed to relax the norms in respect

of SC/ST habitations and of those below poverty line.

The Government's thrust is on the phasing of lfmter

suppl:'l installations through maximum

participation in selection of sites arjd

comm~nity

caret. akers.

Introducing appropriate recovery mechanisms for atleast

part of the direct Operation and Maintenance costs have

been thought of as an effective system of community

involver.!'ient.

Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd

RURAL SAlUTATION

2.2.1 Due to various reasons, sanitation in rural Karnataka

has received relatively less attention than rural water

supply. As per the decade programme, an amount of

Rs.2,000 million>is required to cover the targetted 25%

of the rural population. But there is not much \

evidence to shov; that even 5% of the coverage has been

achieved.

During 1984-85, some 1000 units {latrines) have been

constructed under state funding for schools,

communities &nd hcruseholds. During 1986-87, the state

sector planned for the construction of community

latrines in villages on a pilot basiG with 20% of

contribution from the beneficiaries. But the project

spilled inJco 1987-88 without much progress due to lack

of initiative from the beneficiaries.

2 .. 2.3 The present stat.us shows that. by the end of 1989-90,

2,683 villages have been partially covered. By the end

of March 1990, individual and 2,449

institutional low cost sanitary latrines were

constructed under both state and central sectors

covering a rural population of 136 thousands, which is

0. 72% of the t.otal population. ·


2.2.4

2.3

2.3.1

2.3.2

The total proposed outl~· for the rural sanitation is

about Rs.208 millions in the VIII Five Year Plan {1990-

95). The proposed outlay under state sec~or for

sanitation programmes is about Rs.33 millions, and

Rs. 175 millions for Nirmala Grama Yojars.a, v-•hich has

been launched in the 4 districts of Kolar, ' Mysore,

Belgaum and Gulbarsa with the assistance of the

Government, Mandai Panchayats, UNICEF and the

beneficiaries. This programme plans to provide

the condition latrines for selected beneficiaries on

that they provide free labour for t.heir conGt.ruction.

INTEGRATED RURAL NATER SUPPLY AND SANITA'l'ION DEVELOPMENT

Considering the disparity between present water supply

and sanitation coverage in the state, integrat.ed water

~id sanitation development bas been given much higher

priorit.y in the future programmes. Health

Education/Promotion component will play a crucial role

:1n the. succe£~sful utilisat-ion of all water supply and

sanitation schemes.

Tbe involvement of "''omen is a maJor feature of

community involvement. To increase awareness among

worl'1en,

groups

health

Mahila Mandals and ot.her operating women's

have been identified as a focussing point for

education programme. The Social iqelfare and


2.3.3

2.3.4

!2. 3. 5

Health Departments are already utilising them 1.r.s their

health programmes. The Health Education and Training

Section of the Health and Family \~elfare Department

conducts extensive school health programmes and

finances some sanitary facilities for schools through

school betterment cormfiittees.

The role of NGOs. has been identified in promoting

health awarenesss and in building local infrastructure

for spreading health messages arrsong women.

The Mandal Panchayats are identified for mobil ising

voluntary labour, promotion of sanitat.ion and health,

provision of public latrines and other tasks through

three standing committees, as itf; obligator-:,.· functions.

Maintenance is the major feature of the obligation of

Mandal Panchayats and the ZPs. There is a specific

provision in the budget of the GOK for the maintenance

and operation costs.

The monthly progress of all rural water supply and

sanitation schemes is being reviewed at the State Level

under the Karnatal~a Development Prograrrm~e and also in

the monthly Multi level Review Meeting , in order to

determine whether the targets drawn for the successful

completion of the schemes have been achieved v;i thin the

stipulated time.

Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd

2.4

2.4.1

2.4.2

2.4.3

2.4.4

2.4.5

SCHEMES UNDER BILATERAL ASSISTANCE FOR RURAL KARANATAKA

An innovative integrated water supply and

s~!itation project with assistance from DMliDA is

being implemented in three pilot taluks: Bagepalli

(Kolar district), Jagalur . {Chitradurga district}

and Hungund (Bijapur district}.

Caretaker training programmes have been also

carried with DANIDA support.

An Integrated Rural iiater Supply and Sanitation

Project is contemplated in the 4 districts of

Bi japur, Dharv;ad, Raichur ~Jd Bell an· under

Netherlands assistance.

An Integrated Rural ~·~ater Supply, Environmental

Sanitation and Habitat Management has been proposed

under \~orld Bank assistance, for 1, 000 villages in

10 districts of Karnataka.

New proposals under Bilateral assistance of FRG,

Japan and Norv;ay are being contemplated.

An outlEt.J;·

under the

assistance.

significant

of about Rs.394 millions is proposed

VIII Five Year Plan for bilateral

Of late, foreign aid has become

and irr~ortant in the water and

sanitation sectors of the stat.e.


3. 1

3.2

3.3

OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The detailed objectives and scope of this study

are shown in the Terms of Reference {TOR) prepared by

the HIDC in Anne)...-ure - I.

The main objective of the study is to provide inputs

that. will enable the NIDC and the State Government to

prepare the project document.

SCOPE

Specific areas where inputs are needed froru the current

Socio-Economic Survey are :

Analysing' existing 't';ater, sanitation and hygiene

pattern, [major water and other sanitation-related

health problems {from Go\>-t.. health data and local

observations)]

Selection of hygiene messages

Incentives related to h~·giene education

Determining community role in plarming,

implementing and maintaining facilities under the

proposed project {particularly with regard to

involvement of women, scheduled castes/tribes}

Orn CO!'lsultants (India) Pvt Ltd

Evolving methodology for government and community

interaction in the selection and planning of

facilities {i.e. community involvffifient)

Establishing system for timely delivery of hygiene

messages/provision of latrines

Identification of the role of NGO~s

Assessment of demt:md for increased water sen·ices

levels

Determining demand for latrines

Determining demand for drainage under a cost

sharing arrangffinent

Assessing ~~illingness of villagers to pc;o· for water

supply and sanitation facilities

3.4 As a part of the study, the follov;ing data were

collected for the sarr~le villages:

* Socio-economic data

:t: Am:;essment of wat.er, sanitation and healt.h situation

* Knowledge, attitudes, perception and practices

* Delivery of hygiene messages and COr.liTfiUn i ty

participation.

The Socio-econmnic study covered 30 sample villages {3

' villages per district) in the ten project districts.

As per the TOR, 500 sample households had to be covered

in each district.

Om Consultants (india) Pvt Ltd

CHAPTER 4

APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 A phasewise approach was adopted sq as to conduct the

4.2

study systmnatically as given below:

Phase - I - Planning and preparation of survey tools, Pilot survey and finalisation of sun·ey tools. -Orientation-cum-training programme for the field staff;

Phase - II - Field data collection

Phase - III - Computerisation of field data and data analysis.

Phase - IV - Preparation of draft report and interim presentation.

Phase - V - Final report.

METHOLODOGY

The methodology adopted for the study included

{i) pilot survey

{ii) extensive {household and village) survey,

{iii) participapt ~bserr.vation:, and

{iv) group d:tscussion.

Though these techniques are exclusive, they are

coruplementary to each other.

The following survey instruments were developed,tested

and used in the field.

(a) Household questionnaire for an e).-t.ensive survey of

sample households in the study villages


MAP OF KARNATAKA

ARABIAN

SEA

REFERENCE

?L River

1a..oo- Reservoir

·District boundary 0 District HO

• Study Toluk I H Q

~· location of Studv

o BIJAPUR

vii Inn•

N

+ 20 0 20 1,0

1:==-1 '=--1 Scale in Km

Om Consultants (India j Pvt ltd

{b) Village questiormaire for collection of

village informations

{c) Checklist for participant observation

{d) Checklist for group discussion

The survey instruments are presented 1n Annexures-II

v.

4. 3 During the planning and preparatory phase, det.ailed

study methodology was developed and survey instruments

were formulated. A pilot study was conducted in

villages of Bangalore {Rural) district to test the

survey instruments and finalize the same.

4.4 Field studies commenced after establishing rapport with

t.be concerned government officials, v1z., Chief

Secretaries, Executive Engineers, Assistant Executive

Engineers of Zilla Parisbad {ZPL Junior Engineers,

Mandai Panchayat Secretaries and Health staff. Elected

representatives of the Mandal were contacted at the

village level.

SELECTION OF SAMPLE VILLAGES

4.5 Thirt.y sarriple villages (Annexure VI) in ten

districts {three villages per district} were selected

from the list of 280 project villages {phase I)

provided by the Public Health Engineering Department

{PHED).

Om Consultants (India) Pv1 Ltd

4.6 A multi-stage sampling method was used to select the

sarrrple villages. Major variables, such as total

population, scheduled castel and scheduled tribe

population, total literates and total number of

households; based on 1981 census figures, were

standardized districtwise t.o select the '· sample

villages.

4. 7 The sar{rpl ing procedure adopted ensured that the three

villages in each district had a population var-'.ling in

size and representing three different taluks of the

district. As they were spread

the district, it reflected

variations within each district.

SELECTION OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS

geographically across

the socio-cultural

4.8 The total number of sample households per district has

been fixed at 500 as per the terms of reference. The

actual sample size of households to be covered in each

of the three samplf:; villBges. in a given district' was

arrived at by distributing the total sample size

{i.e. 500) proportionately to total number of

households in each of t.he three sample villages.

4.9 The sample households in the village were chosen

{circular systematically) from the houselist prepared

with the help of village demand register maintained by


4.10

4.11

4.12

the Ma~ndal Panchayat and also by physical listing of

the households not covered in the demand register.

Ever'.l 'K'th household {where 'K' is the ratio of total

number of households in the village to the number of

Sf:I.I!.!Ple households to be covered) was taken up for the

survey. This procedure covered all the categories of

households, considering factors like caste, class,

and access to water sources.

COVERAGE

The total number of f,022 households vlere covered. in

the ten districts. The extensive survey included

collecting quE.mti t.ati ve and qualitative informat.ion on

socio-economic characteristics, attitudes, practices,

current availability of v;ater, sanit.ation practices,

willingness to pay for establishment, operation and

maint.enance of community assets on an irf_!proved basis

and current health status. Both male and female

survey.

General information for the village was collected

through

observation

a village

technique

questionnaire. Participant

was also used to gain

meaningful insights into the problems relat.ed to the

project components.


4.13

4.14

4. 16

Group discussions were held with local people, eleoted

representatives, village elders, youth leaders ar1d

women groups. This technique was used to understand

local beliefs, perception ar1d attitudes towards water

availability and its use, awareness and receptivity

tov;ar·ds sanitary lat.rines, environmental sanitation and

health practices and their opinion and willingness for

involvement. This technique was also used to assertain

people~s willingness to pay for the improved services

and their participation in the project.

The views of men and women were also collected in

relat.ion to project objectives through informal street

corner meetirutG and tea shop discussions.

Close observations were made of the collection

behaviour and other activities at the v;ater sour-ces.

Sanitation practices prevailing

defecation were also observed.

and places of

Visual aids showing the sanitary latrines, leach pits

etc., were used to make the respondents understan~ the

improved services, before starting of bidding for their

willingness to pay. Photographs >v;ere taken to reflect

and indicate the exist.ing water and sarii tation

problems.

Om Consultants 11ndia) Pvt Ltd '- '

4.17 FIELD PROCEDURES - SOME SALIENT FEATURES

:t: The study districts were grouped into three zones

in order to gain indepth knowledge and for

oper·ational convenience.

:t: The three zones v;·ere:

Zone I Bangalore {Rural), Hand~·a and ' t.tlsore

districts

Zone II Belgaum, Shimoga and Dak.shina Kannada

districts

Zone III: Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur and Bellar~·

districts

Over 20 professionals including five v;omen

professionals from respective study districts were

involved in t.he conduct. of the study.

The field team comprised of qualified and

experienced multi-disciplina~·· professionals in the

field of Sociology, Economics, Psychology,

Education and Rural Development.

* The field staff were formed into three t.eams with

sen1.or consul tant.s as team leaders. The field

study was conducted simultaneously in the three

zones.

* Senior professionals 1f;ere involved in designing,

training and conducting windshield surveys in

the field.


A wom~J sociologist was involved to explore )

womens views and their involvement in the proje-ct.

* Depending on the size of the village, an average of

20- 50 mandays were utilised in each village for

the study.

4.18 DATA ANALYSIS

* The data of the survey relating to 5,022 sample

households have been anaylsed through the use of

computers.


CHAPTER 5

WATER USE, SANITATION AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY

5.1 SOCio-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

\

5. 1. 1 An analysis of Socio-Economic characteristics is

necessary as a basic input for proper planning and

implementation. In the present study, the salient

features of socio-economic chara.cteristic6 reh:lting to

the project objectives are analysed. A description of

the general condition of the villages studied,

follovied by the socio-economic characteristics of

sample households, is presented in this section.

GENERAL CONDITIONS

5.1. z Two hundred and eighty project villages have been

selected by the ZPs for the first phase of th~ project.

As mentioned earlier, thirty sarr!I)le villages were

identified by ZP~s from these. 280 pr9ject villages

spread over ten districts. Some of the

characteristics of these sample villages are:

population in 30 villages r&ig~ frore 1414-6726

{1981 census}

total number of households range from 220-1020

{1981 census}

20 among the 30 study villages are Mandal

headquarters

J - 13 of these villages have hamlets ranging frorri 1-15


POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES 14 S:AUPU: S:TUOY (t--1-30)

13

I;;> -

II

A 10 I I

9 -I In

0

~ 7

> B Lo. 0 5 0 "' -4

3

2

UPTO 2000 2001 TO 3000 300 I TO -4000 -4001 TO 5000 OVER 5000 '

POPUL<I-TIOII -----------~

DISTRIDU'l'ION OF NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS 13

S:AIAPL( S:TUOY (t~-30)

12 ..

11

10 -,, I 9 -I I n -

In

~ 7

fl > Lo. 5-0

0 4 2.

2

0 UPTO 300 30 I TO 500 50 I TO 700 70 I TO 900 OVER 900

110. OF" HOlJSf:HOLOS -----------~

AD~UNISTRA'I'fVE STATUS OF SA!-.!PLE VILLAGES

N Qf·MANDA.L Hq (88.m!)

·•.

/ UANDIIL 11q (06.711:)

Om Co0$Wtonts(ooia)Pvt Ltd

5.1. 3

29 of these are multicaste villages

settlements are clustered castewise in all the

study villages

dispersed settlement pattern is found in Dakshina

Kannada and southern part of Shimosa districts. In

other areas, the settlements are r~lat.ively more

congested.

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

~ · 17 villages have pucca approach roads / ;

-r 4 villages have both pucca. and kutcha. approach roads

9 villages have kutcha approach roads

22 villages have high school facility

4 villages have junior colleges

\'15 vi 11 ager.; have primary health centre l )2 villages have health m.tbcentre

3 villages have primary health unit

. 10 villages have no governmental health facility

all villages have domestic and commercial power supply

post and telegraph and telepho~e f~ility are available in all the villages

radio, television a~nd newspaper are well used


DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES

\

PUCCA Jic (1.3.3%)

DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES HAVING

NIL (88.31'11)

PUCCA (58.7i1L)

PEC (50.0~)

.~ ~]'' c···· _J

"~ .~J

~

5. 1. 4

5.1.5

existing financial institutions~

Type

Comrrlerci al Banks

Co-operative B~iks

Number of Villages

6

1

Commercial and Co-operative Banks 2

Regional Rural Bank 9

12 villages do not have any financial institutions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS

GENDER DISTRIBUTION - RESPONDENTS

The Gender dist.ribution of respondents shovw 48 percent

being female. This varies across

regional variation is about 24~~.

the region. The

The covert;:tge of

female respondents across the region varies betv;een 36-

70 percent. {Table:l ·-Annexure- VII).

FAMILY TYPE

Nuclear and joint families represent 70 and 30 percent

respectively. Districtwise variation is higher 1n

joint families compared to

regional variations being

nuclear

27 and

respectively (Table: 1 - Annexure - VII}.

HOUSE OWNERSHIP

families. The

12 percent

Ovrrlership of dwellings in the study region reveals that

96 percent of the sample households ovm dv;ellings. The

regional variation ir; not r;ignificant (3%). {Table:Z

Annel..--ure - VI I).

23

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd. GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS

n:M.AIJi: ("' 7. 71>1:)

MAlE (52.3~)

DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY FAMILY TYl"li:

DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS D¥ 'IJWJULINC TVVJt

KUTCHA (22.431;)


~~- 1. 7

5. 1.9

5. 1. 10

TYPE OF DWELLING

The difference in types of dwelling {Table:2 - Annexure

- VII) of the sample households shows 26 percent pucca,

52 percent semipucca and 22 percent kutcha structures.

The regional variation is more with regard to pucca

structures. In case of semipuoca and kutoha structures,

regional variatiors is less.

The inter regional variations e:>..-plain that semipucoa

structures are more prevalent in southern Karnataka

and Shimoga dist.rict, and the pucca structures are

more in Northern Karnataka. In Dakshina Kannada pucca

structures are few and semipucca and kutcha structures

are almost equal.

SHlGLE VS MULTIPLE BLOCKS

Nearly 99 percent of the dwellings

households are single blocks. The

among s amp 1 e

inter-district

variation is 13 percent. Hhereas, it is at variance ~n

multiple blocks. The co-efficient of variation is as

high as 62 percent.

HOUSING VIS-A-VIS COMMUNITY COMPOSITION

The t~""Pe of housing across different caste/religion is

presented in Table:3 - Anne:>..~re - VII. It is seen

that pucca houses ,.~ary frori'l 8 percent among Scheduled

Tr·ibe to 49 percent among Vokkaliga and other farrr.ting

communities. The variation across the caste and

community groups is very high.


A I I

I I I

(/1

0 <5 ::r::. I.IJ (f1 ;::::, 0 ::r::.

~

~ z ~ [( 1.1.1 a..

DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSE STRUCTURE " BY COMMUNITY

70.---------------------------------------------------------~2

BO

50

AO

30

20

10

1 2 . 3 5 B 7 B 9 10

COMMUNITY ---------~ [ZZJ PUCCA ISS] SEMIPUCCA (@ KUTCHA

Legend : 1. Brahmins 2. Vokkaliga & other farming commun1t1es 3. Lingayats 4. Artisans 5. Others 6. Schedule Caste 7. Schedule Tribe 8. Jains 9. Muslims 10. Christians

.A.LL

)ffi Consultants (india) Pvt ltd

5.1.12

u fi. 1. 13

In case of Gemi-pucca type bour;es, the composition

varies from 39 percent in other caste group to 64

percent in Artisan group. The overall variation acroGs

different community groups is 90 percent. This

variation is more than double the variation across t.he

regions.

Similar is the case of kutcha houses. Th6 composition

varies from 10 percent in Vokkaliga and other farming

communities to 38 percent in Scheduled Tribes.

CASTE/COMMUNITY OOMPOSITION

The import.ant: c&ste/comrm.mit.y groupr.; and t.beir

composi t.ion among sample bout;eholds are shov.n be lov; in

summarised fo:r-rfi:

Caste/Comruuni-t;.y Structure /

Code Ho.

Caste/Community No. of Households

%

1 Brahmins 113 2.25 r) Linga~tats 990 19.71 l,

3 Vokkaliga & Other Agricultural C!astes 1297 25.83 4 Artisans 219 4.36 5 Other Communities '552 10.99 6 Scheduled Castes 868 17.28 7 Scheduled Tribes 177 3.52 8 Jains 85 1. 69 g Muslims 705 14.04

10 Christians 16 0.32

TOTAL 5022 100.00

Hot.e: The code numbers 1 to 10 have been consistent.ly used

in all sections of this report while referring to

caste/cormnunity group.

I i ···\ ;

I l I


COMMUNITYWISE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOI ze

Z4

22

1 20 ) I 18 1 1 1 18 I l 1A I I

llQ lZ

!:.-' g 10

~ B

~ B

4

2

0 1

., 3 4 5 B ..... 8 g 10 "- ' COMMUNITY -----------~

Om Consultant$ (India) Pvt ltd

5. 1. 14

5. 1. 15

5.1.16

-.-:-.~

The di~trictwi~e ca~te corrmrunity composition of the

sample households is presented in Table: 4 - AnneJ..."Ure -

VII. The major comrtrunities are Vokkaliga and other

farming comnruni ties and Lingayats { 26 and 20 percent

respectively). The other large communities are

Scheduled Cast.e { 17 percent) and Muslims { 14 percent).

DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES:

The average household size of the sample households 1s

6.3. The average size in Southern Karnataka is lower

than Northern Karnataka. The sex ratio in the sample

household~ of the project districts is 930. Across the

region, it varies fro-ill 897 in Myr;ore region to 979 in

Daksbina Kannada.

The population of the 5,022 households in the study

villages is 31,659. Gender wise composition shows 48

percent are females. There is no significant variation

of fernale population between different regions~

Distribution of sample population according to

different age groups shown in Table: 5 - :~nnexure - VII

reveals that f,5 percent of the sample population are

below 15 ·years of age. In this age group, f~fiales are

27 percent indicat.ing almost equal population of males

and females in this category. Infants upto 5 years

constitute around 12 percent in the total population.

Om Consultants (india) Pvt ltd

r

AGE DISTRIBUTION - ALL DISTRICTS

2~~-------------------------------------------------~

zz

zo

16

16

12

10

6

2

o~~~_u~~~~~A-~~UL~~~~~~~~~A-~~=

s - 10 10 - 15 15 - zs 25 - :35 :35 - so so - es >85

AGE: GP.OllF &~\P.S) -----------> E::ZJ M.U.1tS . - I'JtM.ALES ~ ALL

SEX DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE POPULATION (~- :I1GG'J)

MJIL£ (52.0!1;)

LITERACY LEVELS OF SAMPLE POPULATION

roA.M,t.&. EOUCATJON (.t5.4J'1;)

ILliTERATE (50.0)


LITERACY

5. 1. 17 Li t.eracy level of the Garr!Ple households is 44 percent

{Table:6 -Annexure- VII). Regional variation in

total literates is 21 percent. The composition of

sample population having formal education is 40

percent. Across the districts, the variation in formal

education is 22 percent.

OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN

Table:? - Anne).."Ure - VII the occupational

pattern of the sample housheolds. Fortysix percent of

the households have agriculture as the main occupation.

Agricultural labour is the other alternate occupation

and 20 percent of the sample households depend on this

sector. Non-agricultural sector constitute percent.

12 percent of the households do not have any

occupation. They are depending on external Gources

,,

5.1.19 There is significant regional variation in different

sectors other than agriculture. The magnitude of

variations is 40-50 percent. In agricultural sector,

the regional variations are not very significant. The

inter-regional comparison in occupation of the sample

households shov;-s agriculture as the major occupation

with the except.ion of Dakshina Kannada. In Dakshina

Kannada, the sample households depend more on

" ll I;

. ,;


0 C CUP AT I 0 NAL DIS T RIB UTI 0 N

HOU5t!· '-'HOI.D 'WORK (11. ?'~)

SERVICES (5. 9::b)

OUSfN/1'91 & TRADE (1.2il6)

ARTISANS (2. "'/~)

A.GRI. LABOUR (20. lltJ

( r;{A}..(:p L1t: H 0 U !ntH 0 LD Sl)

\ \ /

/

AGRICULTURE

("16·~/.)

GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF WORI( FORCE

CillLDREN (3.3%)

PBM.ALE (34-.6%)

MALE (08.1~)


5. 1. 20

[,. 1. 21

5. 1.. 22

agricultural labour. This disperit.y i£~ due t.o t.he

skewed identification of sample households in clusters.

WORKFORCE

The total workforce in the study region is 43 percent.

{Table:8 Anne:>.'Ure - VI I) . Male workforce, is '1'7 t..,

percent, female workforce is 15 percent and child

labour is 1 percent. Of the total population, 20

percent of the females are in the age group of 15-65

years, which represent.s the lf;orking age group. Only 75

pereent of females in this age group are working {i.e.

1~~~~ of the total population). The regional variation

1n workforce is high among child labour and female

workers, whereas it is insignificant among rnale

workers.

ECONOMY

One of t.he indioat.ors for identifying t.he levels of

living is the inco~e .levels. ,of the households. Table: 9

Annexure - VII present.s the distribution of sample

households across different monthly income groups. The

income of the households is estimated by taking all the

sources from which the household generates income. The

income is taken as the net income aft.er deduct.ing input

and other costs approximately.

The distribution sbows that 30 percent of t.he sample

housholds have a monthly income of more than Rs.1000;

ti

I:

r !

Om Consultants (Indio) Pvf Ltd

Om Consultants (lndia) Pvt Ltd

~'- 1. 23

£j. 1. ~:4

5.1.2~~

27 percent have between Rs.600-1003 and 43 percent have

less than Rs.600. It is interesting to note that in

tbe regions of

of

Mandya and Shimoga,

households in the top

there is

two income concentration

groups.

on the

This is because of the

economic levels of the

impact of

households.

irrigation

In the

Hort.hern Ka:cnataka region, it is Geen that more than 50

percent of the households are still in the lower income

groups.

The expendit-ure pattern of the sam·ple households is

presented in Table: 10 - Annexure - VII. Tbe average

annual e}.-pendit.ure is Rs. 11,547. It is seen that

food and clothing which are basic necessities for

survival is tbe major expenditure i·t.eru of

households { 5B~C: on food, 18% on clothing).

the

The

regional variation is around 17 percent for food <:md Hi

percent for clothing.

Expenditure on education is: the lowest.. Only about 5

percent of the eA~enditure is spent on education.

EA-pendit.ure on transport.at.ion is 7 percent of the tot.al

eA-penditure. Medical eA-per-.sditure is estimated around 6

percent, fo~uing part of other e~~enditure.

LIVESTOCK

Table:ll Annexure VII presents the livestock

position of the households. Sixty three percent of the


TRANSPORT (ti.S::t)

EDUCATION (o.O~)

CLOTHING (19.1~)

POULTRT (Z2.l~)

5lliREP (:lO .3::;;)

HHs -~CT OWNHIG AllY LIVESTOCK (36.6~)

DISTRIBUTION OF EXPE~-DITURE llY ITI!J.(Q

DISTRIBUTION OF UVESTOCK

OTHERS (4c.5~)

BUPP..UOE Cli3.1:.)

OWNERSillP OF LIVESTOCK

POOD (67 .U~)

IJ.A.TTL!l (4<J.O:.)

1-11-1•s: OWI-III-IC SOME LIVESTOCK (63.6%)


~ •. 2" 1

households own livestock and poultry. Average number

of livestock (excluding poultry) per household is 4.6

Regional variation in ownership of sheep is high.

Though variation in poultry ownership is high, there

are no productive poultry activities in the sample

villages. Regional variations in cattle and buffaloe

are almost. t.he same ( 29-30~0.

\~ATER USE AND SANITATION PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES

"~qater and Sanitation Schemes are no longer viewed solely as engineering projects, but also as projects of social intervention, requ1r1r1g co-operation and counseling from t.he intended beneficiaries" {Henry, 1978).

PRESENT STATUS

Ground water is an important source Hi all the study

villages. Among the 30 stud~l villages, 26 villaues are

provided with protect.ed v;ater supply schemes, 1r1 t . .be

form of Piped ~~ater Supply {P~~S), Mini \'Vater Supply

{MNS) and/or Hand Pumps {HP). In one village, people

have to depend on open tank for drinking water needs. ' ; ~ ..

Although this village has piped water· supply, it is not

being used for drinking as the water is brakish.

However, all sh1dy vi 11 ages are provided with handpump

facilities. The present status of water supply in the

study villages is shown belov? :

Humber of water

Type of Installation

Ho. of Villages

PHS

20

villages with t~~es source installations

03 03

Only HP

04

of

Private House cormections

20

!

li I

Om Consultants (lndiia) Pvt Ltd

WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS

Pws. & MWS (1 0.~) ·~ ---.........__----..._..___-......._.""_~

/

MWS (1 0.0~)

PWS (BB.nt)

Om. Coosultailts (India) Pvt Ltd

5.2.2.

5.2.4

r;: n r 3. £. •• 3

In addition to protected water sources, traditional

v;ater sources such as draw wells, tanks, ponds and

canals are still used widely to rneet the requirements.

~iater from draw wells with parapet walls is used as

alternative and additional source for drinking

purposes.

The traditional· wat.er sources are unreliable during

summer months. During surrrrrJer, these sources either dr:,.·

up completely or the wat.er level goes down resul t.ing in

shortage/lack of v1ater availability for other household

activit.ies in general and for liver.;t.ock in particular.

NATER USAGE

Usage of "t~ater sources for drinking and other purposes

shows variance among the sample households in the study

villages. The dependency on multiple sources is due to

lack of availability of total required water from any

single source.

DRHlKING AND COOKHtQ PURPOSES

Multiple sources are used for drinking and cooking

purpose by the sample households. The following table

gives the sourcevtise dependency of households for

drinking purpose {Det.ailed district.wise pattern 1s

shov.n in Table 12. 1 - Annexure - VII).

I om Consultants Qnctia) Pvt Ltd

~ \\ ij II

P. l:

I\ j

SOURCEWISE DEPENDENCE -DRINKING/COOJ

1'\'XLLS OTHER SOURCH:S IIP F1"fS lflVS

SOURCE -------------:>


5.2.H

Source ·

:l<:* Percentage of HHs @

Variation { ~~)

48 6

18 41

HP

23 44

52 44

:t Include : Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal.

18

101

*·* The percentages 1,1;i 11 not add to 100 due to 1

Use of rr~ltiple sources.

@ HHs = Households

Regional variations {Table:12.1- Annexure- VII) in

the usage of above sources vary from 18 percent {PHS)

to I!'iOre than 100 percent {other t::ources) .

The sourcewise dependency var~es in different districts

according tG the availabilit.y of wat.er from different.

sources. Dependency on PNS is high {'?I) ' .... percent)

Mandya district. Nearly 50 percent of t.he sample

household-s in the villages of Mysore district have

access onl::r to bandpumps. Dependency on other surface

water sources in the three villages of Raichur district

is as high as 71 percent. This is due to brakish and

saline v;ater qual it~.· of underground sources.

In Dak.shina Kannada, the major water source is tbe drav1

well. Piped water supply is absent in the study

villages of this district. This is because of the

dispersed settlement pattern. Handpumps are used in

Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd

SOURCE··w·IsE DEPENDENCE OTHER PURPQE A I 60~------------------------~~~~------~ l I l I I I 4-0 I I

~ a ~ 30 9 ....

~ ... 0

10

PWS JdWS RP WELLS OTH:ERS

SOURCE --------->


5.2:.9

5. 2:. 10

5.2.11

few hamlets v1here settlement.s are clustered. These are

mostly Janatha housing colonies.

OTHER PURPOSES~

l~ater usage under this cat.egory {Table 12.2 - AnneJo..\lre

VII) includes bathing, washing of clothes, vessels,

band washing, wat.ering of gardens, cat.tle feeding and

animal washing. \~ater is used for other purposes also

from multiple sources. The table belo.,.,. gives the

sourcewise dependency for other purposes.

Souroewioe dependence - other purposes

Source HP \~ells Others :t:

**: Percent.age of HHs 39 5 50 37

Variation {~0 33 51 40 41

;J: Includes: Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal.

;t;r: P-ercentage wi 11 not add to 100 due to use of mult.iple sources

Sourcewise dependency· varies v;ithin each district.

Dependency on P~~S is very high in Raiohur district

{73%) and zero in D.K. district. Dependency on 'dells

· ~·gh · B'd {~4~' D K {~,~%'), ~··lbarga ~~s~~~' lS ver-:/ 111 ln "1 ar lj "ot 1 • • v "''-' ~v vl

and Belgaum { 61~G).

Regional variat.ion is noticed in the use of different

sources between drinking and other purpose. Variat.ion

across the districts in t.be use of P\qs for drinking


5. 2. 12

5.2. 13

purpose is less than for other purpose use. High

variation in case of usage of PHS for other purposes is

due to brakish and Gal ine quality of wat.er

{particularly in Raichur district where PNS is mainly

used for other purposes) .

ONNERSHIP OF ~~ATER SOURCES

The ownership of water sources such as v1ells and

private house connections by the sample households is

given in Table: 13 {Anne).."Ure - VII). Only ten percent

of the sample households in 20 of the study villages

spread over nine districts ov;n privat.e house

connections. The villages in D.K. are not having

private house connections as there are no piped water

supply schemes existing at present.

Around three percent of the total sample households are

owning wells. ~qells {bot.h public and private) are a

major source in D.K. Even here {D.K.), among ..._. vne

sample households· {514), only' 6 percent. o¥m v;ells.

This is because of the larger representation of cluster

houses in the hamlet.s in t.he surveyed sample

particularly .Janatha housing colonies, -v,·here the

dependency is on comr!1un i ty v;e 11 s and handpumps.

Generally, the settlements in D.K. are dispersed and

independent in nature, and comprise mostl~l of farr!i

houses which have private wells.


: .. 2. 15

5.2.16

5.2.17

COLLECTION PRACTICES

i~ater for domestic use is generally collected by women

assisted by children. Men also help in collection of

water from

inadequacy.

male labour

distant sources during the time

In case of higher income groups,

is being employed to collect wat.er

of

hired

from

distant sources. ~~ater is collected daily, mostly

during mornin1:t and evening hours. Insufficient water

availability from any single source bas lead the

hmweholds to depend on multiple sources, to fetch tbe

required quantity of water.

TIMING OF WATEH SUPPLY

~'Vater supply t.imings in case of PWS {Public Standpost

and Private cormection} is neither uniforri'J nor regular

due to fluctua·tions in power supply. Tbe supply timings

are generally limit.ed to 1 - 2 hours in the rnornings.

There has been no user consultation on timings.

In some regions water supply is made available for an

hour both during morning and evening. During summer

the duration of water supply varies depending on t.be

availability.

DISTANCE

Distanee to different vtat.er sourees {other than the

sources located within the premises of households)

varies. The average distance to the water source in

1m Consultants _\India) Pvt Ltd

5.2.18

5.2. 19

5.2.20

the project villages ranges from 100 metres in case of

P~'iS to 770 metres in case of traditional sources such

as ponds, tanks and canals.

The table b~low shows the sourcewise average distance

traversed :

Sourcewise average distance travelled

Source PNS MHS HP ~~ells Others * Average Distance

{in metres) 101 146 231 261

:t. Includes : Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal.

NUMBER OF TRIPS

'?'?'i I I I

The households v;ith an average size of 6. 3 perGons have

to make 15 trips in a day to collect the day~s water

requirement. The number of trips made to various water

sources in a day vary from 8-31 across the regions.

The highest ir:: in D.K. due to high usage of water for

other purposes mainly for bathing activity.

Villafters bathe twice. a . d~~· in this region. {Table: 14

in Annexure - VI I) .

TIME TAK'"EN TO COLLECT WATER

The average time taken in a day to collect water

varies from region to region depending on the distance,

number of sources and the consumption level. Majority

of the households collect water during morning time

for 2-3 hours, when major requirement of water for the

day is collec..k.ed. The households spend 30 minutes to 1

1 I I '

I I l l

II 1


TIMING FOR WATER COLLECTION (PERCENTAGE Or HOUSEHOLDS)

EVENING (33.3!1ti)

MORNING (45.8~,


[1, 2. 21

I' I

I I I I

I I I I I

L) (.J 0.. _J

hour 1r1 the evenings to fulfil the shortage of

availability during the morning hours.

WATER CONSUMPTION

~~ater consumption for domest.ic purposes {drinking and

cooking, other purposes including bathing of animals,

washing clot.hes, etc. ) from all the sou~ces is

estimated approximately at 45 Ltrs Per Capita per Day

{LPCD). The districtwise consumption/avail ab i l i t.y

levels vary bet..,;een 29 LPCD in Belgaum to 58 LPCD in

D.K. The low figure in Belgaum is due to inadequate

water availabilit·y from P~~S and absence of sufficient

traditional sources. In D.K. there is higher·

dependency on tradi t.ional sources such as 'Vlells. {Table

15 in Annexure - VI I for details). The districtwise

per capita dai l~· water consumption is shovm graphically

in figure below.

PERCAPITA DAILY WATER CONS1JMPTION DISTRICTWI!bi: IW LPCD


5.2.22

1 I

I l I I

l I I I I

0 {_) a.. ~

The dai l~l water availability/consumption levels 8!c!"iOng

different cast .. e/corMf!Unity groups va-r.l from 32-62 LPCD

in the project districts. This is shovm graphically in

Figure 2. It cErr1 be observed that the consurr~tion level

generally decreases along the hierarchical order of the

cast.e groups { 1. - 7) .

PER CAPITA l)AILY WATER CONSUMPTION 5'"i;jQM ALL. SOURC£S - COMMUWITYW!Sii:

1 2 3 4 5 B 7 B 9 10 ALL

COMMUNITY GROUP -------------:>


5.2.23

5.2.24

However, inter-regional variations are observed in

water consumption of the caste/community groups.

Among the Brahmins the per day consurrfPtion varies from

42 LPCD 1n Belgaum region to 86 LPCD in Bangalore

{rural) region. Likewise, among Lingayats it l.G 34

LPCD in the Belgaum region and 60 LPCD in the Mandya

region. Vokkaliga and farming caste groups have water

consumption of 25 LPCD in Belgaum region compared to 64

LPCD in Bidar region. The consuufPtion W!iong scheduled

caste households varies from 23 LPCD in Belgaum region

to 46 LPCD in Bangalore (Rural) and D.K. regions.

Among the ~1us lim community the regional consumption

level varies from 20 LPCD in Belgaum to 58 LPCD in

Mandya region. Similar variations exist among other

cast.e/cornmuni ty groups.

HANDLING AND STORAGE OF HATER

Handling and storage of •,.;ater for household purposes in

general and for drinking/cooking in part.icular is

practiced H> a systematic manner which 1s seen as a

traditional heritage among all the sample households.

Nater for drinking/cooking is being stored in earthen,

copper

modern

and brass metal pots normally. The advent of

era has ushered in stainless steel and plastic

containers in the form of pots, drums, buckets and

other large containers, s lov1ly replacing the

traditional copper/brass wares in the rural households.


The advent of stainless steel and plastic '-dares was

also found to be advantageous to the households in

terms of cost, cleanliness and effort, {Particularly

plastic containers are lighter in weight). This is

more so in the case of economically weaker and working

class households. The location of stored water for

drinking and cooking is normally the kitchen, v;hich i't;

a traditional practice and faci l i t.ates easy

access i bi l i t.y.

The storage of v;·ater for bathing and other purposes 1.s

mainly in earthen pots,, followed by storage in copper.

and brasc vessels: Alur,:;.inium, metal and cement/stone

troughs are also used for storage. These containers

are placed in the bathrooms or in front/backyard of the

houses.

CHARACTERISITCS OF ~~ATER SOURCES AVOIDED

Avoidance of certain wat.er sources for different

reasons is found in all the study d ist.ricts. The

fact.ors relating t.o avoidance of water sources are: long

distfu--sce, more waiting time, vlater quality and other

social factors.

Om Consultants :India) Pvt Ltd

E"s.2.27

5.2.30

The following table gives the number of sample

households avoiding some of the water sources due to

different reasons.

Source avoided and reasons for avoidance

Sources Avoided

Reason for avoidance ~u:

-----------------------------------~--------

Public standposts

MHS

Handpump

~~ells

Other ~

Long distance

14

3

22

160

79

~~ater quality not good

0

0

17

74

8

* Includes: ponds, tanks, canals and river.

:t:l Figures represent. number of households

Social factors

14

5

33

153

0

About 12 percent of the sample households have

expressed different reasons for not using some of the

existing wat.er sources. Distance of t.he ~later sources

from the living place is a major reason {6 percent).

Social factors such as caste discrimination, frequent

quarelling among the users are some of the reasons

eh~ressed by the households {4 percent). This was

mainl~l among scheduled caste and other v;eaker sections.

Around 2 percent of the £~ample households have stated

bad quality of water as reason for avoiding some

sources.


~~. 2. 31

~~. 2. 32

f>. 2. 33

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF EXISTING WATER SUP'PLY

SYSTEMS

At present operation and maintenance responsibilit.ies

rest v;i th the Mandal Pe.nchayats. All Mandal Panchayats

have appointed operators commonly called as ·'Hater

man'. The operator is incharge of water supply and

maintenance of installations of piped water supply and

miniwater supply systems.

PWS

The operation of the exist.ing piped wat.er supply syst.em

is by pumping v;ater from the ground water source to the

elevated st.orB.Jg"e reservoir or to the ground level

storage reservoir. The st.or&ge capaci t.y of these

reservoirs varies from 50,000 litres to

litres. In som1e of the villages, the full capacit.y of

the reservoir i,s not utilised due to inadequate ground

water potential and also due to fluctuations in pov<er

supply. Few villages {Belgaum/Shimoga) do not have

storage reserviors and water is directly supplied from

the main v;at.er Gource.

The water is diGtributed through public standposts and

private house cormections. As t.he piped water supply

schemes in most. of the villages are 15-20 years old,

tbe distribut.ion systems do not function properly,


leading to wastage of water. Leakages, damages and

worn out pipes are caused often because of mishandling

bz,.· the users. It has been obsen·ed. that. inordinate

delay takes place in replacing parts;

particularly in case of replacement of accessories

for public standposts. In many villages, it has been

observed that most of the public standposts have no

taps. This causes wastage of water near the supply

source.

MWS

5.2.34 Operation of Miniwater Supply systems is also looked

after by the waterman. There is no control system near

the cisterns and wastage of water is obsen·ed. As the

cisterns have storage capacity of about 5,000 litres,

the water is pumped twice a day in order to facilit.at.e

water availability both during morning and evening

hours.

In some areas t.he ground v;ater sources are located

outside the villages at a considerable distance.

~i/astage & leakage of water is observ·ed near the source.

In one village, the cowherds had damaged the main line

pipes so as to get water for the cattle leading to

v,·astage of v;ater near the source and resulting low

pressure at distribution points. This is primarily due

to lack of drinking water facility for animals.


5.2.36

~~. 2. 33

f;. 2. 39

HANDPUMPS

The other protected \of'ater source, viz., Handpump is also

maintained by the Mandal Panchayat. Though handpumps

are found in all the study villages, many of these are

not functioning due to bad handling by the users,

mechanical failures and also dr!-·ing up of the water

source.

The maintenance of handpumps 1s very poor in all the

places in the study area. Nearly 30-40 percent of

handpurl'iPS have become non-functional.

The main reasons for the present status are:

* Bad handling b~l users due t.o lack of education 1n

proper usage - result.ing in frequent breakdowns.

Delay :tn procuring required spares due t.o

administrative procedures.

* Non-availability of t.echnical per·sons at Mandal

level and dependence on the ZP Engineering sub

division. ;

~: Inadequat.e at t.ent ion/ ernpb as is paid to the

maintenance function by concerned agencies.

In some of t.he sarnple study villages, caretakers,

trained in HP maintenance, were not utilised by the

Mandal Panohayat.s. In the remaining villages, trained

caretakers v;ere not available.


5.2.40

~i. 2. 41

5. ~~. 1

There is no maintenance committee either formal or

informal, for any of the water supply systems. User

groups have not thought about such arrangements at any

place.

COMJ.:fUNITY ACTION

In some of the st-udy areas it is stated that because of

the delay in repairing the systems {example: breakdown

of main line systems) the community, viz., the leaders

of the village including mandal pradhan and members

have repaired t.be system. To quote anot.her incidence,

in one of the villages 1n Hysore region, the community

collected the funds f:r·om the households 1n the village

1n order ·to drain v;ater from a canal to the village

tank. Here, the yout.h c~lub members of t.he villagE:

were actively involved in fund generation and also in

digging a feeder channel. Examples of such nat.ure

reveal that the community can be involved ·~ l.l.. properly

motivated and when need is felt, their participation is

possible.

SANITATION

Sanitat-ion is tbe means for prevention of diseases by

eliminating or controlling the environmental factors

which fortrt links 1n the chain of transmission.

Improper excreta disposal, garbage disposal and seweage


wastes are some of the activities for transmission of

diseases. Excreta disposal, soil pollution and the

propert.ies of soil are closely relat-ed.

SANITARY LATRINES

The general statur:: of latrines in all the thirty

villages is poor. Only eleven villages have ciornmunity

latrines; that t.oo of non-sanitan· type. They are

based on open pit system. Pig system {usage of pigs t.o

clean the faecal r1satter) and closed type cubicles are

found in Northern Karnataka. In most areas, the

community 1 atrines are not being used and the 1 at.rines

are in a dilapidated condition.

f,. 3. 3 The present defecation practice is mostly use of open

grounds. ~~~ater is carried in most of the areas. In

some areas people have to vmlk long dist.ances in search

of open ground for defecation . ~1en and v1omen are . ,,

abused if found defe<~at.ing on privat.e lands. Children

defecat.e at available space. In Southern

Karnatal::.a, i1ien generally go for defecation near the

open wat.er sources, like ponds, t.anks and canals. In

case of women, though t.hey go for open ground

defecation, they do not use water from the open sources.

The use of private latrines in t.he st:t.ldy area is very

low. This ,

1s oec~ause of low priorit~~. low

Om Consultants :India) Pvt Ltd

affordabi 1 i ty, lack of space and traditional beliefs

against having latrines within the premises . It is

seen that only about. six percent among the sample

households are owning some type of private latrines.

{Table:16- Annexure- VII). It varies from 3 percent

in Gulbarga region to 12 percent. in Belgaum region.

Use of privat.e latrines is found only among Vokkaligas,

Lings.yats, Brahmins, and Muslims.

Tbe different. types of private lat.rines and t.be cost.

incurred for the construction is presented in Table:17

Annexure VII. Of the six percent of sample

households having private latrines, 2 percent are

having single pit pourflush t.ype and 4 percent. ar-e

having Bucket type. The cost incurred for the single

pit pourflush t.ype vary bet.-v;een Rs 1, 000-3,000.

Fiftynine percent of t.he sample households incurred a

cost of Rs 1,000-1,500 and 29 percent incurred a cost

About 12 percent have invested

between Rt:.~ 2 , :.'300- 3, lZJOO. The cost incur:r·ed for Bucket.

type is less than Rs. 1,000.

Table:lS Annexure - VII presents the sources of

finru1ce for construction of private latrines. About. I

33:3 percent of the households have availed

Government subsidy. The rest of the households owning

latrines have invested from their own sour·ces.


5.4 iHLLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER AND SANITATION

~'iATER SUPPLY - \'HLLINGNESS TO PAY

5.4.1 By and large there is only a limited practice of direct

cost sharing for public utility services at present.

More so for water facility, because of the traditional

belief that "The water is perceived as nature·'s gift to

the mankind". Also many feel that the provision of

wat.er is tbe ret~ponsibility of the Government .. Hence,

access to water free of cost has been considered as

.. tbe right' .

/~t present., the Mandal Pancbayat.s at. the village level

are maintaining t.he improved water s:.•s·tems.

organisations are charging the users for public

distribution and also for private house connection£~.

For public standposts, a nor1sinal charge of Rs.l.00-3.00

r.ser annum is being collected along with the house tax,

:ror all the bcruseholds., A conce~sional charge of 2~~-50

paise per annum is charged for scheduled caste and

scheduled t.ribe households. For private house

conneetions, in addition to tbe deposit money of Rs.40-

30:3, a monthly fixed v-;ater tariff is levied towards

operation and maintenance costs. This varies across

the regions between Rs.3-10 per month. However, lS


5.4.3

' .I .. , . ....,

noticed that the collection of this tariff 1s often

poor. In some areas overdues for the past 2-3 years is

reported.

The proposed project. envisages to augment the present

vmter availability from 20 LPCD to 40 LPCD in case of

public standposts and from 40 LPCD to 70 LPCD for

private 4-' connecv1ons. In order to promote a sense of

r-esponsibility and corfmii tment among tbe users, is

felt that the total costs of orleration and maintenance

should be borne by the comrnunity itself.

The v;illint:~ness of the community to pay monthly tariff

towardr..; wat.er usage f.·md maint.enance bEts been arwlysed

according to the preferred v;ater systemf; {Tabl-e: 19

Annexure - VI I) . The analysis reveals t.bat. 76 per·cent

of the sample households are willing to pay if they are

provided v;itb improved water syst.ems. About 17 percent.

of t.he households have e:>..-pressed their unwillingness to

Among

the households willing to pay, the willingness ranges ... from Rs. 5 to Rs. 2 monthly. 6 3 percent of t.he sample

households are willing to pay up·to Rs.10 monthly. ~ '\ vn.l.y

13 percent have e:h-presr:;ed their willingness to pa.y

betv;een Rs. 10-20 monthly.

I I I I !


WILUNGNESS TO PAY-HOUSE CONNECTIONS I>CRCC:NTACC OF" TOTAL s:AI..CI>LC (I..C-6022)

RLio /1-COI..CTW (3B.V!Ii:)

RS.5 /UONTH (~&. 61.)

RS.B /MOt~TH ~ WILUNGNESS TO PAY - PWS

l>li:RCii:NTACC OF" TOUL S:"-I..CPLC (N-6022)

RS.~ /MONTH (10.2\;)

WILUNGNESS TO PAY - MWS l>li:RCii:NTACI: OF" TOTAL 5:AMI>U: (1-l-5022.)

/I..CONTW (.21.2st:)

"'3.0 /"'OHTH (ts2


5.4.5 Nearly 93 percent of the sample households have shown

preference for improved v;oe.ter supply S:!lSt.ems. About

seven percent of the sample households have no specific

preference to anz..,· system. Only 3 percent of the sample

households who have already private house connections

have preferred some alternat.e sourcec also.

Source wise preference along with v,·illingness t.o pay

for different water sources is given in the following

Table.

SOURCENISE PREFERENCE AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY (WATER)

FHC

Pi~S

HI~S

Hand pumps

Tota.l

Note:

7;. Households Preferring

60%

19~G

1 r)OJ' .l.l..'(J

2%

93%

% Households vti 11 ing to pay

56~~

11%

7!J~

2%

76%

Monthly Payment Rs.5 Rs.8 Rs.10

20. 6~(. ,.... -o,. ... i . .j," 16. 3~£

8.1% 1. 1~~ 1. 6~~

4.1% 1. 4% 1. 1%

1. 1% 0.2% 0. 4~;

33.9% 10.0% 19.4%

The above table shows t.hat Private House Conneetions

{PHC) is preferred by 60~~ of t.he sample households

The sou:r·ce wbich i;:; least. preferred is the ha.ndpump.

This is because, most sample villages already enjoy a

PHS. Also the existing handpumps are not ~delding good

quality and sufficient water. And also, many of the

handpumps are not vwrking properly. So also, the


willingness to pay for different sources. Among the

households willing to make monthly paJt''Tuent for

different sources, majority are willing to pay Rs.5 to

Rs.l0 for private house connections. For other sources,

a negligible nur;iber of households bave agreed to pay

upto Rs.10 monthly.

Another criterion for measuring the affordability is the

H.ICome 1 eve 1 of the households. Willingness to pay

among the sample households according to monthly income

level is shown in the following table.

WILLINGNESS TO PAY BY MONTHLY INCOME LEVELO~ATER)

Ir • .:::or;,e level , i~r.;/~·bnt.h)

Total HouGeholds Households >,.lilling to pay Rs. Es

Amount Rs.8 Rs. 10

i.h•\..(1 R:G 100 49~ 3~:. 1. 5;;(. 0. 4~(. 0. 87:.

lC·l - 350 1 ':)0(

"'""' go.• '" 5. 8~~ 0.9% 1. g~:.

~ ..-., '-1 ...._, .l. - 6D0 r1-o' .l..tl..-t 187~ 9.3% 2.4% 4.6%

601 - 1000 27% 20% 8. 6~~ 3. 4~~ 5. 3~~

1000+ 30% r.:-o..' .t.:tl..-o 8. '?"'-' 2. 95':. 6.8% I 10

----------------------------r-------------~---------------------Total 100% 33.9% 10.0% 19. 4~(.

From t.he above table it. can be inferred t.hat higher

the 1ncome level greater the willingness to pay.

Table:20 AnneJ..."Ure VI I gives det.ails of the

willingness to pay' at different levels of income.


Zone

SANITATIOH

PRIVATE LATRINES

About 48 percent of the sar!iple households prefer to

have Private Latrines. The following Table gives the

pattern of cost r;baring.

Percent of sample houGeholds willing to share , the cost of private latrine

Tot.al HHs

HHs willing to contribute

Ho.

Percent share of cost 100% 75% 50% 25%

-----------------------------------------------------------------T 1505 903 60 0 . £") 0. 6 '? 3 51. g .l.. £.. I •

II 1fll4 725 48 0. 3 6. 3 41. 4 • • T 2003 758 38 1 1 6. 1 11. 9 18. 9 l.). .i. .l.. .l..

/~ ll ....... ,...,.r• I.•L'•l~.,:.;.. 5022 2386 48 0. 5 3.0 9.0 3f>. t"l

Note: Zone I Bangalore {R}, Mysore, !-fandya districts Zone II Shimoga, Belgaum, D.K. districts Zone III: Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur, Bellary districts.

The above table reveals that majority of the households

are willing to share only 25 percent of capital cost . , ' I

for private 1 atri nes. The trend of wi 11 i ngness to cost.

Gbar-ing is based On the approximate COSt for a tv;inpit

pourflush latrine being Rs. 200'..3. {Table: 21 - AnneJ...."Ure

- VII).

" 5.4.H It. can be observed that. the willingness to share t.he -

cost is highest in Zone I {comprising of Bar1glaore {R),

Mysore and Mandy a dist.ricts) and least in Northern

" /'

COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES

" 19 I I Ul I 17 I I Ul I Ui I

I I u

I I I rc 13

I~ 2 12

I 0 11 :z: Ill 10 !b

I ;J 9

I I> 0 a :. ll: ' 7 I II.

6

I 0

Ill /j

~ 4-

a IQ a ~ 1 111 0 c..

100~ 76~ 60~ ali~

~ ll!URE or COST ---------->

j: COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES ~ {{)

(ZONE - ;I)

I I I I

{0

I I 36 I

~

~ 30

g :35 Ill

"' ::J ',, 0 ao

!I:

c:. 16 0

l!l

~ 10

6 6 tt. Ill (l, 0

100:1: 76~ 60:. ali~

~ S!URE or COST ----------)

COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES A 60 (ZONB - 1)

I I I I I 00 I I

01

~ .c.o 0 !!: Cl fl) 30 ::> g it.

010 0 111

~ 10 ~

6 tt. 1!1 tJ. 0

100~ 76!1: 60~ 26~

:0.: S!URE Or COST ---,.----->


5.4.10

•. 4. 11

~~. 4. 12

Karnataka {comprising of Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur and

Bella~· districts}. Apparently closeness to urban

areas and prevailing socio-economic status have an

important role to play in determining the v;il1ingness

to pay for sanitary latrines.

It 1s interesting to note that in Northern Karnataka,

even t.hough t.he overall response is the least, few

households are v.-illing to share as much as 75 - 1007~ of

the cost. In all other regions, t.be majority are

willing to share cost upto 25% only.

It should be noted bere t.hat the respondents share of

cost includes their 1 abour cont.ri but ion. Very fev;

would be willing t.o contribute by way of cash.

COMMUNITY LATRIHES

Nearly 84 percent. of the sample households are, willing

to accept the concept of community latrine. {Table:22 -

ArmeJ...\.lre - VII). Before one comes to any hasty

conclusions, it is necessary to understand people's

concept of a 'communi ·ty 1 atrine' .

the term community latrine, is not a public latrine.

Community latrines, according to the people, should be

meant only for a limited number of neighbouring

households of t-he same caste group. A castewise

variat.ion in tbe preference for such corm1runit.y latrines

is observ·ed. It varies from 59 percent among Brahmins


5. 4. 13

Total No. of HHs

5022

5.5.1

to 92 percent among Scheduled Caste groups. The inter-

regional variation reveals that preferences range from

60 percent in Shimoga region to 98 percent in Mandya

region.

The following table gives the pr·eferred peyrr1Emt pat.tern

for corr~unity latrines.

Preferred payment pattern for oo~trunity latrines

PaJ.Uient pattern Preference

84%

Monthly Fee

{ Maint. )

Fixed Fee

{Maint. )

Labour Contribution

{ Cqnstn.)

19%

It c~an be noticed frmn t-he above table that >w·;bile half

of the households preferring community latrines are

willing to p8J.o· a monthly fee for rliaintenance, Only lf,

percent have opted for fixed fee and 19 percent for

labour contribution towards construct.ion. Since the

total 'fiorkforce ir,; only 43 percent,·: surplus manpov;er

available within the household is limited. Apparent-ly

people prefer to contribute labour for the construction

of their O\tt"ri private latrines rather than towards

construction of community latrines.

:> OOMENS VIENS OH HATER AND SANITATION

A close observation of water and sanitation situation

in the study areas reveals that women are the carriers

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud

of water, managers of '<'i'&ter use and in general

guardians of their households in terms of water use

decisions. Having the rhythm of all dai lJt tasks

dependent on the fetching of v;ater {resulting in

shortage of time available for other activities), women

plan their day to day activities depending on daily

water requirrflent and availability. It is observ·ed that

married women and young girls are predominant in water

collection.

~~omen some areas expressed that the water

availability from the traditional sources becomes

increasingly difficult during summer mont.hs {Hareh,

April and May) and they have to go farther to fetch

water for their daily minimal needs. This situat.ion is

more so in case of women of scheduled castes and ot.ber

v.·eaker section households. This is because their

accessibility to number of v;ater sources is limited.

5. ~~. 3 The dependence on unprotect.ed open water sources for

drinking water is obsen·ed among the women of scheduled

castes households. This is due to lack of

accessibility to protected v;ater supply sources.

5.5.4 Homen dependent on handpumps have e:>..."Pressed that the;,.·

spend more time in water collection 1 as pumping of

water requires ext.ra ph~·sical effort and 'f'alking long

distances. The dependency on handpumps at the hamlets

is more.

H I I

I' l I ~ Ji

I! lr I!

i :[ :·

I'

.I

'I .I

TIME SCHEDULE OF A \<lOMAN -

DAILY ACTIVITY PAlTERN OF A WOMAN AGRICULTURAL LABOURER

Lakshmamma, a woman agricultural labourer, describes her activitie' around the clock on a typical day to be as follows:

21:00 Goes to sleep. ~

20:00 . . Evening meals. Plates and Utensils . \ 5:00 are washed.

. 19:00 ~ 6,00

r----Wake-up time, To walk 1 Km defecation.

Bath in the cattleshed • ~ r Water & fodde Clothes are washed. ~ 'All to cattle. 18:00 • ~ 2200 Water is fetched from ----~ 2000

handpump. 7:00

17:00 _ A 1800 • 600 .....-v cattle is col] Evening meal is ~ '1: the next d;:;y t.

Grass & foddeJ

prepared. ~ 1 11 k * . 1600 800 upto or 2 ·

16:00 ~ 8:00 lo/alks Home. _,.. ~· l.dOO ,..,,..., IOOJ . ._

______.., ~ vv Water is fetch ~ from the only

14:00 /' ~-Q \ that is locate

Work period7--------/ I ~ ~-::~:O the home.

13:00 10:00 Lunch time. Lakshmamma ~orks

as an agricultural labourer.

Meals prepan a family of 7

Lakshmamma belongs to a Scheduled Tribe community. She resides • in a hamlet in Udigala Village (Mysore District).

* Firewood is collected either while returning home from work or in the early morning~

Om Consultants (India: Pvt Ltd

5.5.5 Homen in all the study areas e>..-pressed that it is their

responsibility to identify the water sources with 'good

quality of water' for drinking purpose. In case of

usage of water sources for other purposes, women

choose a particular source. The reasonr;· given for

this choice vary from place to place such as the

nearnesr:: of the sources, perception of water qual i t.y

etc.

\~omen in all st.udy areas felt. the need for irli:proved

wat:er sources. Especially women belonging t.o S.C. and

S. T. community have €),:pressed preference for PNS.

~qomen in most of the study areas felt the need for

provi£;ion of proper platform& for public Gt.andpoG·ts.

The safety and privacy for defecation by women is an

import. ant factor for the location and t.irfle of

defecation. The following table gives the place a."ld

time o£ defecation for women in the sa1nple hour;eholds.

Place and time of defecation for women

Time Place

Before 7 AM

After B PM

At ot.her Total times

Open Ground

Private Latrine

Community Latrine

Total

2488 {50)

160 {3} 142 {3)

2790 {56)

936 {19)

11 {Neg)

16

963 {19)

1052 {20}

128 {3) 89

{2)

1269 {25)

Note: 1. Figures in brackets are percentages; 2. Ne..t. : HAI11~r~-ihl=

4476 {89}

299 {6) 247 {5}

{100)


·woMEN - PLACE FOR DEFECATION

CO:t.aruNITY I.A.TRINE (5.~) ---....--..-

WOMEN - TIME FOR DEFECATION

OTH!:~ (2~. 0111S)

0

BEfORE 7.6..M. ~

( ~t6.0/.)

l.rT£R e. ~.u. (t g_o~)


5.5.8 ~~omen in 89% of the sample households used open ground£::

for defecation. Open ground 1s mostly public and

private lands in the outskirts of the village. In 6%

of the households women used private latrineG located

within the premises. Corrm!Unity latrine is used by

women in 5% of the households. A:-nong tbe v;omen going

for open ground defecation, preferred going before

7 a.m., 195"~ in the night time and 257~. v;ent at any tirne

found convenient to t.hem.

~1. 5. g The acceptance of latrines within the prernises is low

ar110ng the Lingayat. women in Nort.bern Karnataka due to

t.hei r religious beliefs. Nomen in D.K. felt that open

defecation 1s not. a problem because set.tlement.s are

dispersed and plenty of bu;:.:hes provided some pri vac;,;

for women. In all crt.her f:ireas, privacy 1s an impor·tant

concern for women. Even in D. K. many v;omen are

apprebensi ve of future unrestrict.ed availability of

Government lands for defecation.

Muslim women found it difficult t.o go for open ground

., ~ """-. a.e.)._eca .... 'lon due to social restrictions. Heed for

private latrines is high due to eveteasing, lack of

privacy and other related social problems when women go

for open ground defecation.

5. 5. 11 ~;~omen felt that communit;y latrines should b? separate

They said that. t.be main reason for poor


utiliGation of existing community latrines is the bad

maintenance and lack of water facilit;,-. ~~omen have

expressed a r;trorjg need for urinals and latrines near

school, anganwadi with adequate water supply,

Om Consultants (India: Pvt Ltd

6. 1

6. 1. 1

(; 1 . 2

G. 1. 3

G. 1. 4

6.1.5

CHAPTER 6

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

ROADS

The approach roads to villages in the study region are

as follov1s:-

Pucca roads

Part Pucca/Part Kut.cha roads

Kutcha roads

17 villages

4 villages

9 villages

Most of the road£~ -...-.ithin the villages and the roads

leading to the hamlets are kut.cha and are in very bad

cordi tion.

The village roads are badly maintain<:~ v;it.h r.nany pits

and resulting in difficulties in traversing them.

In Dakshina Kannada, as the settlements are of

dispersed type, most of the roads leading to these

settlements are uneven in nature.

Due to stagnation of v;ater during rfionsoons, these

kutcha roads are hazardous to traverse.

DRAINAGE

Provision of drains has not. received high priorit.y.

This ha·s resulted in only few isolated drains being


provided for the entire village in all villages of t.he

stud~· region. In some areas of t~orthern Karnataka

drains of burnt stone masonry were found.

Even though the waste water is effectively drained out

of the houses, there has been no concerted effort by \

the group or community to drain the waste water from

the settlement.

6.2.3 The domest.ic soakpits are found traditionally popular

in come areas of North Karnataka. They were mainly

closed storage pits of an average depth of f1 feet.

These pits are opened once in 10i15 years for cleaning.

The people in these areas are not aware of sanit.ary

soakpits.

~.2.4 In some of the t:.;ettlementr; of weaker sections tbe wast.e

Vlater is utilised to Vt'ater t.he trees adjacent to the

house. This has helped in keeping ·the surroundings

cleaner and greener around these houses.

Hamlets are characterised by the absence of drains.

There is no comprehensive and integrated drainage

system found in any village of t.be study area.

MAINTENANCE

6.2.7 Drains are not. regularl~· cleaned by the households due

to the belief that, cleaning the drains would lead t.o

Om Consultants (India". Pvt Ltd '- )

hcmdling of neighbours sewage which is undesirable.

6. 2 .. 8 Availabilit~/ of the required manpower {scavengers) for

maint.enance of drains is low.

6.2.9 No regular cleaning of drains owing to a "blame-it-on-

the-others" attitude.

6. 2.10 Open type drains are perceived as problematic by the

households owning cattle and carts, as it. makes cat.tle

and cart movement difficult.

G. 2. 11 In the narrov; bye-1 anes, owing to the lack of

sufficient space, the area available for provision of

drainages is 1 imi ted.

G.2. 12 In some of the study areas, few households have

constructed dr£1.ins adjacent to t.heir houses at their

ovm expense.

WASTE DISPOSAL

6.3. 1 \~aste that comprised of animal dung is st.acked either

in heaps or in small '+. Pl'-'S and disposed/used

periodically.

6. :3.2 In some area£~ of Dakshina Krumada it has been obr;erved

that households o~ning cattle dump the garbage along

with animal dung within the catt.le-shed and cover it.

with straw. Thus, they have an indigenous compost pit

within the cattle-shed.


6.3.3

6.3.4

c .. J. 5

6.3.6

6.4

6.4.1

An interesting waste disposal pattern was observed

amongst congested households wit . .b lack of space for

waste disposal in Southern Karnataka. In such areas

t.be botwebolds had identified heaps in accordance to

their household location at a distance from their

living quarteis. These beaps wer·e sit.uated on the

peripher~y of the villages.

In some areas, owing t.o the lack of open space wit.hin

the household for v;aste disposal, these households bad

encroached on to the roadG wi tb t.beir vlaste heaps.

This affected the flow of traffic or; these roads.

In some areas even though local authorities have tried

preventing the people from disposing vi'acte on

government. 1 ands, these meesures have not proved

successful .

Hence, from the above observations it can be seen that

"waste ic not vt'asted" and is effectively stored,

periodically collect.ed and well used as manure.

HASHING HABITS

i~ASHING OF CLOTHES

It has been observed that >.,;ashing of clothes varies

according to the acces-s and availability· of v1ater

sources.

Om Consultants (India '1 Pvt Ltd " /

6.4.2 Hashing of clothes is mainly done near tanks, ponds and

other open sources since this is found more convenient

than collecting water and then washing it at home.

6.4.3 Howe\>·er, houses which had privat.e houGe cormec.-tions

were found to have small stone slabs within/near their

premises and they used it for washing of clothes.

6.4.4 In some of the areas vi'here the open sources were at a

long distance, it bas been obser·ved that washing of

clothes v;as done near handpumps and public standposts.

More than eighty five percent of the sample households

used some cleaning agent for cleaning clothes. The

tmi t. prices for t.hese cleaning agent.s vc:tried from Rs. 2

- Rs.5.

6.4.6 The cleaning agent used is essent.ially Detergent Soap

or Soap Po\lt'Cler. In some areas, a special type of sand1

locally called "Sm1lu" is also used for washing

clothes.

6.4.7 In fev? ar·eas, bar-ter in the form of washing of clot.bes

by the washenuan {dhobi) for the households in return

for food grains, vegetables etc. is practised.

PERSONAL HYGIENE {BATHING AND HAND l~ASHING)

6. ~i. 1 Over 60% of sample households take bat.h daily. In

specific areas {D. K.) people take bath t.v;ice a dco·.

Om Consultants (India) Pv1 Ltd

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6.6

6.6. 1

Soap iG generally used while taking bath. {The r;oap

used is not ah;ays necessaril;t bathing soap).

Generally people do not use cleaning agents aft.er

defecation or after handling of animal waste.

However, Hi some areas of South Karnataka, it has been

observed that people preferred to clean their handf.>

wi tb soap before eating onl~l. This can be at.tribut.ed

to their high expo.;;ure to urban lifestyles.

Among members of t.he v;eaker r.>eetions, washing of hands

v;ith cleaning agent.s after any activity was almost

negligible. Awareness on the ill-effects of eating

without proper cleaning of hands was low among these

householdc.

Members of the weaker sections were found t.o use

natural cleaning agents 1. e. mud, ash etc.

predominant}~· for cleaning their hands.

ANIMAL HANDLING

\·htb cows being considered sacred, people do not view

the handling of cows as unsanita~j in any manner.

In the small and congested habitats it has been _)

observed that the cattle occupied a major space of the

living area and their urination and exereta were found

to lead to bad and pungent living conditions.


6.6.3 ~1/a..shing of animals is done at the open sources

ttvailable. In lldigala, one of tbe study villages, it

has been observed. that cov;s are washed daily whereas

people bathed once a week!

In some areas 'f;here no open water source is available

the catt.le is washed near the house.

FOOD HABITS

6.7. 1 Food is cooked 2-3 times daily. The staple diet

consists of jav;ar rotis, ragi-balls. People prefer

being served piping hot and hence the cooking is done

just before meals.

It has been observed t,hat. most of the households have

their utenr;ils containing food closed properly.

6.7.3 Majority of the households belonging to upper class use

steel, copper and o·t.her metal utensils for preparing of

food, v;ber-eas the households of the lower classes use

earthen/aluminium pots.

6.7.4 Cooking is mainly done on chullas using firewood. U-se

of kerosene stoves vias observed mostly amongst members

of the upper caste.

Ragi, rice, grams and fev; vegetables constituted the

staple diet of most of t.he households.


6.8 DEFECATION

6.8.1 On an average only 3-6 % of the households in the

villages have private latrines. These are mainly

bucket t~"?e latrines.

6.8.2 Mostl~· people defecate on open ground. It was observed

even in households with private latrines, that t.he

menfolk were still going for open ground {OG)

-defecation as tbe;y· found it more "comfortable" and

"convenient" . Thus it is generally the women who use

existing private latrines.

C.3.3 In areas wherein Government. sponsored scbemes were

being implemented for providing Privat.e Latrines{P'IJT.w),

the response for these schemes was moderate.

6.8.4 Men were four1d t.o use the open v;ater sources for

cleaning, after defecation whereas women did not use

open sources in South Karnat.a,ka. Men/women are abused

if they were found using private lands for defecation.

Men/women had to go long distances t.o find vacant/free

land to go for OG defecation.

Community latrines are found mainly in North Ke.rnataka.

The usage of the available community latrines is low,

and even this small group of users are mainl;y· members

of the lower classes. Public latrines/urinals were not


6. H.l0

6. £1

6. Sl. 2

6.91.3

found in other areas. Even the few public latrines

found in neighbouring villages of the study area were

unused and in a dilapidated condition.

In the Muslim colonies/settlements of the villages 1.n

Bangalore Rural District, the households owning private

latrines shared their latrines with neighbouring

households of t.heir own caste. These private latrines

were mostly open pit covered with st.one slabs for

seats, and thatched covering for walls. These latrines

are mainly used b~l women·.

HEALTH

Uniformly recorded data 1.n a st.andard format on

mortality, incidence of diseases and morbidity for the

entire study area ...,'lere not available. All observations

and opinions recorded are from discussions with local

health autborities 1 private medical practit.ioners and

target group.

It has been obser"V·ed that common ailments such as

fever, throat infections etc., are occuring frequently

u.s most villages of the study area. These ailments

were more amongst '1Wmen and children of the lower

classes.

It. has been reported t.hat dysentry and diarrohea were

found to be occurins mainly during sumrr1er.


6.9.4 Owing to lack of full-fledged laboratory services for

medical diagnosis, the diagnosis of major diseases '*'ere

not done as required.

6.9.5 Owing to the poor bathing habit.s of the people of lower

classec, skin diseases like rashes, scabies, ec•zema

' are frequent among tbiG segment of the population.

6.9.6 Due to irnproper pre-natal care, many cases of anaemia

were report.ed in the study area. It is observed t.hat.,

although the reach of e).."tension activities provided by

t.he AHM' s {Auxillary Nurse Midwife), and other health

workers have been extensive, their advice is not

pract.ically implemented by this target group.

6.9.7 Ther~ are a few health hazards directly related to the

occupa-t.ion such as beedi roll in~L sericul ture {silk

reeling) and agricultural labour. Due to the poor

incomes from these occupations, the physical exertion

is not adequately; compensated v1i th proper nourif?hment

leading to cases of physical weaknesses and a low level

of body resistance to diseases.

6.9.8 A few cases of the following v.·at.er related diseases

were reported by health authorities in the study area:

- Diarrohea

- Cholera


. 6. 9. g

6.9.10

6 .. 9.11

6.9.12

- Jaundice

- Sore throat, fever etc

- Skin diseases

According to medical authorities people are not E:l.'flare

of the relationship between water and diseases.

0'fJing t.o belief in local remedies, patients do no·t

visit the health centres soon after infection. This

leads to t.he patient arriving when the infection is

at a critical stage. An interesting example being

that, jaundice v.·bich has SYifiPtOiflS of fever during the

nights, is usuall!<· perceived as normal fever b!-· the

villagers. After t.rying local remedies { sucb as

applying garlic to their foreheads) for a few da!lS and

finding that the fever does not subside, they

visit the health centres. This leads to grave

hardships to such patients.

Health authorities at the' village level are of t.he view

t.hat. t.he incidence rate for many :major diseases has

reduced considerably over the last 5 years. This 1s

attributed to the availability of atleast one

protected source for drinking water in the village.

However, the available protected water sources have not

sufficiently served members of the lower classes. This

is due to the restrictions on usage of certain wat.er


6.9.13

6.9.14

0. 10

6.10.1

6.10. 2

sources based on caste discrimination. Hence~ i~bis

target )

groups health profile has not changed

considerably. ' ,,

The health profile of the hamlets are generally not as

good as the main village due to ... tbe .. ,lack of health · · r.:.··-i'~' '.n' "':_ ~ · '

1.:

facilities arld low levels of awareness on personal and

communi t~l hygiene.

In some areas tbe 1 ack of drains h.tfS«?t';~£;u1 ted in many ( ,-

cesspools in the vi.llage. These cesspools. result in ' '

breeding of mosquitoes,

these areas.

. . HYG IEHE MESSAGES

11 <.;·-

Delivery of hygiene If1essages would prove crit'ical in ' ..

creating awaren.ess amongst the target groups on the _.. __ .-~ ~--~-A~~-~·-~):-:-. \ ..,.,...~,-;~~:·'~ .. ~~

benefits ":"iiha'·link&ges between proper v.·ater management. '

and improved environmental sanitation. The mode of

delivery for tbese messages sbould be t.ailor made

according to the needs and current practices prevalent

in t.he village.

Creation of messages would prove more beneficial if the

user groups are consulted during planning and project

execut.ior.s gt.ages. This r:;ort of consultation would help

in the evaluation of their present perception, literacy


6.10. 3

6. 10.4

6. 11

6. 11. 1

and awareness levels resulting in correct focus of

messages to the target groups.

Messages in local languages and with proper

illustr·ations of local sit.uat.ions that can be itnproved

through better environmental sanitation would prove

useful in conveying t.he benefits of voluntary effort. in

improving personal and c~ommunity hygiene.

It is suggested that. messages be designed t.o motivate

the target group to undertake preventive measures that

would lead t.o improved environmental sanitation. This

message must be focussed primarily to these areas

within the villag-e wherein the hazards of poor

environmental sanitation are high. Any message must

focus on bringing about behavioural changes.

PRELIMINARY SELECTION

~1essagtes must be designed after \.mderst.anding the

recept.ivit.y of t.he village to earlier hygiene mecsages,

i.e. an assessment of t.he impact on target group of

earlier health campaigns. It. is cuggestt:-d that the

Attention Interest Desire Action {AIDA)

approach 1. e. an effect.ive message triggering off the

process be used vi'hen formulating preliminary messages.

I'''


6.11.2

6.11.3

G. 12

G. 12. 1

6.12.2

Messages must be able to initiate effective action both

of constructive and preventive nature by laying

emphasis on the importance of individual action in

improving environmental sanitation.

The r!'Jessages that. are so designed must be tested. on

small tc1rget groups to evaluate t.beir understanding of

the same. After this evaluation, and fine tuning of

proposed messages the same could be communicated to ·the

entire population.

MESSAGE DELIVERY MODE

It ir.; sugger.;ted tbat village elders and leaders be

motivated to initiate and participate in impro'.,.·ina

envirom.nental sanitat.ion programmes on a periodic

basis. During this programmes they can speak t.o the

target group and motivate t.hem t.o adopt. the suggested

measures effectively. In many villages {particularly

in Northern Karnat.aka) there are very few sanitary

latrines for purposes of demonstration. {During the

course of the study, the field team carried

photographs, parnplets and other materials for showing

to respondents before eliciting t.heir response). Hence

there is need for der110nstra-tion.

PRINT MEDIA

Posters, banners, parriplets and st.ickers could be

utilised to convey hygiene messages. This could be


6 .. 12.3

6. 12. 5

6.13

6. 13. 1

well used if the modes i.e. posters, stickers etc are

focussed to the required target groups specifically.

VISUAL MEDIA

Video recording of hygiene programrr1es could be shown t.o

target grvup at frequent intervals to convey hygiene

messages.

ELECTRONIC MEDIA

In all the study villages, radios v1ere prevalent. This

could be utilised for health education.

DRAMA, LOCAL ARTS

Street plays and short plays during village festivals,

v1ben religious dramas are enacted, could be scripted to

convey hygiene messages t.o the vast audiences that view

tbem.

RELATIONSHIP

INFRASTRUCTURE

BETWEEN HEALTH PROBLEMS AND VILLAGE

It has been expressed during discussions that the

villagers are often unable to perceive -a direct

relationship between the current. health profile and the

status of environmental sanitation within the village.

They do admit that their present environmental

sanitation is poor.

1

Om Consultants (India~ Pvt ltd

6.13.2

6.13.3

(\. 13.4

6.14

6. 14.1

The lack of drains in some areas is critical to health

because during monsoons the neighbouring houses and "

their own sewerage is found to flow into the

households.

Ar:. there is no comrrrunit;>l action or set. norms/precedent

for uniform waste disposal the risk of infection

through these open waste heaps is high in a few areas.

Even though local au·thorities have t;ried to get the

villagers to dispose the v;ar;te at safe distances from

the households, ther;e efforts have not. been fruitful.

In r:.ome of the villages t.he villagers were avlare of the

fact that due to the failure of not cleaning the

overhead tank the v;ater had become contaminated and

hence unsafe for consumption. Thus in certain cases

the villagers are aware of the relationship between

water and health.

WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES BY WOMEN

~'¥omen are incharge of household "fiaste disposal. In the

case ofthose owning cattle, waste consisting of animal

dung was disposed b:!l women in open pit 'l;hich is reused

as manure. They also make cakes to b,s used also as

fuel. Domest.ic soakpit was found to be acceptable

among 'lt;omen. Homen in the study areas have strongly

felt the need for ·'dustbins'. 1 Nashing platforms·' with


6. 14.2

6. 14.3

6.14.4

water facility is recognised ~· women as an irr~ortant

need.

HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG t~MEN

The hygiene practices among women depended on their

attitudes and 1 i teracy levels. Use of cleaning agent.s

for washing clothes and vessels by women belonging to

the weaker sect.ions is em important behavioural change

over the last few years. Traditional practice of using

ash and mud for cleaning vessels is however continued.

Cleaning of vessels is a daily activity. Nomen

belonging to upper castes in a village in Mysore

district were found to wash handpumps/public taps with

cott1dung because the source was "believed" to be

polluted when lower castes "touched" the

handpuri~s/publ ic taps.

~~ater stored 1.n the houses was neither filtered nor

boiled and in man~ cases tbe vessels kept uncovered.

Hence, the chances of water contamination are high.

Use of toilet soaps for bathing is widely prevalent.

HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG WOMEN

Awareness among women to..,.1ards "''ater-related diseases is

low. In some areas, due to improper pre-natal care,

cases of anaemia are found. Nomen complained of chest

pain, bodyache etc. from the use of handpumps.


7.1

'7 I) I , L.

7.3

7.4

CHAPTER 7

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

The need for co~nunity participation in water supply

and sanitation projects is increasingly gaining

importance. Any change in the technical aelivery

systems, no mat.ter bow· beneficial to the population,

requires changes in the surrounding Gocio-economic

support system.

The rural communities have their own sociaL cultural

and political structures for accomplishini~ objectives,

settling disputes and bringing about change.

other cultural factors, mainly socio-political lD

nature, affect the succeGs involving the comnmnit.y in

planning and implementing projects, and using and

maintaining rsev; facilities and amenit.ies.

The political structur;;~s ,sornetimes help for the

bett.erment of the societ.y, but sometimes it benefits

only certain favoured groups.

The political st.ructure is corr@licated by t.he caste

system. This leads to difficult situatior1s to meet the

noble idea of communit:'l participation. Tb•e upper-ca.st.e

groups traditionally tend to assume the leadership

roles :tn rural societ.y, alt.hough they do: not alv,·a~ls

have the interests of the entire communit~·· at heart.

Om Consultants (India) ~vt Ltd

7.5

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The community activities at present in general confine.

to festivals and village fairs. In some areas there

are specific incidences of corrmruni.ty actions tov1ards

road construction, desilting of tanks/ponds, drainages

and repairing of distribution lines of water supply

system. The above communit.y based activities .explore

the possibility for initiating the local human

resources required for the proposed project.

Community participation of women vias evident only in

t.he form of v;omen get.ting elected t.o Mandal Panchayats.

Hov.·ever, their activities are limited to attendance at

meet.ing£~ as passive members. Hence they have not had

an organised influence on development schemes and

project.s. They have also failed t.o involve all

categories of women and women's groups in cornmunity

participation.

FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Local leadership plays cin important role in t.he success

of development projects. The leadership at the village

level can be formal, informal or both. It is observed

that in some areas informal or t.raditional leaderships

are oft.en more influential than the people actually in

power. Hence there is a need to identify the local

leaders who can evoke community involvement

effectively.

.f i


7.8

7.9

7.10

7.11

..., . ., I, .i~

Co~GUnication of the project objectives to all sections

of the society is vital. This helps in creating

awareness about the project among the community and

initiates to ensure their interaction and involvement

in project planning.

The import.ance of the role of WOii'len as local manugers

and contributors to project success cannot be under

estimated. Hence the local -.ramen leadership can be

used to motivate the women}s involvement.

Local organir:;ationr; such ar,; youth clubs, mar1i 1 a

mandals and anganwadis are to be effectively involved

into t.be projec~t. These organisat.ions can be ·trained

to help in bringing awareness among the community about

health educat.ion, wa.t.er use &nd rel&ted diseaGes and on

environmental sanitation problems.

Educational instit.utions can be used to bring an

effective invol"\.·ement of corrununity. Children are the

best. comrm.micators of messages v;ho could be used

effectively.

Involvemerjt of religious instit.utions in the project

Vi'OUld be helpful 1n effectively motivating the

community, both for contribution and participation.


7.13

7.14

PARTICIPATIVE RURAL APPRAISAL {PRA)

This will be a useful technique that can be used for

involving the community. However, this can be carried

out only by trained and knowledgeable NGOs in the

project area. It is strongly recommended that. this

methodology be tried on a.n e>..-perimental basis. '

Some possible local level structures e.t the village and

ward level for involving the community are outlined in

Chapter 8.


8.1

CHAPTER 8

IMPORTANT POINTERS FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

There are several important issues that need priority

attention ir.s the desigr" and implementation of the

proposed integrated project. These are outlined in

this chapter under the following two broad

classification

{1) Issues common to all project districts

{2) Issues relevant to specific project districts

COMMO~l ISSUES

S. 2 Important issues comrnon t.o all project districts are as

follows

PROJECT PLANNING & DESIGN

{1) Tbe project is intended for day-to-day use over a

long time period by the beneficiaries.

it has a location specific character.

Therefore

{2) The local people have the best knowledge of such

location specific issues and are often in a

position to offer innovative low cost solutions

provided they are consulted at the planning stage

of the project.

(3) In most villages, the Mandel Members and Mandal

Pradhans have shown a positive response to the

proposed project {including their willingness to

take care of maintenance eA~enses.) The youth


organisations in the sample study villages have

shown high degree of keenness in involving

themselves in the project. This is a positive

aspect which could be utilised well to the

advantage of the project.

\

{4) As mentioned elsewhere {Ref.5.2), there has been

little consultation with user groups on details

regarding location of standposts and supply

timings. To overcome this lacuna, the following

organizational arrangement >;;ould be worthy of

consideration.

{a) Ward Water and Sanitation Committees n~~'ISC) should

be constitut.ed for each ward within the village

with representation from each street within the

ward {Note : \~ard is an electoral sub-division of

the village. Approximately 4-6 wards constitute a

village depending' on population). Preferably,

atleast 50% of the committee should comprise of

women members.

{b) Representatives from ffi~SC v1ould form the Village

Water and Sanitation Committee {Vi'iSC) with on-e of

the local resident Mandal member as the President.

Representatives from local youth club, locel,

mahila mandal and other local institutions

{School, r-eligious institutions etc) should be


members of this ccrmmittee. The local health

worker/Auxilliary Nurse Midwife should be part of

this cormaittee.

{c) Both the above bodies O~WSC and VWSC) are informal

bodies.

(d) Implementation of the project should be pr·eceded

by the formation of these informal bodies so t.hat

a local level. forum is available for discussing

the project with the villagers.

{5) It would be useful to involve local NGOs, wbere

possible, in enlisting communit~l participation

using Participative Rural Appr·aisal {PRA}

methodologies.

{ 6) Projec~ implementation team, while visiting

project villages for discussions, must make it a

point to stay in the village for a.tleast 2 days.

This approach has been found to be more effective ' ..

for achieving greater rapport with corr-unl..mity.

{7) Given the innovative nature of the project and

certain new approaches envisaged, it would be

useful to phase the project in such a way that an

intense pilot scale effort is -taken up in a

nucleus 30 villages before full-fledged

implementation is taken up.


{8) These model villages should be used as a basis for

eA~anding the project to other villages on a large

scale. {It would be worth inviting important

village representatives from other villages to

spend a few days in the model villages before

taking up the project in

villages).

their respective

{ 9} In general, Harfllets have rec:ei ved much less

attention with respect to water

comparison wit.h the main village.

would do well to remove this anm~aly.

{ 10) In villages where the water

supply in

The project

&v8.ilability

{including traditional sources) exceeds 45 LPCD,

drainage is a priority need. Any further increase

in water supply without attention to drainage

would only worsen the environmental sanitation

status.

{ 11) Outflow from all har.sdpUU'iPS should preferably lead

to a soak pit and few multiple use trees planted

in the vicinit~l {subject to availability of

space).

{12) Washing platforms would be welcomed by women

provided a water source is provided next to it.

The washing platform sbould not ,be near a


standpost/public fountain. Instead, it could

constructed near {at a distance of 20-30 ft}

designated Handpump. This could be tried on

eh~erimental basis.

be

a

an

{ 13} Cattle troughs, constructed in consultation 'llith

villesers, v;ould be welcomed. This is

particular}~;- necessary in North Karnat.aka.

{14} As such, collection of even the low water supply

tariff is rather poor at present. Unless the

collection practice is enforced by the Mandals,

there is little or no chance for collection of

increased tariff under the proposed project.

{Hi) It must be borne in mind that villager~s

contribution towards sanitation measures

{latrines, roads, drains etc.) would mostly be in

the form of labour {and to a limited eA~ent in the

forro of locally available: materials). Cash

contributions are not likely to be forthcoming

from majority of households.

(16) hbile some of the villagers have welcomed the

of "mini-community-latrines" {for concept

defecation please see 5.4.12). They suggest

cautious pilot stage approach for

experiments.

such new

a

';


LOCATION SPECIFIC ISSUES

8.3

below for the three ~ones.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------!OWE I ZONE I I ZONE I II

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------A. GENERAL ~ Econa~ically ~ell

CHARAC- off TERISTICS

~ Southern Shi~ogaEconomicaily well rsff

i Significant &eg- i Agriculture ~ajar ~ent in non-agri- occupation cultural occupation

I Relatively ~ell irr iqated area

f. Al I four are backward districts

.. Agriculture ~ajar OCCU{3G.tion

t: Re lid:. i ;-ei y dr'l a.r- e a

i Good acceEsibility E Accessibility good I Acces&ibility not in 0. r:.

I Active and visible t Active and visible i Active and Mell

~ ~ast~ feelings are • strang

t High degree of ~~posure to urban

ie~dership in so~e villaqe::

Di5persed settle«ients Hi.~:. and Southern Shi~ogal

qualifi£-d }'OUl'H.J

leade:r~ in feK \'iila;H

f Surface sources available in some part of the area.

E High demand for private house conn;;cti.ons

f PWS does not seem feasible in view

i E~isting distributi tm pci nt5. -

f Water is nut a major prohle~

t: Demand for in~reased suppiy hour-s

De~an<i for ~~;c.ter

from {.Ot~«serd al at:tivities. is. si~ni fi~ant

~Hoteis, Sili: reeling ~tc}

;:

f

-of S.}h"'Sad out settle~ent pattern in 0. j~.

HWS teC$sihle in few ha~lets

Nast f a.r «~ houses ha 11e pri , .. ate wells in O.K.

f.

Surface water ~ource~ gain importance in Shimova & O.K. •

Existing systeQ need rehabi 1 i tation

need to hr i.ng in tmi for.:i t•,.

rn SO~€ ares iRaichttr' & Sida.d avail ahi lit~,. of {jrour\d water ':.aun:e i£ a prpble~ and hence a;l tern.:~t i •;e surface sources need to be ~onsidered. Special attention needed to improve w.ater SUf3pl }' i.n ha£~lets and in Janatha Housing Colonies. ·


ZONE r

f Poo~ ~aintenance

of ed5ting in =.t~ll ation

f Poor collection . >:~f 1Rater tariff

ZONE rr

:. L~TRINESi Highe~t deaand for pr i >.·ate·

f High demand for ~ri•,·ate

latrines. 1.4B7.1

i freferen~e fa~

closed £e~erage sy~te;; ~due to urt~-an .c·1!posurt·}

r:

f. Lack of s~ace for pri\'ate l~trint· in Se lqatHG dut-to congested settlements

co~~unity latrines i

Yi i t h loci: ~ i: E")'

Willing to e~per i ;;en t with

~ Use of e~isting private latrines only by the wo~en of houJE.ehnld

f No co..-;;;;unity latrine~ in tr,is

Qini -caa~1uni t1· latr-ine·s. on a

DRAINS i Strong bias ~ Undulating tope-

c.te :

I ' I" ara~ n::. - part~ 1' dut· to 5-ta.tuJS

drai~s "nd partly due to high uroan i Narrow by-lanes e~posure in Belgau~

* Since water supply. position is relati '-'€ ly· better 1

drainage is a high prio,rity• area before fu,..the-\'"

Zone Zon-e ZGne

CH.tgllientat. i~n ~f .. ;:;tar- ~upp i y

i II IH

Banqalare (Ru\'"alt, Nysare, Kandya Belgaua, Shi~oga, Dah5hina Kannada Sidar, Gu~harga, Raichu,.., Bella\'"y

ZONE Ir I

f Relativaly lo~er de~and far private latrines.

f. latrines far ~a~en

- a dira necessity

They ue· ~n:pose·d ta C{)~fiunity l c:trines. {nonsanitary typei. The-y reque:£t li;ited u-ser c.o .. -;;Mun it 'i ~~trine£ ... ith i~;proved ta.dliti£s..

i Nat ~~ny p\'"ivateiatrines are E"):iste-nt for de;;;anstra-t i em pu;r poses.

~ ~lining to contrihute


DEMAND FOR PRIVATE LATRINES

Lft Based on responses from sample households, demand for

private latrines emerges as 48%. Howev·er this is based

on a intensive dialogue with detailed eh~lanations. It

would be realistic to assume a dema~nd of around 25%

wherein the project is taken up on a large scale.

CONCLUSION

l. 5 It is hoped that the findings and recommendations would

prove to be useful for implementing the integrated

project. The key elements for success would be user

education and community participation.

''

-------- ·- ·---- ___.. ___________ --- ___ ...__.........,__~---~ ANNEXURE I

TERMS OF REFERENCE 'l,

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

BACKGROUND, OBJeCTIVE AND ·-SCOPE OF WORK

BACKGROUND

I

The Government of Karnatuku is posing a pro~ect to the World Bank !o~ ~ssistance for rural supply and envir6nmental sanitatibn, in 280 villages in ten districts of Gulbarga, Belgauru, Shimoga, Bangalore(Rul·al), ~jandya, Hysore, Dakshina Kannad~~, Bidar', Ruichur and Bella:cy with tlte follo1~ing main components:-

lt) augmentation of w&ter supply, including rehabilitation of th~ existing ::;ou:r·ces (including open wells) and groundwater re-charging;

~nvironmental

drainage (for c.f pits and collection of

sanitation witb lt~.trines and village st.o:cw \vater ··an.d sullage, and the filling in cJer.~ressions· in order to prevent the

st.ar:c.ii11g water); ,(, , ..

c) conducting base-lit.e st.n·vt:y~ on o. sample basis ( 3 villages per district) and t:.he devising of suitable messages to educate. people .in the villages about water borne and water related diseases, as part of a het~.lth educ~tion programffie which ~einfo~ces the impact of other components of the project. J Water Supply and sanitation demand and willin<5ness to pay study for improved water supply and sanitation se:::vices .[

The objecti,ve of the study under part (c) compo·nents f cd l o \-.1 e d b :1' S c o p e o f \~ o r k f o ll o w s i n the s u b s e que n t paragraphs.The methodology for data collection should be a sample surveying in each district, combination of questionnaires, qualitative intervie¥.·ing of individual ·households, informal in d i vidual and group discussions , c·a s e · studies and participant observers. The study should be supported by Haps ( sho\ving samJ;le covered) Photographs (to· indicate wain health/sanitation problems).

i.

i

I )

·• . : .: ....... . ·· •. =·

. . -~· .

AN!'ffiXURE - "!r ·:·(contd.:) . i·

OBJECTIVES

To provide State Go~ernrnent.with ·the b~sis for:-

1. AnalysJ.ng existing. sanit·ation and hygiene pattern, tmajor. water and other sanitation-related health .problems (from go~t.· heu1th data and·l~cal obs~rvations)J

f' 2. ~election of hygiene messages

3. Incentives related to hygiene education

4. D<=:termining COHI!llLtn1 ty role in planning, implementing and wHi.ntaining f"aci.Lities under the proposed Project ( p ::. :r.· t i c u 1 a r 1 y \.J i t h r e g a r d t o i n v o 1 v e m e n t o "$ w o m e n , schedule castes/trib~s}

5. E·volving m~thodology for government and community .interaction in the selection and planning of facilities (i.e. community involvement)

G • ... .. :y .

Est a b 1 ish in g !; y's t e 111 for t 1m e 1 y de 1 i very o i' hygiene messages/provisio~ of latrines

7. Id0nlificution of ~ole of NGO's

8. Asse~sment of demand for increased water services levels

9.

10. \

11.

Determining demand for latrines

Dl:terruining demand for drainage under a cost sharing arrangement

I Assessing Willingness of villagers to pay for water supply and sanitation facilities

.·

ANNEXURE -·-:I (Contd; .)

SCOPE QE ~o/ORK

So-9 io-Economic Characteri s1:ics

Data to be collected for individual~, househ6lds, J~int family ~ompounds & villages :

1. Population (age, gender ........•. )

. , ~.

~o._of h~useholds (joint families, individuals, •..•••.. ) .. -.:.:>;:._. ;· • \

Educa t io"ii ·:i~~e l ' · ·, . -.~ .... ... •. - '·

~. Occupa'tional pat t,erii, inconie -l.evel and assets ownership

....

•1 I •

E~hnic groups (tribal~),. rel~gion, caste

E:...:penditure on food, clothing, shelter, transport, t.<.!::-:es, debt repaym1:mts .;:ttc,. (Simple approximation)

Description and typical· drawings of houses, material 6f con:::;·truc tion, location of l·atrines, wherever applicable

• S . ~ c. c i a l in f r as t r u c t u r e - · S c h o o 1 s , h o s p i t a 1 s , he a 1 t h

c2ntres, post office, ban~,· police.post etc •

. ; ~fc. and lci'nds of aniwals ,.,

li.~:-.::r sources for dou1estic use, water availability in hours ,:.,.-.:.· di..!.y (monsoon and dry season) .and reliability; purchase (.:i ~•ater .t'rom int'or;t11:1l private sector, """""Ii1Ciuding neighbours or neur-uy irri~ution wells.

2. Estiwates of water conspmption for domestic and non-domestic u::oe ( drirddnq/ba.thin~ of uni"nw.ls 1 wutering gardens, washing clothes 1 cooking, band W<:1.shing etc.).

3. ~).:scl·iption and u:::;e of latrine facilities, private and pw .. l.i . .:.: or alternativ~ areus for defecation by households. ------ -··-··

'l . I? o r m a l u r 1 d i n f o r m al g r o up s i n v o 1 v e d i n s a n i t a. t i o n activities.

5. T::..mc: al-location for ~.'ome:n i.e. time spent on :-I

Collecting Hater

Preparing_ food

Working in fields

Visits to neiihbourhood villages, melas, cattle fairs

•

ANNEXURE- I (contd.~)·

Collecting wood etc.

Other· (to .~e sp~cified, if possihte}

6. Community-based disease profile (based on morbidity and mortality data)

.,

7. \hl.ter-related diseases most responsible for morbidi'ty and ;::crtali ty

8. Type of existing latrines and the manner in whi6~ acquired; its cost, the agency who installed it

-~

9. Condition of roads, foot-paths, drainage system etc.

10. Acc0ss to and use of existing facilities i.e. distance from source to household, ~~-~1 factors affecting usage of neare~_LJ.:?_oint ___ .. source and estimates of time taken to collect water . ( d:cy season and ruonsoon) and hours of availability of water

li• .. Operation and maintenance performance of existing water supply and sanituti:on. facilitie~ in terms of downti.me.,) t't.:<~~3on·.s for sys:tem r''ati~,-l:.·e .and -~~y, e'{i.dence of. commu-nity:· action to rep<:Lir the sys.tem •·

' . . ~ ... :

C h a r u c t e r i s t i c s o f . \·i a-t e r s o u r c e s n o t c h o s .~ n hou::>E:holJs, including colJection tirne for each p.;cception Of Wd.let• quality and ·the price Of water,

KNOI-LLFJ.lCL_ ATTITUDES, E.EH.-;EPTIONS -~ P_RACTICES

by the source, if any

1. Pat tern o t' behc.tv iour, loca. t ion and time of day with regard to humao defecation and urination, human handling of urination, hu1nun handling of animal ·house-hold wa.ste ( ,J.iquid a!ld solid) 1 community Wt.I.S te, rain water

I

2. llnndling and storuge of' drinking water (pot \sizes, locu.tion, ......... )

3. Clothes washing and use of cleaning agents

'Hand wdshing und use of cleaning agents

5 . Food preparation, haudling and storage of utensils l'

6.

7.

8.

I

Hundling of animals

Children's play patterns

. Respondents perception of relationship problems and village infras~ructure i.e. flooding, location of compost pits etc.

...... ,

between health stagnant water;

., .. -~

I I

9.

10.

ANNEXURE -· ;J (Contd •• )

Respondent's perception of water quality, water related diseases in terms of cau~e and preventiori

. . -pe: .. sporiden t' s · p.e_p;c;-v.p:t)-o,n, ~~ f L use . of la urines ( for non-users) ..... -~ " ~ . ·. . ..,. . . ... ·.

11. · ~ihavioural changes over the past 10 years

. ' 12. Resp6ndent's preception of drainage· problems in the

,villa~e/to0n d~ring!dry ·ieason and monsoon and their causes, and _of the disposal of hbus~hold waste water

13. Household expenditure on cleaning agents by type (or information on use or natural cleaning agents such as ash or mud)

1-1. \villingness sanitation \.Jillingness.

to pay for various facilities and

i .. types of water supply and

factors 'which1• influence

1-t .1 Sl!rv.:=y instrutuents will ~ay for the following:-

assess hou~eholds, 1\

willingness to

~

s) Public handpump (willingness to pay for a portion of ca~ital costs or a monthly tarif~ fo~ 0 & H)

Piped system with standposts (willingness to pay for a portion of capital costs or.~ monthly tariff foro·& H)

\ I

Private house connection (willingness to pay both a connection fee <:.nd u1onthly tariff}

r

Privut<.: latrine using T..he standard twin pit pour flush wodel ( willinsnes::>. to pay a monthly fee vs. a fixed fee)

Improved drainage system (willingness to pay a monthly fee vs. a .r lxed fee C>r lub6ur contribution) ·

Different reliabil,ity levels for water (hours of" the day)

1-!.~ Su:t:v~y instrument(s) will be designed in order to test · .. i1ether household~ ~-~ i 11 in~ ness-to-pay bids are influenced by tnt;! following· :-

a) Staeting point!.

b) Cost recovery ru~chanisru

c) Amount of time households have to think about their responses

: ~ ..•

ANNE_XURE- I(Contd .. ) · ... ·,

14.3 Calculation of the time or distance from the house-hold to the wate'r sources may te made in either of the follo~fing ways:-

u) The enumere1to:r ca.n pace the distance .. to the water sources or

The house can be located on an accurate map of the village, and. the distance to the wate~ sources can be measured

DELIVf.HY _OF HYGIENE HESSAGCS AND COt-tHUNITY PARTICIPATION

1. Preliminary selection of hygiene messages {which would later L0 tested for fin~l s~lection).

2. Other measures to induce behavioural changes.

:3 •

• ... .

Type:: of vehicles and clllration for 1110..:::; s '""g e s i . e . mass me d i a , v i ll age extension agen~s. }

delivering motivators,

hygiene outside

. . . '\ ·)~

't;~~rg'e-2. l;roups", ···,t;p . .:: of· ·.vehicles for hygiene mess-age• J~llv<:iry, tillling' .w'itl~ respect to. delivery of water ~upply ~nd·~anituti6n.facilities.

• :. • I d ~ n t. i f i c u t i o n o f 1 e a J 'e r s h i p w i t h i n t h e .::; o m m u n i t y ( individuuls, groups l ·who could play a role .ir. proposed p et)j ec t.

6 • :~!c.:-::bodology for government contact with the community for selection and of ·planning water supply and sanitation facilities.

7. Cowmunity involvement in managing public draina;Se, waste disposal and other public sanitation needs.

H. ~ulc of NGOs in organising couununities and individuals to better sanitation practices.

9 . Drawing up a total ~rogramwe training needs, orientation 'r~quirements, time scnedul~s etc .

.. SELEC~_i'TO_tl OF SAHPLE. VILL_AGES

t. indicating manpower and

programmes, · equipment and costs thereof ..

· 1. The sample villuges will h~ve populations varying in size.

2. The villages should be selected on the bas~s of the t~chnical feasibility of improving substantially their acce~s to improved_water supply system.

3. The sample population should b~ selected t~ reflect uccess to different water sources i.e. Sites where tn~d i tional ·type of '::;ources are abundant, where traditional

4.

..

5.

6.

·i:l ANNEXURE -~J(Contd .. )

sources are scarce or where the water is of poor q~ality .. The communities should have access to differ~nL types of

-protected sou~ces i.e. soie with ~xisting p~ped system and h_ous,e connect ~on, others ·h":~,t.hout p~pe'}i system etc.:

- , • ..... ., ~ .. ... ...

·,. :.... •. :--~

IT! each· district, the., s·ample' ··t·/ould be· 500 households vi lll:i g e s of . d i f f e 1~ .:: n't sizes . · At 1 east h a 1 f of ~espondenis in ~ach district should be worn~n

in 3 the

If poss.ible, "'·here hygiene inflllence of ga.u)£ed.

some of the villages chosen shoul~ education progr~mm~ is being operated $UCh programme on ·willingness to pay

be such so that can be

Final sd!ection of villa0es, random selection of house-hold, proc..::d:..u:e for construcU.n~ the sample frame and the selection process will be got approved•before start of work. In selected villages, the houeholds in·t~r-viewed will be located on a map of the villa~.::.

REPOn'L' .I:llESENTATION

The Fill!i.l Rt,;port sholllcl include interalia in-depth discussions of the f o 11 0\-l i n g : -

1. Field proccdu:ces and research design

2 • C ll r r e n t Go v e r n me n t p o l i c y i n t he w a t e r and s .an i t at i o n s~ctors and a Jesc1·iption of the existing i~vestment ~:rogrammes and initiac.ives

3. Socio-econo~ic charucteristics of the households in the sample

4. Household water use patterns in the study' areas, including information on current consumptiorr, types of water sources \.~~;t.:cl and sanitation' practices, and expenditure on water and . :.::.::~ni tat ion

5. Presentation of the willingness-to-pay bids for different levels of water and sanitation services

6 .

7 .

8 .

9.

10.

,.

Aualysis of the deterlllinants of the wlllingness-to.;...pay bids

An·assesswent of the reliability and accuracy of the iurormation on households willingness-to-pay for improved water and sanitation services, community participation etc.

Description of any wuter vending or othe~ private sales of t

water activities in the study villages. . : .

Household~sanitation use-pattern in the study area.

Hajor. health problems identified, the preliminary: selection

11.

.. ANNEXURE I(Contd .. )

of hygiene messages and recommednation on the delivery veh:Lcles.

Recommendation on methodolpgies for community participatio~.

The Final Report will be in two parts:-

. , ·,. ~

Hillirig~ess-'to-pa\Y study ' I l ·,.

(This .Hill inclu.de ·3 main COlll~~·onents:

Socio-economic cftaracteristics

Water use and sanitation pr~ctices and attitudes

Willingness to pay}

E:1'.' i ronmental Sanitation Study

(Th.i.s will includ,::

Socio-economic data

\.Just.:: disposal p.l.t terns

Hygiene practice~

Health problems

Preliminary selection of hygiene messages

Delivery of the hygiene messages

Community participation)

... '·

4 hJc)\:' o.\Jc-.;~ V.J;J

CONFIDENTIAL

HH. Sf. No.

DOD :e!~f"eJ:c'd ~~~~ n~~-Je~ ~ed~ ~dZJ~~\) ;j\)i!~ ~e~d ~J~f"~.sd ~e~~

~o~ JS.J~~ ~~e!$

INTEGRATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

SANITATION PROJECT IN KARNATAKA

n~d.J!;:l.:w~

IDENTIFICATION

A BASE-LINE SURVEY

&: i.J.) 0 tJ d 'b ~~ ~ Q

HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

TIO>...J~::.d ~Tid ~o~e ~

Village Location Code ODD (From Dist. Census Handbook)

m__,~:d ~;:ldJ

YILLAGE NAME

AAMLET NAME

Q::'Joci~

MANDAL

~~~~~.) M

TALUK

~~ M

DISTRICT

~;:JtJ~6 w~or\9J GENERAL PARTICULARS

a3J~ojo ojJ~o:l~~~ ~:::ldJ

Name of the Household Head (HH)

I w~..J>IJ~Ja3ijd ~;:jdJ

Respondent's Name

2 e)oH .sex I M \F l w~..; ft.J.)i:3ti~~il

Caste 1 Ethnic Group (Tribe)

2.2 ;:k~

Religion HIM\c\J ls\slo

96

~· •l!!l

;~

OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD

2.4 ~vtJ~oZJd ZJn Type of Family (Joint- J, Nuclear- N)

2.5 ~vr300.:J ~d~~d ~@~~ o;:Sv3~ .:::H::iOJ0tjjOJ15;!;ld <:);1dr\Qo

Age & Education details of the Household

2.5.1 aj,J;:So::lo oooz::~o::l~~~ ~o::lv~~ I Of the HH (Yrs) -----'

2.5.3 o;:Sor3o:lu OOvt:l~ihl~~ <:)o~6 tiJO>~~~ Edn. of the HH ____ __..~

2. 5. 5 o;:Sor3o::lo ~i!cje ;!;ld~~ d Of other members in the household

No.

2. 5. 5 ,1 ~v~o::lv o::lot=~.:l~c:Sc::3Vill:!c:3 ;!;loZJO Q

Relationship to HH

1 2

2.5.2 ~or3~ t..l:!~o::ll) ~o::lv~~

Of the Spouse (Yrs)

2. 5. 4 .:lur3ooo t..l:!~oo.~ <:)o'tl6 ~"6 ;!;l Edn. of the Spouse

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

........ ········ ........ ········ ............................... ······· ............. . 2.5.5.2 Oorl

Sex

2.5.5.3 ~oji)~~

Age (Yrs)

2. 5, 5.4 i:)O<J6 2jJ'tl£~

Education

Ref. codes for Sex

Male - M

Female - F

2.6 ~<:::iJ<l6erld <:);:3dr\~J

OCCUPATIONAL PARTICULARS

2.6.1 ~Jc:3o::lv o:lut5~0'0Jc:S~ ~vo~6 5~otJv Of the HH Main Occupation

2.6.2 .:lvc:St..~~ooo ~Jo~6 '5~utJO Of the Spouse- Main Occupation

Ref. codes for Occupation 1. Agriculture 2, Agri. labour

4. Dairy Farming 5. Poultry

7. Sheep f Goat Rearing8, Pisciculture

10. Goldsmith 11. Carpentry 13. Tailoring 14. Service 16. Others (Specify)

Ref. codes for Education

1. llliterat~

3. Primary 5. Secondary 7. Graduate

I 2.6.1.1

I 2.6.2.1

3. Sericulture

6, Pig Rearing 9, Blacksmith

12. Pottery 15. Housewife

2. Literate 4. Middle

. 6. Higher Secondary

ero <!l~;;:;u tJo I Subsidiary

~~~t!AiOtJ.) I Subsidiary·

,NTS (INDIA) PVT LTD

R ~t)~ i::l~aoi;:li;:ld ~o~il .:J~t ?

w...... the no. of workers in the Household :

rlo~;l;id ;l;io~6 No. of Males

~oli~d ;!.'lo~6 No. of Females

e..~w

Total

OUSING

i:loc:3o:Jo w~~~

Adults {over 14 Yrs.)

Ownership of house : ( Own - 0, Rented - R )

~J~oootJn

Type of house : { Pucca - P, Semi-Pucca • SP, Kutcha - K)

~:l~oooo e..o~;:3oc:S~oe eq:l~ a5v~ ~;,rlli(lod e~~d m;:,c:3~oe ? Is the house a single or multiple block? (Single-S, Multiple-M)

~oc:3~ ;Jd~6~~ ~~~oe 7 Whether the house has power connection?

"de;:, de e;,do ~116 ~~e ~ o$~e ~~oj~ ~e ? If yes, is it under Bhagya Jyothi Scheme?

~d;; ~dZJO"Olc::JO <;j;;o3~ tJegl~ojo ~i;:ldliVJ

lATER SUPPLY & USAGE PARTICULARS

Children {Upto 14 Yrs.) Total

\ I I, __ I

I y

I v

c:J~Je. -!5oeJ~otJ&-D tJVAlo~ c:JtO~ i;:loo-06 ~¢\'J.)~.HiVo 00~~~? 5i i::lolfOlolitJ~ 5o13ootJd ~o:lo~d~ OO~~dodo.!"'.t.J P What are the major sources of water used by the household? Mention which of these sources are owned by the household?

For Drinking & Cooking

For Other purposes •

Owned sources in 4.1.1 & 4.1.2

Ref. codes for sources 1 • Community Well 2 • Private Well (Inside) 3 • Private Well (Outside) 4 - Irrigation Well 5- Pond 6- Tank 7- River 8- Canal 9 - Tap (PWS) {Inside)

10- Tap {PWS) (Outside) 11 - Handpump (Borewell) (Inside) 12- Handpump (Borewell) (Outside} 13- MWS

* Include Bathing, Washing of vessels, clothes, cleaning of house, cattleshed, bathing of animals and watering of house gardens.


4.2 tk ;;j,:,~eJi'i~$2 O::.T.l~otldd~ ~ct:!~c~ ~..r.lCi'i~ ~dQ~' ;;j,:>~~.;od wOlil~ O..r.lt'~~cj ?

If it is located outside the premises what is the distance from the house ?

Source codes Distance

Ref. codes for Distance 4.2.1 For DrinkingfCooking ................................... ···· · .............................. .

1 - < 50 Mts. 2 - 51 - 100

3 - 101-200 o 0 • 0 o o o o o o. o 0 o o o 0 0 o 00 0 0 0 o • o 0 0 o o 0 0 "o 0 0 o • I 0 • o o, 0 , 0 0 0 o · 0 o ~ 0 0 o • 0 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 o •

4 - 201 - 500

4.2.2 For Other Purposes 5 - 501 - 1000 6 - 1 Km - 2 Kms ....... ; ............................................................. . 7 - > 2 Kms

•ooO oo oo oO o o o o o o oo oo o Oo o oo oo ooo •ooo o ooo. oOo• oo o o ooo 00• o oooo 1, o 01 o • o•o,

4.3 ~~~ <::3Jeej:3 ~eo~ ~,jJ<le.Jiit.i~~ w~wd~F"Ii~or:::l wt::I~JO)~f'l~,j~oeo ? . Since how long the above water source is used by you ?

Source Time (Years)

4.4 Nd¢~.., ~\Jt:So:l\J drjd~n~rt ~,j~oj,j,j;$ t:l~Orj ~OD.%l0 ~dOle.lli~~~ ? • What are the main sources of drinking water for the household animals? ( Ref. scurce code)

4. 4.1 N;;So., ~o~o::lo d~edoi'i\i~ ... ~,j;g~ o~i'i~ I!JOlM,/~oo,j~,jooj. ~~"~e.l.J C::J;w ~J~eJ~oo Nedcd.;-c. w;;:joo.r.~f'I;Q~J

Which water source is used for washing the animals, washing the cattleshed? ( Ref. source cede )

4.5 Ne~ o::lJ<l~o~dd~ ~,jJ<leJi'i~od r;>~dc:S~ wt::lo:3~~f"';tl,j~~~-c. :5llcJl!~Qo., ? Are you avoiding using of water from any sources ?

4.5.1 ~mc:Sd, ~,jlf&ie.J:;::).)O ~i)d~i'i9~~"l i!oR~ ? If yes, Give reasons sourcewise

Source code{s Reasons

.............................. ; ....... ········ ............................................... . •••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• • • 0 ........................... 0. •••••• •••••••••••••••••••••• 101> 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Ref. codes for Reasons

1 • Long Distance ~ - More waiting time 3 • Water Quality not Good 4 - Any other reasons

> ·~

"1 OM CONSULTANTS INDIA (PVT) LTD

....

4.6 ;:J~Q) ~i:lo:3J<Jef\;!:Joo::s ;:Jeo~ dJt-3 i3o~~ ZJ~r;d lio~~ ~end ? What is thQ quality of water used in terms of taste and colour ?

Source Quality Colour

······························· ............................................................... . ' ......•.....••• 0... •••• •• •• •• •. . •••••. 0 ........................................................ .

;:JeO~ liorn;;;) tJ~d ~eo e;l~d~ a!:end.J~d ?

Ref. for Water Quality

Quality

Good (Sweet)-1 Brackish (Salt)-2 Smelling-3 Soap does not lather-4 Stain clothes if washed-5

Others Specify-6

What is the quality of water during different seasons ? (Refer source & quality codes to relate the answers)

·UJ.l.l

. ., ,I,..;.

i3o~m~

Monsoon

~0..111

Summer

Source Quality

.,.I 4.7 N~~~ ~J;M c:J~d~J<>l wal~ o~:;.r.l.ge:3.:>._ :!dJ~eo ?

.)

How frequently water is is collected for the household ?

4.8 ;:Je~ w~e.Jm'!J (t:Jo0/1) ;:J~d~i>-c. m.J~o~ ~do~eo ? How many vessels of water do you bring everyday ?

Ref. codes for Frequency 1 - Daily 2 - Alternetively 3 - Weekly once

Number Capacity (ltrs)

4.8.1 For drinking Water

4.8.2 For other purposes

4.9 o~dtR ~mli i3J3~ wo.\1t :r:l~ ;:Je~ ~\lGOOoo~ ;:Jed~o"" ::ido~eo ? When and how often do you collect drinking water in a day ?

No. of Trips

Morning

, Afternoon

Evening

1:)0

Colour .

Clear-C Muddy-M o

Brown-BR

Others Specify-0


4.9.1 C-);;SJ~ 2...o~o eJ;:j~-o- z.5e~li.:>;je:i!t C-led~~ 3de>J .:JO);jt ~o::loooo !!::!liJ3_}j ? <-s~ ~e~roJ~,r., C-ledil 3o~ l!::!liJt:! ~O:oooJ;j~~et t!..r.J~~)

How long does it take to collect one day's requirement of drinking water (give the time taken to collect water each time)

Morning

Afternoon

Evening

4.10 ~s o~ t1~u.lliJ;j t::led~~ o::iJ;)do :!d.:l;:s~d ?

Who collects water for daily requirements ?

4.11

For Drinking/ Cooking

For other purposes

.S.l'l~ (;)~OJ ~deJ'5 mlf~d .woo<> Ni3~11 ~N;!:lv:!...od~-'(' 1

Ref. codes for Time

1 - < 15 minutes 2 - 15- 30 3 - 30 - 1 Hr. 4- > 1 Hr.

Ref. codes for users Female Child - FC Male Child • MC Adult Female - AF Adult Male -.AM Family labour - FL Hired Labour - HL

Do you feel that the present water availability is sufficient ?

4.11.1 ~~>::rvd~, mli'~lidjtJdnile;d~ c:Je:lJe. c:J~O!ii ~o::l!$61!~ojor3.Jet ~n1 c:J~~;!:Jo~eo ? If no, how do you manage your requirement of water in times of insufficiency/lean period ?

4.12

4 .. 12.1

t::le~ e. ~od ro.i.J~t:i.ldd~~e~ m;!ll'l ;j.Jct~~e.>r!<>oc:! c:J~dr$u.c, l!~ol30Q Oil ? Have you purchased water from any private sources before ?

w"'<lo&~dd. eJr3'5v .:Je:i!t c:5£'0l '5u.Jt:5.J~eJQ o ?- c::l~~ Ot~dG t::leo~ ? If yes, how much and for how many Jitres daily ?

4.12. 2 (::)~o;i) o::l<T.lCod (::)ed~~ IJ..r.:>oc!<:~ IJ.r,o~e ?

From whom did you purchase water ?

Rs.

4.13 N~~ C-lo::l.J.,_ O~t::l:!6d e;j~6~$li~~ t::ledr3~ oo.i.lo:3 :!do5d o:J;)~Iic.i~ ~e~C.2JtZo~eo ? How do you store water for your daily requirements ?

Ltrs.

4.13.1 For Drinking & Cooking

I I t:__ Ref. for storage codes

4:13.2

4.13.3

For Bathing, Washing of Vessels & Clothes

For other purposes * I I I

Earthen Pot Plastic Pots Stainless Steel Pots Aluminium Pots Metal Pots Plastic Buckets Metal Buckets Drums Trough Others (Specify) (BrassjCopper)

- EP • pp - SP - AP • MP • PB - MB - D - T - 0

* Other purposes include, bathing of animals, cleaning of house, cattleshed and watering of gardens

101


• 14 r.;e~ 2l~dc:3~.., o::l.;~ooo ~:!d ~~;!Jli~.Ji)coii :!dc~elJil ? ~n<~dc5, a$e~?

Do you collect water along with other family ta.sks ? If so how 7

f.;e~ rAOc:3 t:l::>~e.n:j z5~d ~~eJ ;•::r.,~rtf,;lc:3~ t..iioooo~e~j$~~o:)oo~eO'il ? Do you wash clothes/vessels near the water source ?

.-.~~d~ t:Je~ w~ wejeJ/~~li~c:3::>~ z.-iioo::>::>~_.eOjM~OO::>::>~eO 'f a:J~O,!,i ? If no, describe where do you wash clothes f vessels ?

«~ ., ;:.~&or:~ o3'-'-.>ooo ojaiJ~ne 21eO~ ~o~e.)li~od c:Jedc::S::>~ eroc::l~~el'l~~o o:lad~dd~ ~t3co~t3;tlo~~t5o3::>e ? Does anybody restrict you from usingjcollecting water from any of the sources in the village ?

" -:5- ~dc5, oo~ood ~.)~~ 00~~ rf;)0£'il'fi";:,-af'l ? ll yes. by whom and for what reasons ?

' .~ ~-=-~.:!:.:::> ~~dli<o 'd ..

!>ANITATION PARTICULARS

.:l..~~ ;.!~ ~.;;:>::>.._, e:lo~OOil ;tld1l6 d::> 'l!J""'<J?;&.j;t!o~M;:.Jo e::lJelt3e.:>il ~~ ~Ko~~tl ? O:aili:S ~e~oov~ ? Where do the family members defecate daily and at which time ?

Male Female Children Ref. codes for

Place •

············ ············ .......................... ., .................... . Time

Distance ••

• (Multiple answers permitted) ( :.:~ w:!_.drle.-1~.:>.._ ~r3~e;5.)~;;::~il1'1n )

•• Ref. 4 a..1. for Distance codes

Place Open Ground - OG Community Latrine - CL Private Latrine • PVL Othe.rs (Specify) - 0

lfiJ~/~Ot3il~.J ;!J c;~ WOO~e),; c:3~<W<l1'1d rD, ~d~.1. ;tlot.>otj:l;::l~,o~ Mot:SdK9~N.Jdd~ ~~c:3il~ ? • ~ QM ~ ~

If the defecation place is Open Ground, are there any problems connected with this ? ·

102

Time Morning- M Evening - E Night - N After-noon ·AN Anytime- At


5.2.1 as"'ttmdo, e~ ~JOJ~ O~lc:ftdo 7 c:JO::SO.t.~?

5.2.2

5.2.3

If yes, what are they ? Describe ?

lfJ"'iJ'ldj~or:JW~tJ ~cp t,id~ (;)~do .tJiitJ~..cd~o~ ?. Is water available near the plac~ of defecation ?

~~w.>d~. i::So~~~d~6dv (;)edc:3"oot ~~dv'8~o!2o ~lf<l~liil;J~o~e ? If no, whether water is carried by the household member ?

y

5.3 !otJ;,otJ~11 • ~~o:lo V30llid~ ~me)ooo;~om~;, d~~a~vo ~d~;,~ ? Does the household have a latrine located within the premises ?

y

5.3.1 ~tJ;,do ojJOJ~ \!d~Edo ~;;:lo.t.~ "! , Q

If yes, of what type, specify ?

Ref. codes for Type Pour Flush - PF Bucket - B Dry Borehole - DB Septic Tank - S Others (Specify) - 0

5.3,2 i!folts;)t>~f~o~~OM~o ;;:lo~ojo v:J';)li0~d0 r3, eo~~ itl~d tJ~ ~~~ ? If located within the premises: how was this latrine acquried

Ref. for answer codes Own Investment Govt. Subsidy Govt. Sponsored Scheme Other Means (Specify)

:5.3,3 ~ ~~e)ojoj;:;iol!5;l;:;ied.-;:lac:3a-~. (1Me.>;:;i~l;l (;);:lo~ .:>~~ ~~.,F"~;!o ? How much cost did you incur in constructing this latrine ?

:5. 3.4 ~dv ;:J;,c:3o:lo ~rtt:5~d0 d ~o~-~. o:ladoo witl~IJ';)ef\;:;io~_,d 1 If located within the premises, by whom it is used

5.4 (.J~;,e- IE~trlojo~ ;:;i~o;,rnojo !i'ilml!.)ojo/~c~;tlcd~;:loo t"::(d~~ ? Is there a community latrine iA the village ?

~03

Ref. for users Male - M Female - F Children - C

- 01 - GS

GSS - OM

~· OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD

......

5.4.1

5.5

5, 6. I

I y I N I If no, why?

~J~ ~ r:J<::be- a5~'-'ooo~ z..oco Ai~.)OO<>ooo -e;'"'<J?JJ;,eJooo (iJornAio do;t;);;lo~o<\, ~1,(;)00~,) ~~~t!.)!j Oil ? I y \ N \ NA j Would you like to have a Community f neighbourhood latrine in the village ? -

~O<ldd, edv ~~~ 5o~otJli~l1 ~~~ .tJe~v~~t"'dzje5o e;,~~ ~~Olid'O> erot.l:iooi,(C)eri~~rioc::::l 05&1ii ~d~e5 ? Ai-R~F.J.

If yes, indicate whether it should be shared by a limited number of families or it should be open to all?

--;~~d~ o;)OE'Qlri9e~v ?· If no. what are the reasons ?

Answer Code For limited families For all

1 - 2

t .. o:$,)e.. e~i:J<l..;OOvt::i~ _oo,m::lv <':io~o5 :ri~vvmoov ~'l$J~OOvf~orz;;Aio Od'O>c::::l~orifb!~v-<- r:J~F&:lAitJ~do ? Who do you feel, can maintain such community latrines ? •

5.1 ~ .. ~ve. ~~~ jo5~o,Joov~ o<>~,)~ jt5dot?J. c::::l6 ~~'ll ~do:3ve

Do you have drainage system in the House

--;dC:.r.ldd, ojJ;);;j;5do5 ti<J~,)~f~do~ r:J;;lve-~d ? If yes, what type of Drain do you have?

in the House in the Village

in the Village

Ref codes for type Open - 0 Closed - C Partly Closed PC Soak Pits - SP


5.7.2 ~d.J oo~<::3il1i ~aJw~Q (~v~ ;So~~ l50~od.:l~ ~Uwd o:5c:lro:5~.J-~, fjec5 ~e~ ojlr.ll'l ~(!.!.!) When was it constructed ? (Mention year. separately for the housfil and village)

5.7.3

5.7.4

Year in House Year in Village

~cd ~0 .00~ .a ~:I.J. f;l;;:!F"asr!O:v tJ~ c:>~O.t.. ? ~ - A

Describe the present condition and maintenance ?

m~o ~d.Jt::l ~eJ.Jt!Jj?jdot:J erSlleJ'CleJ f;l'i:5.J~ ~tlll_}~ld;;:5tll'ld~e ? Are you satisfied with the drainage facilities you have ?

. in. the House in the Village

5.7.5 i\l~"• t::l.Jc:Soo~~/iE(J~~~ ~d~O:::: ~eJ.J~jt3do01i9rS.J.c. ~t!!<o~t:WI'It3~ll i\le~ 0::£'01 ~~O:ll O:.r;tiU) r-:;~w

idiZ~~J{'OCl ? Are you willing to contribute for keeping the drains clean in your housejvillage ?

5.8 O::::.J~~~ o~ c:J;S6c g~t::l~~ ~e~ ~~dWo:J?Ic:l~eo?

How the day-to-day household waste is disposed ?

Garbage (SBiidfLiquid)

Ref. for disposal place

Open Ground - OG Open Pit .. OP Compost Pit - CP Roadside ··· - RS

Animal Dung

5.8.1

5,8.2

o:.i.J~od.:l 5~;j~o-~. Iillo~ ~~~ tJOOlleJ.:l mlid~ ~5J~do;;:!~. e~ ~d.JO:::: 23~110::::~~ .!~.t.. ?

If the waste is disposed into pits and on ground, mention the location of the same 1

~~;;:!rj.J ~J'Clt:),dd ~OG~ej Q5";>~.;)~.C tl'l, ~~ ~~d ? -1, W M - Q(e;" M

If the waste is disposed into compost pit, where i& it located 1

105

CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD

~~,.:;t"H~d ;)~drl~;,

HfAl TH PARTICULARS

£: ·~

·" e ,.!(,.

~- t ~ ;j~iJ~ r;)~o*' i3.?c:$ooo ;tlo;tJ6 d~ i)~~ t:lc:3~ .. ~-o- c:$.;Je,

How frequently you and your family members:

JR ~ ~tio~ eo -1. ;;.j)

Take balh

" .• ~ • ~""''·'" 0 ·~ -w ..,.,,w"'"~e

Wash your clothes

;.;.~;:;:;;co aj~c:$3.J"il~OO.Jc~eo

Clean your house with water

e;.:!Ojo &:Jil;trl~c:3~ ~~~oooo~eo Cl~an household vessels

c::K~~o(. 3..r.>~ooJo~eo

Clean livestock

~.s;w,./'l~~o(. ~..r.>~oo~~eo Wash cattleshed

~:lrt~c:3~ Oc:3d~ e:J~~;tJe, ~a.tio~~o ? How many times the food is cooked in a day ?

Ref. for answer codes

Daily - D

Weekly -W

Occasionally - 0

Once - 1 Twice - 2 Thrice - 3

1. if <:0·1:.:.:~"" aj~tie)o ~;l5~ ~e~o~tieJo r;)e~ OOJ<lti Oe~ooo &:JC>~rl~~~ we:3o$-r.en~~~eo ? -.·.hat type of vessels do you use for cooking and storing the food ? ·

\ ------1 ~-~~ z.!~~J.t..d e;,osilde::lr;)o(.ti.?~ m~ri\'l ~oee3 &3oo~~~e~ ?Do you_close the vessels containing cooked food ?

Ref. codes for Vessel type Earthen - E Aluminium - A Brass - B Steel - S

;J.) ~:~ ~~~ i3Jflt3d i3J~~ edc:3;,-~. ~e~O,t,~;:~ m~rl~c:3~ &;)iJi!~;tJe,.~,Jf)_~o:Soo~eo?

"' ..

How frequently you clean the vessels used for storing and cooking the food ?

r;)~~ ~~ej~ ~W.;Je::l~~ri~rt ~.JOCile5d~ :r.iC>rj:$~rle.-l~llet e.ro~~el'l;tlo~~Cil ? Do you use any cleaning agents for above activities ?

Ref. codes Once a day - 1 Twice a day - 2 Alternate days 3

.::.1 ~~CJ.)d~, o::l.r.l~Oe~ooi) l'Jct>,;_e5o~ :r.iill:j)~Ti~c:3~ e.ro~~~en;tJo~..,Qeo ? !W~el~ ? If yes, specify type of cleaning agents used

186

OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA} PVT LTD

6.3

6.3.1

6.3.2

&.3.3

6.3.4

6.4

~;,t) ~5d~ 7JilQ;::)1i~ ~;,e~ ~~M~ ~ta~F" Q

Monthly expenditure (in Rs.) on cleaning agents by type :

Type Amount

.................. ; ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••• ••••••••••••••••

, 0 0 0 oooo Oil 11 o o lOll 101114 oo IOIIIIIIIIOo II If II II Ill • IIIIOIIOO Ill• Ill IIIII Ill o II lo Oil 0 {IIIOIIIIOI••

• •. •• •• •• •• •• • •••••••• •••• ••••••• •••••••••••••••••o••• ,,,, .. , •. •• • • •••• •••••••• ••••••• • •••• •••.

EXAMPLE: Bathing Soap Soapnut Powder Detergent Soap Cleaning Powder liquid cleaning agents Natural cleaning agents (ash, mud etc.)

c::>~~. 5~~JotJd~ t:!ooo~d~ t:!;,\5~ ~;,'1!11 ~~ ~"oOOJi1" ~~.t.I~Uc>~J._,;:l c:J~do ~ot.Jot;)-3 5il00J~1i9il~~ ? What are the water-related deseases that occur frequently in your family, among children and adults

6.4.1 ~~" oc::51i~i1~c:3o.._ e~ ~~!!J l!Uc>~J..,~,..~~c:3 'f e;,~ Ufl~!!J~Uc>t,;l._,v;, o.>df'Ol1it,;lo i3J\!~ e,-,o;:lc:.:)~ ~rMww~" ~ eJ -

6.5

~Uc>Oi:3 ~t:!D1i~D ? How frequently do they occur, reasons for occurrence and preventive measures taken ?

~ c::>~du-~otJol;)\5 i5'~00o~1i9il~mddUc> No::loe- t:!Dr:3o::lD~ ;IJCl~1i~i1 o.>d~Will'H::$oj;, ?

Has any of these water related deseases caused deaths in your family ?

6.5.1 ~o1i~dJ ~eoc::5~ roD:~c:::i';)~e.Ml 5vx:~~t3~~deod ~~do 5'~00;)d1i~i1 t.ni5o:tl•e)t;!c:::l';)f1 3D3:1 .. l'(D3~t1ooee ? ~t:!c3ecv';l00Uc> o~e1iOod a:SoomlD~c:::iil1iJ3~0ojJt' o:J;:lD.lJ ?

1.

Since, women are regularly in touch with water, are they vulnerable to any disease 7 Whether they fall sick, give details 7

aSf'OliS~dod ":d t:!o~~ ;!:l'~JJt:it>o::lo e:J;>~Jil ~J,,t:l~ Zd (\ "''

WILLINGNESS TO PAY & COMMUNITY PARTICIPATiON

Note : The sub questions in this section ate to be probed tectfully. Do riot pose the choice answefs directly to the respondent, Answers to be elicited from the respondent during discussions.

107

h

~.


1.1 w~~o o:d~,!.,d c:J~dil ~dtJ\J.l~.:J ~6o:3~~ oo~~ ~c::s<Jdd~ d~~M:jo, c:Je~ 0.:~~ ~ci':Ed c:Jedo JjdtJO<I~c:$

o::L ::::;~ ~<)~" ~~ ~.).! ~0 ? <I ~ <>(. ~ :;.,1) •

If an improved water supply is envisaged, what type of water supply system do you prefer ?

Ref. codes for type Public Handpump - PH Piped System with Public Taps - PWS Private House connection - PHC Mini Water supply - MWS

. i ' ~tGN o:36 ~~00.:> ~vJ<Je.>lS c:J~dv ~dtJO<l~c:$o<l. ~:d3o:d~.!.id~ c:J~~ i':Er.. ~w<Jc:lo <::3Jdc:3e.>il <':l"to:dGo~eo;> ? If water supply is guaranteed through the above system are you willing to contribute ?

::::. ~c~. ;-.e~ ~or\e,ili w2>lt ~~Ge.>v "Q01lwil:i~.::J~~o ? if y<.:s, how much are you willing to pay monthly?

y N

y N

Ref. Codes for bidding

1 - Rs. 20 2 - Rs. 15 3 - Rs. 10 4 - Rs. 8 5 - Rs. 5

~ 1 "t,;::.;}dd, o~d~r\~e~o ?

'* )

)

)

'I

II no. what are the reasons?

;.tl.J .. a::o"~~ ~tat~o ~edJ ~dW'Y.>~.::J ~~e~c:3~c:S~ 3or:$~ ~e~ ~..).soo~c::lgjc:SJ.._ o:iJd~.:>~ o:3JJ<Je.>~ e;,dc$2 .;;c;...~ \lYUJ ~i:>iwo:dt!.::J.!-~>eC'il ? If a water supply augmentation project is envisaged for your village, are you willing to participate in it by contributing labour?

108


7 .4.2 <'llVc::5"tldd, ovd~rlej~<.lo ? M

If no, what are the reasons ?

8. ~~r-=53 ECONOMY

8.1 ~~eC\l<.l oo~.Jojr.? (."::l~""""~~F .w~orl~~)

Land Holdings (Area in acres)

?N;):;e~.J t...~t land Total

8.1.1 ;l:.l o3

<Z Owned

8.1.2

,~d~-t frl.J~j~~ ~J<lMe../:l.Jc::l

Leased 0

8.1.3 ~d~,!/l"i.J~j"li

O!J~t.Jd.Jo:::l

Leased In

8.2 ?No'::l.JeC\lNOd e;:).)~F"~ ~d~~<.l (d.ldrl~O) M

NeOC)c::)O o:36 o;:l;tiolOO.J Irrigated

(eultivable),

C\leOi'c:jO <'ll~do:36 o;:l;::JC)OO.J

Unirrigaten (cultivable)

Annual Income from land (in Rs.) OWN LAND LEASED

OUT LAND

8.3

8.3.1

8.4

I I

d<.l5d.Jrit,;l ;!;lo~6 livestock

Bullocks Cows Buffaloes Sheep{

(IN Nos.)

~m ~J<l~'~d.)~ dc311Qod c::5C)~Ft! e<:3doo~ (d..r.Jri9~)

Annual Income from Milching Cattle ( in Rs. )

~3oe o:::loV<lvli~od c::5~~F5 tmtlOO.) (;;~o:tJ) :- dV<l. Annual Income from other sources (specify) :- Rs.

111

Goats Poultry

cows

2.J:l?Nd.J ~:::eo:'~ c:v.J Fallow

()

Pasture

LEASED IN LAND TOTAL

I I I I

(specify) ~ Othecs TOTAL

BULFF.ALOES TOTAL

-


9.

t '

c.)~OtJd ~~.!.1'5 o:::i0~~::3

Monthly Household Income [Derive from questions - 8.2, 8.3.1 & 8.4]

Ref. for income range : 1. 1 - 100 2. 101 - 350 3 351 - 600 4. 601 1000 5, 1001 +

a:u:cwd e:J.)l.lf'~ ~u! ( d~li~O) ;!.;$ ..,

Annual expenditure (in Rs. ] of the household (approximate) on :

~ Clothing Shelter Education Transport-

tation

~30~ ~~~~d OTHER INFORMATION

~-~~ oo~~w~dd..r.l m ,o::);:J;!:i~ ~ve ::1o~ o:::lv Alc::l;!:l_.tr.al"\0 ~Od ? -- ¢ ¢ "' Q

Are you a member of any village level organisation ?

;:;:.""'"' m :::c5, ro~~ ;!;lo~ ? ~

II yes, which organisation ?

Loan Repayment

Others

~ (Specify)

:.::.: .. a::~._~c:l-:.~ ~~d.; ;J:ldt.JO<lt;:~-:., ~doll ;;;:b:!~ !f.lts";>(!)cd-:. jAlot3<);tl;Jddil~~:llic.ir3~ 'DdOO;Jf"li:! o;::);J\5~ @o::lF"lXit'$

=~=:::~ ;~~ O:UO>o::l c~s ;:::lw~o:::l;J o::lJOl?:i~t~on.; oo~e~.tJO eo ?. co Q

How do you think you will help in the implementation and maintenance of drinking water

<.111d sanitation facilities (latrine, drainage] in the village ?

* l ~t~~ot:; ~o:::loF"Ii:! ~Dfl<Zos:3~ OOOild;J m~o::5~;:::ltJa5;Jdoc::lo t:Je~ ~,r.,e~;tlo~~c ? Who do you think could play a role in project implementation ?

i ~~.)" ~36o:3 :3o:3;Jf" ~~!J15tl~~c::l~d;J a:Jr3o ?. What is the most urgent need of the village?

112

Ref. for answer codes Individual - I

Group - G


9.5 I'J';}d~li~e(i'J::~ ?

What are the reasons ?

Name of the Interviewer

DatEI of Interview

Time taken for Interview

Signature

Address of the Respondent :

113

)m Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE - III

.1

.3

.4

.5

.6

A BASE LINE SURVEY OF

INTEGRATED WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

PROJECT IN KARNATAKA

VILLAGE QUESTIONNAIRE

PART - I

Note: Information for this questionnaire has to Village Secretar~·, Mandal Secretar.t, Mandel village and other village leaders.

be obtained member from

IDENTIFICATION :

Name of the Village

L.C. No. of Village

Mandal:

Taluk:

District:

No. of Hamlets:

Hames of Hamlets:

llL:

I I

l I 1---------------1

---·------- 1 I

I I '------------------------------'

I I I ·-----1

from the


II. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE (Estimate}

2.1 Total Population (1990)

2. 1.1 Total No. of Households

S.C Population

2.2.1 No. Of Households

2.3 S.T Population

2. 3. 1 Ho. Of Households

I~ I I I

I I

I I 1-------' I I I I , __________ ,

2.4 Other Population

2.4.1 No. of Households

III. ACCESSIBILITY

3.1 Distance of Revenue Village from

3. 1. 1 Mandal HQ

3.1. 2 Taluk HQ

3. 1. 3 Nearest Town

------------------3.2 Type of Approach

ANNEXURE - III(Cor

Ref. Code Pucca Ro1 Kutcha Rc · Foot Path

ANI!EXURE- III(Contd .. )


3. 3 Distance & Types of Approach between village and HfUTslets

IV AMENITIES

l Hamlet lDistance: Type ofl : Code l in Kms l Approach l :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 1 : : l :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 2 : : : :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 3 l : : :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 4 : : : :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 5 : l : ~---------------------------' I I

: 1. 7. 6 : ---------------------------'

4. 1 Facilities available with in t.he village {If outside the village mention distance and place}

4. 1.1 Schools (specify)

4.1. 2 Health Facilities {specify)

4. 1. 3 Electricity

4. 1. 4 Drinking water {specify)

4. 1. 5 Post & Telegraph

4.1. 6 Telephones

4.1. 7 Drainage

4.1. a Community Latrines

4. 1. 9 Banks

4.1.10 Bus stop

I I

I I 1-------·-------1 I I I I

I I I

1----------------------'

I I I --------------1,

., ____________ _

', \

ANNEXURE - III(Contd


4.1.11 Police Station

4.1.12 Railway station

----------------------4.1.13 Co-operative Society

4.1.14 Milk Producers Co-op. Society

4.1.15 Fair Price Shop

4.1.16 Library

4. 1. 17 Temples/Mosques/Churchs

V. PARTICULARS OF SKILLS PRESENT IN THE VILLAGE

5. 1 No. of est.ablisbments/persorw

5. 1. 1 Blackmfli ths

5.1. z Carpenters

5. 1. 3 Mechanics

5. 1. 4 Electricians

5. 1. 5 Plumbers

5. 1. 6 Masons

5. 1. 7 Any other {specify)

I f I I

1--------'

I I I I I--------- I


VI NON-FORMAL ORGANISATIONS

6.1 Village level org&iisations:

6. 1. 1 Mahila Mar1dal Yes No

6.1. 2 Yot~th clt~bs/Associations

6.1. 3 Cultural/Drama Troupes

6. 1. 4 Political Associations

6. 1. 5 Village Committees

6. 1. 6 Other NGOs

VII. MEDIA ACCESSIBILITY

7.1 No. of Households witb:

7. 1. 1 Radio Sets

7. 1. 2 T.V. Sets

7.1.3 Newspaper Subscribers

VIII. HEALTH. PARTICULARS

8.1 Major Diseases:

a. 1. 1 Malar-ia

8.1. 2 Filar-ia

8. 1. 3 Guineaworms

8.1.4 Typhoid

- y N

ANNEXURE- III(Contd .. )

I I

I I , ____ ,

I I I , ____ _

I I . , i

ANNEXURE- III(Contd .. ) Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd

s. 1. 5 Cholera

8.1. 6 Dysentr~l /Di arhoea

8. 1. 7 Any other {specify}

8.2 Causes for the above diseases ?

i

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- III(ConLd .. )

1

I") l..

3

3.1

4

[s

6

7

PART - II

DETAILS OF WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS

{HP - Hand Pump 1 MWS - Mini +qater Scheme, PWS - Piped Water Scheme} "

Hand Open Pumps \iells wqs PiiS

------- ------- ------ ------Total Number of I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I 1------1 , _____ , , ______ , 1--------'

--------Nos. FunctionirJg I I t I I I I I I I I I 1-------1 1------1 '-----1 ------ ------- ------ -------Hos. not Functioning I I I t

I I I I I I I t I I I I 1------·

, _______ , 1-------1 1------1 ------ ------Reasons for Not I I I

I I I

Functioning I I I I I I 1------1 1-----1 1-------1

Ref. Codes: 1- Static Level 2- Dried up 3 - Hand Pump failure 4- t.iotor burnt 5 - ~qater not. good/contaminated 6- Any other reasons {specify)

Total Ho. of Households served

Any discriminatior1 in the use {Yes-Y, Ho-H)

If yes, who is/are discriminated

Number with good wat.er Yield/supply

-------- -------I I I I I I I I , _______ ,

'------1

------ -------I I I

'I

------- ------I I

I I 1-----1

I I I I 1------1

I I I I , ______ , ----

-----I I

I I 1----1

I I

I I 1-------1

------I I

I I 1--------1

------- I I

I t 1-· ------1

---- I I

I I '------1

8 No. of Installations with the following conditions?

8.1 Ever~~hing alright

8.2 Bad Platform

I I I t 1------1

I I " I I

, 1.

ANNEXURE- III(Contd .. )

Orh Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd

-2.9

2.9.1

2.9.2

2.9.3

2.9.4

2.9.5

2.10

No. of Installations with the following surroundfr.rgs:

Slush~·

Dry

Cesspool

Defecation around

Others {specify)

No. of Installations used as:

I I

I I , _____ , (

I t I

1-------'

t r I t I ______ ,

t I

I I I _______ ,

I r

r t 1------1 t I t I '--------1

I r

t I I I ___ _

I r I I

1-------'

I I I '--------1 1--------I I I I 1-------'

' 1-----I I I

'-----

, ______ _

2. 10. 1 Regular

2.10.2

2.11

Stand By I I

I I

'-------1 I I I I 1--------1

I I (

1-----'

Normall~·, what is the time taken for repairing the HPS/M¥};:_,, . :is reporting of breakdown ?

aft

____ _.


:. 12 No. of Installations yielding water with following quality

.12.1 Good {Sweet)

.12.2 Brackish {Salt) "

.12.3 Smelling

.12.4 Soap does not lather

.12.5 Clothes stain if washed

I I

t I 1------'

I I

I I , _______ ,

ANNEXURE - lll(CuuLd .. )

I I

I I 1--------1 I I

I I 1-------1 I I

I I 1-------1 I I

I I '-------1

I I

I I

1-----'

I j

I , I

1-------1 I I

I I , _______ ,

ANNEXURE - III(Contd.


PART - III

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF WATER INSTALLATIONS :

3.1 Are there caretakers/operators for:

Yes - Y No - N

Hand Pumps

I I

I I 1-------'

3. 2 If yes No. of caretal~ers/opera.tors

3.2.1 Male

3.2.2 Female I I I I '-------1

3.3 Do people know caretaker/operator

3.3.1

Yes Y No - N

If, yes, are they ? I I I I , ______ I

Open ~iells

I I

MWS

I I

I I 1-------1 I 1-

I I

I I 1------1 I I I I I ______ ,

Ref. Code

Sincere - 1 Helpful - 2 No Comments 3

I I I 1-

I I

I 1-

3.4 Who maintains water installations in the absenct: caretaker/operator ? {specify separately for HPS, MNS & Pi'¥S}.

3. ~; Does community take any action in repair & maintenance of the system ?

ANN I~XUI~ E III(CuuLJ .. )


I. HEALTH

.6 How frequently the following staff visits the village :

. 6.1 Doctors

6.2 Health workers

Male

6.3 Midwife/A.N.M

6.4 Health Guide

6.5 PHED/Mandal Engineer

3.6 Te.luk maintenance crew

Female

I I

I I , _________ ,

I I

I t , ________ ,

Ref. Code

OrJce a week 1 Once a month - 2 Once in 6 months 3 Rarely - 4

~ i I

v1n "-onsunants (India) Pvt ltd

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

CHECKLIST - I

ANNEXURE - IV

trough close observation in the village, describe the factors listed below .d record your observations in the space provided under each topic.

·eas lis,ted below require general information:

0b£~erve for drinking water sources {public and private) and the communities that are served by it.

Ohs:erve water sources used by 'fiomen and men and act.ivities related to water use {write separately men).

identify for women

their ar.sd

Description of dwelling t~/Pe in different habitations and existing practices drainage facilities. Observation of waste disposal

{different t'!f-pe/systems in use).

' ''

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- IV(Contd .. )

<.

a.

Description different etc.)

of the sanitary conditions in the surroundinst:: of water sources {Borewells 1 piped stand posts, open wells

Also the it.

describe the activities causing bad sa~nitary conditions observed water sources and identify the people responsible

near for

Observe the hygiene practices of women after handling of animal waste, i.e. handling of covlduneUorganic manure etc.

Describe the bandwashing habits of women and adult men {whether they use soap, soapnut powder etc. for cleaning hands /feet after defecating/after washing children during defecation~ cleaning of hands before eating food and before food handling).

Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd ANNEXURE- iV(Contd .. )

,,

Desc~r·iption of areas of wat.er scarcity and identif~y the water sources used in this area. Observe if any trading in water exists in t.he village.

Identify pre:~ent

sources.

and describe different kinds of water in the village, its relation to water

related diseases quality and water

Deseribe the use of newspaper, magazine. Observe the display points for posters, stickers and bill boards.

Describe the presence of video parlours, T.V., Cultural art forms in the village.

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- IV(Contd .. )

.:J. Identify the important leaders in the village.

Find out the daily 'lf;ork schedule of women from dawn to dusk { few typical cases of women belonging to different socio-economic strata)

Identify the formal and informal groups in sanitation activities {Eg.The caretakers, youth clubs/associations, Mahila Mandals, NGOs,

' Mandal PanchBJ·ats etc. )

Observe the hygiene habits in the village regarding boiling the water before drinking/use of detergents for washing~ bathing,etc.

'•

om consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE - IV(Contd-•• )

Observe and give a.n account of the defecation habits of men,women, and children in the village

Observe the household's cantainers/vessels.

need for better water storage

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE - V

GROUP DISCUSSIONS

CHECKLIST II

While forming the groups for discussionsJ interviewers have to· ensure the participation of persons from specific target groups in the vi 11 age such as

- group of young mothers with children - group of fathers with children - group of adolescent girls/boys - group of informal & fonGal leaders - group of Mahila Mandal members - group of youth leaders -· group of caste and religious leaders - group of village level officials

* Ensure that the size of the group consists of 4 to 8 persons and it may exceed upto 10 in extraordinary situations.

Random observations and discussions can also be held groups near Standposts, Public wells etc., which facilitate close observation of behaviour of the groups tbe social interaction between them.

with wilJ

and

Attitudes and perceptions of the above groups has to be closely observed a~nd noted when they are discussing the issues and problems related to the proJect, initiated by the interviewer.

* Also observe the particiaption of the above groups in terms of communicating their coKmrunityJ and whose there are any key initiating/motivating group.

ideas or representing the views of views are taken seriously. Identify informants in each group, who the discussion/voicing the ideas of

the if is

the

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )

To facilitate in initiating discussion process and interviewer in formulating topics for discussions, areas are given below:

1. Perception of rights to water {Is drinking water the top priority?)

help a list

2. Need based criteria for location of new water sources {place, distance. corr~unities to be served)

the of

3. Community role in the operation and maintenance of water supply facilities { P\iS and Public Hand Pumps )

4. Personal and family hygiene a!Jd its relation to waterborne diseases {Discuss hygiene habits)

' l

l ~ I

Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )

5. c~runity role in the maintenance of drainage {public drainage system1 private soak pits and drainage

around harJd pumps and standposts)

6. Need for common bathing cubicles and its location

7. Promotion of latrine usage (for cleanliness, privacy1 good health etc.)

8. Promotion of community latrine. Discuss the selection criteria for its location {near public places, schools, post offices, police stations, panchayat halls, etc.)

9. ~H 11 ingness to pay for drainage ar.1d 1 atrine {contributions by way of sharing of capital costs, fees for operation and maintenance)

ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )


10. Cost recovery mechanisms {in tbe form of direct recovery separately facilities provided and indirect recovery - along the bouse tax).

for with

11. Discuss the need for village water and c:ommittee

sanitation

'' 11 a. Need for caretakers {for water supply, drainage and latrines)

12. Behavioural changes in relatiion to water use,· health, and sanit.ation practices over last 10 years.

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )

Women's views

1. Discuss the responsibilities of women in managir~ water uses according to needs of the household

2. Responsibility for quality of drinking water {especially for small children)

3. Perception of open air defeca·t.ion and garbage disposal and drainage problems

4. Private latrine/sharing. of community latrines with neighbours/communities

ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )


5: Need for women as caretakers and encouragement from women Project Staff

6. Hand washing - as a H;lgiene message.

' ,' .: ·~ ... "' ~- '

i l l I jl

I i

1 l


ANNEXURE - VI"

LIST OF SAMPLE VILLAGES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Sl. No.

1

Village Name

2

District/Taluk

3

Population {1981

census) 4

HH's {1981 census}

5

No. of HH's surveyed

6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------~--

1. I) '-'·

3.

,I

"""· 6.

,. 0

\_\ 0

8.

i i .

Bylanarasapura Ajjanahalli Lakkur

Kikkeri Kadukothanahalli Mahadevapura

Udigala Seegevalu B.Seebally

Ugargol Bell ada Bage..,;ad i Haslapur

1 3. SaG aveball i 14. Tattur E1. ~1q;t&ravalli

16. Kedtir 17. Maninalkur 18. Mandekolu

19. Lakhangaon 20. Kanakatta 21. Mudhol 1 B'

22. Karajagi 23. Tengli 24. i~andurga

2f,. Kawloor 26. Kuroi 27. Arkera

Bangalore {Rural) Hoskote Magadi NelamangEtla

Mandy a K.R.Pet Maddur Srirangepatna

My sore C.R.Nagara K.R.Nagara T.H.Pura

Belgtmm Saundatti Hukkeri Ray bag

Shimoaa Honnali Sorab Thirthally

Dakshina Kannada Kundapur Buntv1al Sub· a

Bidar Bhalki Homnabad Aurad

Gulbarga Afzalpura Chitapur Shahapur

Raichu"t· Koppal Manvi Deodurga

Bellan·

3085 1640 1669

3538 3847 4326

3512 2316 3292

~'7nv I L.\.'1

6224 4118

3639 2023 2597

1414 3664 4482

3367 3483 3045

3991 2654 3037

5904 6579 3612

494. 290 254

620 675 759

631 418 572

1020 1084 680

607 322 489

220 500

505 573 500

684 624 539

1113 1402

556

171 183 149

153 159 189

191 126 184

183 195 122

214 114 172

119 148

152 160 188

185 148 169

181 228

92


Table No.

1.

') '--.

3.

,I ~.

.. ~·.

u.

,.

' ~' \ .

i;l'

li5.

11.

12.1

12.2

13.

14.

15.

16.

ANNEXURE - VII

LIST OF TABLES

Title

Districtwise gender distribution of respondents and family type of sample households

Districtwise number of sample households owning house and type of house

Ccwte/Religionwise type of house of sample households

Districtwise number Caste/Religion

of sample households by

Districtwise age distribu~ion of population b~l gender

Districtwise literacy levels of sample population

Districtwise occupational pattern of sample households

Districtv;ise number of >tlOrkers in the sample householdc

Districtwise number of sample households by average monthly income groups

Districtwise average annual e:>..rpenditure of sample households

Districtwise number of' 1 ivest.ock and poultry owned in sample households

Districtwise number of sar{!ple households using different >t;ater sources - DRINKING and COOKING

Districtwise number of sample households using different water sources - OTHER PURPOSE

Districtwise number of sample households ovming water sources

Districtwise number of sample households collecting water and average number of trips per household

Districtwise percapit.a daily v;ater consumption from all sources {litres)

Districtwise number of sample households latrine among different caste/religion groups

having

I' II

I I


17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )

Number of sample households owning latrine by t}-pe and cost of investment

Number of sarr~le households ~iing latrine by t}~e and source of investment

Sourcewise number of sarr~le households willing to pay for improved water system

Number of sarr~le households wi 11 ing to pay improved water S~lstern by income group

for

Districtwise number of sample households w·illing to share the cost for private latrine

Districtwise preference community latrine among groups

of sample different

households for caste/religion

Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd i' l


TABLE 1 : DISTRICTWJSE GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS AHD FAKILY TYPE OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS

-------··---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICT KALE I FEKALE % JOINT % NUCLEAR % TOTAL NO.

OF HH -------<-----------------.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE '200 39. 7b 303- 60.24 96 19.09 407 80. 91 503

MNDYA 190 37.92 311 62.08 148 29.54 353 70. 46 501

KYSORE 151 30.14 350 69.86 117 23.35 384 76.65 501

SHIKOG/1 311 62.20 189 37.80 192 38.40 308 61.60 500

DAKSHIIIA KAHNADA 285 55.45 229 44.55 128 24. 90 38b 75.10 514

BELGAU11 296 59.20 204 40.80 244 48.80 256 51.20 500

SELLARY 284 56.80 210 43.20 133 26.60 367 73. 40 500

RMCHUR 310 61.88 191 38.12 124 24.75 377 75.25 501

GUUn~:GA 283 56.37 219 43.63 159 31.67 343 68.33 502

BIMR 319 63.80 181 36.20 184 36.80 316 63.20 500 -----··----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALl DJISTRICTS 2629 52.35 2393 47. bS 1525 30.37 3497 b9. 63 5022 ·----·~-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'·.,. .• 1"

Om Consultants (india) Pvt Ud


TABLE 2:DISTRICTWISE HUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING HOUSE AND TYPE OF HOUSE

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICTS UNIT OWNERSHIP DIIELLI NG TYPE TOTAL NO.

OWNED REHTED p SP K s II OF HH ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BANGALORE IRURALJ NO. 460 43 14 374 115 420 83 503 % 91. ~5 8.55 2. 78 74.35 22.86 83.50 16.50

lfANDYA NO. 488 13 12 381 108 ~02 99 501 z 97.41 2. 59 2. 40 76.05 21.56 80. 2~ 19.76

lfYSOR£ NO. 489 12 44 372 85 401 100 501 I 97. bO 2. 40 8. 78 74.25 16.97 80.04 19.96

SHIIIOGA NO. ~65 35 34 389 77 461 39 500 % 93.00 7. 00 6.80 77.80 15.40 92.20 7. 80

DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 502 12 24 255 235 506 8 514 % 97.67 2. 33 4.67 49.61 45.72 98.44 1. 56

BELGAUH NO. 482 18 176 217 107 393 107 500 % 96.40 3. 60 35.20 43.40 21.40 78.60 21.40 ·J

BELLARY NO. 478 22 265 122 113 484 16 500 % 95.60 4. 40 53.00 24. 40 22.60 96.80 3. 20

RAICHUR HO. 492 9 291 145 65 438 63 501 % 98.20 1. 80 58.08 28.94 12.97 87.43 12.57

GULBARGA NO. 488 14 240 180 82 370 132 502 % 97.21 2. 79 47.81 35.86 16.33 73.71 26.29

BIDAR NO. 496 4 205 159 136 312 188 500 % 99.20 o. 80 41.00 31.80 27.20 62.40 37.60

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS NO. 4840 182 1305 2594 1123 4187 835 5022

z 96.38 3.62 25.99. 51.65 22.36 83.37 16.63 ' . .. :

---------------------------------------------·-------~---------------------------·--------------------

P=PUCCA; SP=SEIII PUCCA; K=KATCHA; S=SINGLE; lf=lfULTIPLE;



TABLE3:CASTE/RELIGIONWISE TYPE OF HOUSE OF SAIIPLE HOUSEHOLDS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------CASTE/RELIGION PUCCA z SEIUPUCCA z I::UTCHA % TOTAL

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAHIIINS 40 35.40 56 49.56 17 15.04 113 YOKKALIGA & OTHER FAR/liNG COIIIIUNITIES 483 48.79 404 40.81 103 10.40 990 UHGAYATS 264 20.35 78b b0.60 247 19. 04 1297 ARTISANS 34 15.53 141 b4. 38 44 20.09 219 OTHERS 148 26.81 216 39.13 188 34.06 552 SCHEDULE CASTE 138 15.90 416 47.93 314 36.18 8b8 SCHEDULE TRIBE 14 7. 91 95 53. b7 b8 38.42 177 JAI~S 30 35.29 44 51. 7b 11 12. 94 85 IIUSLII'IS 150 21.28 426 60.43 129 18.30 705 CHRISTIANS ~ 4 25.00 10 62.50 2 12.50 16 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOHL 1305 25.99 2594 51.65 1123 22.36 5022 ---··-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/.:1



TABLE 4 : DISTRICTWISE NO. OF SAftPLE HOUSEHOLDS BY CASTE/RELIGION

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CASTE/RELIGION

DISTRICT UNIT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE CRURAll NO. 2 18 182 7 30 42 3 0 219 0 503

I 0.40 3.58 36.18 1.39 5. 96 8.35 0. 60 0. 00 I 43,54 o. 00 100.00 lfAHDYA NO. 11 31 256 40 50 100 0 0 13 0 501

I 2. 20 6.19 51.10 7.98 9. 98 19.96 o.oo o.oo 2.59 o.oo 100.00 lfYSORE HO. 6 106 215 61 32 81 0 0 0 0 501

I 1. 20 21.16 42. 91 12.18 6. 39 16.17 0.00 o. 00 0.00 o.oo 100. 00 SHJI'IOGA NO. 24 108 80 36 35 107 24 0 Bb 0 500

I 4. 80 21.60 16.00 7. 20 7. 00 21.40 4. so 0. 00 17. 20 o. 00 100.00 DnKSHIHA KAHNADA NO. 23 5 117 29 84 97 66 1 87 5 514

z 4. 47 o. 97 22. 76 5.64 16.34 18.87 12.84 0.19 16. 93 0. 97 100.00 S£lGIIU/f NO. 18 172 59 13 2 85 30 83 38 0 500

I 3.60 34.40 11.80 2.60 o. 40 17. 00 6.00 16.60 7.60 o.oo 100. 00 BELLilRY NO. 2 145 57 b 115 121 2 0 52 0 500

z 0. 40 29.00 11.40 1. 20 23.00 24.20 0. 40 o. 00 10~ 40 0. 00 100. 00 RtHCH:JR NO. 11 117 99 7 79 98 2 0 78 10 501

I 2. 20 23.35 19. 76 1. 40 15.77 19.56 o. 40 o. 00 15.57 2. 00 100.~0 C<.:UA!\~ri NO. 12 144 81 14 97 44 28 1 81 0. 5~)2

I 2.39 28.69 16.14 2. 79 19.32 8. 76 5.58 0.20 16.H o. 00 100. ~.0 $;DAR NO. 4 144 151 6 28 93 22 0 51 1 500

% o. so 28.80 30.20 1. 20 5.60 18.60 4.40 0.00 10.20 0.20 100.00 ------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DlSTRICTS NO. 113 990 1297 219 552 868 177 85 705 16 5022

% 2. 25 19.71 25.83 4. 36 10.99 17.28 3. 52 1. 69 14.04 o. 32 100.00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LEGEND: Ciste/Relisien Group: 1 = Brahaias; 2 = Linsayat; 3 = Vokkalisa and other Agricultural caste; 4 =Artisan;

5 =Other coaaunities; 6- Scheduled Castes; 7 =Scheduled Tribes; S = Jains 9 = Husli•si 10, = Christians.

,,

ANNEXURE- VII (Contd.))

TABLE S : DISTRICTWISE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPUWIOH BY GENDER

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICTS <--------------------------' ' A G E ~- I S T R I B U T I 0 N ---------------------------------->>

UNIT UPTO 5 YEftRS 5 TO 10 YEARS 10 TO 15 YEARS 15 TO 25 YEARS 25 TO 35 YEARS 35 TO SO YEARS 50 TO b5 YEARS OVER 65 mRS rom GRAND !!ALE FEll ALE KALE mALE 111\l£ FE HALE !!ALE mm MLE FEllAtE 111\LE FEMlE MLE FEll ALE mr FEll ALE MLE mm TOTAl

·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51\LORE I RURALI NO. 171 178 344 279 337 332 224 294 174 144 111 106 112 57 57 29 1530 1419 2949

1 s. 80 b.04 11.66 9. 46 11.43 11.26 7. bO 9. 97 5. 90 4. 88 3. 76 3. 59 3. 80 1.93 1. 93 o. 98 51.88 48.12 100. 00 m NO. 159 135 269 300 328 310 235 19b 167 159 134 121 127 100 7b 63 1495 1384 2879

z 5.52 4. 69 9. 34 10.42 11.39 10.77 8.16 6. 81 5. 80 5. 52 4.65 4.20 4.41 3. 47 2. 64 2.19 51.93 48.07 100. 00 JRE HO. 151 133 320 335 329 260 m 2H 177 160 139 96 116 86 74 48 1485 1332 2817

I 5. 36 4. 72 11.36 11.89 11.68 9. 23 6.35 7. 60 6.28 5. 68 4. 93 3. 41 4.12 3. 05 2.63 1. 70 52.72 47.28 100. 00 lOG A · NO. 155 155 303 298 370 386 276 222 192 151 134 140 13b 121 70 37 163b 1510 3146

I 4.93 4. 93 9.b3 9. 47 11. 76 12.27 8. 77 7. 06 b.10 uo 4. 26 4. 45 4. 32 3. 85 2. 23 1.18 52.00 48.00 100. 00 >Hm K~HHADA HO. m m 350 315 - 406 404 247 254 150 1b4 137 133 120 104 42 36 1b08 1575 3183

I 4. 90 5.18 11.00 9. 90 12.76 12.69 1. n 7. 98 4. 71 5.15 4. 30 4.18 3. 77 3.27 1. 32 1.13 50.52 49.48 100. 00 i~UII NO. 155 15b 314 323 364 344 28b .251 211 169 135 137 144 131 72 52 1681 1563 3144

I 4. 78 4.81 9. 68 ?.96 11.22 10.60 8.82 7. 74 6. 50 5. 21 4.16 4. 22 4.44 4.04 2.22 1. 60 51.82 48.18 100. 00 ARY uo. 246 227 439 410 323 2b8 248 m 170 HS 120 124 107 128 53 38 1706 1586 3292

1 7. 47 6.90 13.34 12.45 9. 81 8.14 7. 53 7. 38 5.16 4. 50 3. 65 3. 77 3. 25 3.89 1. 61 1.15 51.82 48.18 100. 00 :HUR NO. 237 211 385 428 358 324 2b8 241 181 177 142 16b 140 . 121 49 52 1760 1720 3480

X &. 81 6. 06 11.06 12.30 10.29 9. 31 7. 70 6.93 5.20 5.09 4. 08 4. 77 4.02 3. 48 1. 41 1. 49 50.57 4?. 43 100. 00 "RGA NO. 238 255 m 38b 358 256 248 234 189 173 134 134 120 125 43 43 1782 U06 3388

I 7. 02 7. 53 13.34 11.39 10.57 7. 56 7. 32 b. 91 5. 58 5.11 3.96 3. 96 3.54 3.69 . 1. 27 1.27 52.60 47.40 100. 00 R NO. 230 229 406 414 ".· 325 2b6 252 214 173 150 136 141 137 . 102 64 42 1723 1558 3281

I 7.01 6. 98 12.37 12.62 9. 91 8.11 7.b8 6. 52 5, 27 4. 57 4.15 4.30 4.18 3.11 1.95 1. 28 52.51 47.49 100.00 ' -----------------------------------------------------------~-----------------------------------------------------------------------------~------------------------------------------------------------i

DISTRICTS NO. 1898.00 1844.00 3582.00 3488.00 3498.00 3150.00 2463.00 2363.00 1784.00 1595.00 1322.00 1298.00 1259.00 1075.00 600.00 m.oo 16406.00 1sm.oo Jtm.oo % b. 00 5. 82 11.31 11.02 11.05 9. 9S 7. 78 7. 46 5. 64 5. 04 4.18 4.10 3. 98 3. 40 1. 90 1. 39 51.82 48.18 100. 00

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0 3 ()

g f: 0 ~

r::;;:.

B. (j"

'-.../

~ a

~~i:~~:~~-;i~~~~~;i;;:;;;;;;~;;~~ii:::~l:A:Tk~=w::r:-~ -,;;,~i~:;:~~-~jjjq~.~~-:-ijf:'·fir:-;~{ir~.~i~&ii£ am • u Mrw ; " a&w

0 3 () g

TABLE 6 : DISTRJCTWISE LITERACY lEVElS OF SAKPLE POPULATION ~ ::::;:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0

DISTRICTS Ill ITERATES % JNFORKAl % FOR HAL % TOTAL % NO. OF CHILDREN :J

% TOTAL iir EDUCATION EDUCATION LITERATES UPTO 5 YRS. PERSONS r.::::-

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. BANGALORE CRURAL) 1157 39.23 157 5. 32 1286 .3. 61 1H3 48.93 349 11.83 2949 a·

'---"' -o

HANDY II 1212 42.10 89 3. 09 1284 44.60 1373 47.69 294 10.21 2879 s. !:;

flY SORE 1644 58.36 6. 2. 27 825 29.29 889 31.56 284 10.08 2817 a.

SHIKOG/1 996 31.66 168 5. 34 1672 53.15 1840 58.49 310 9.85 3146

DAKSHINII KIINNIIDII 1233 38.74 178 5. 59 1451 •s. 59 1629 51.18 321 10.08 3183

BElGAUrt 1093 33.69 163 5.02 1677 51.70 1840 56.72 311 9. 59 3244

BELLIIRY 1645 49.97 i27 3.86 1047 31.80 1174 35.66 473 14.37 3292 g; z tx1

RAICHUR 1802 51.78 118 3.39 1112 31.95 1230 35.34 448 12.87 3480 >< §3 tx1

GULBARGII 1750 51.65 111 3.28 1034 30.52 1145 33.80 .93 14.55 3388 I

< BlDAR 1432 43.65 113 3.44 1277 38. 92 1390 .2. 37 459 13.99 3281 H

H ,...., ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ()

All DISTRICTS 13964 44.11 1288 4.07 12665 40.00 13953 44.07 3742 11.82 31659 0 ::l

-------------------------------------------------~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rt 0.. . . '--'

,, i). C".r'

c

Om Consultants (India) Pv1 Ud

ANNEXURE - VII(Contd .. )

/

:I

Q

{:J TABLE 7 : DISTRICTWISE OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICT UNIT AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL ARTISANS BUSINESS l SERVICES HOUSEHOLD OTHERS TOTAL

LABOUR TRADE WORK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BANGALORE IRURALI NO. 289 73 7 7 16 bb 45 503 I . 57. 4b 14.51 1. 39 1. 39 3.18 13.12 8. 95 100.00

MNDYA NO. 233 b3 10 5 2b 75 89 501 % 4b. 51 12.57 2. 00 1. 00 5.19 14.97 17. 7b 100. 00

IIYSORE NO. 30b 7b 7 5 13 b8 2b 501 % b1.08 15.17 1. 40 1. 00 2.59 13.57 5.19 100.00

SHIIIOGA NO. 190 70 20 14 45 97 b4 500 I 38.00 14.00 4. 00 2. 80 9. 00 19. 40 12.80 100.00

DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 12b 220 18 3 22 47 78 514 % 24.51 42.80 3. 50 0. 58 4. 28 9.14 15.18 100.00

B£LGAUK NO. 222 42 23 7 32 102 72 500 I 44.40 8. 40 4. bO 1. 40 6. 40 20. 40 14.40 100.00

,1 i£l~A~Y NO. 212 116 4 3 55 47 b3 500 I 42. 40 23.20 0. 80 0. bO 11. 00 9. 40 12. bO 100.00

K~lCH\J.R NO. 263 93 18 b 27 42 52 501 I 52.50 18.56 3.59 1. 20 5. 39 8.38 10.38 100.00

G..i~SAi..iJA NO. 255 120 23 4 30 2b H 502 I 50.80 23.90 4. 58 0.80 5. 98 5.18 8. 76 100.00

SlDAR HO. 231 138 8 8 31 17 b7 500 I 46.20 27. bO 1. bO 1. bO b. 20 3. 40 13.40 100.00

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS NO. 2327 1011 138 b2 297 587 bOO 5022

% 4b. 34 20.13 2. 75 1. 23 5. 91 11.b9 11.95 100.00



()

TABLE 8 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF WORKERS IN THE SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------KALE % FEKALE % CHILDREN % TOTAL % TOTAL

WORKERS POPULATION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BAHGALORE (RURALJ 7b4 25. 91 195 b.61 2b 0. 88 985 33. 40 2949

KAHDYA 836 29. 04 367 .12. 75 15 o. 52 1218 42.31 2879

KYSOR£ 744 26.H 259 9.19 19 0.67 1022 36.28 2817

SHIIIOGA 863 27.43 240 7.63 8 o. 25 1111 35.31 3146

DAKSHIHA KANNADA 794 24. 95 482 15.14 29 o. 91 1305 41.00 3183

B£LGAUK 913 ?8,14 304 9.37 47 1.45 1264 38.96 32H

BELLARY 880 26. 73 no 23. 09 87 2. 64 1727 52. 46 3292 0

RAICHUR 915 26.29 755 21. 70 86 2.47 1756 50.46 3480 r

GULBARGA 870 25.68 677 19.98 99 2. 92 1646 48.58 3388

BIDAR 823 25. OS 636 19.38 26 0. 79 1485 45.26 3281 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS 8402 26.54 4675 14.77 442 1. 40 13519 42. 70 31659 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) .

Q

TABLE 9 : DISTRICTWISE NU~BER OF SA~PLE HOUSEHOLDS BY AVERAGE ~OHTHLY INCOl'fE GROUPS

u•--------------------------------------------------------------------------------KONTHLY INCOl'fE!RSl

DISTRICTS UNIT UPTO 100 101-350 351-600 601-100 1000+ TOTAL --·---------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE !RURAL) HO. 18 41 111 161 172 503

% 3. 58 8.15 22.07 32.01 34.19 100.00 l'fMIDYA NO. 9 14 68 158 252 501

I 1. so 2. 79 13. 57 31.54 50.30 100. 00 l'fYSORE NO. 7 32 124 183 155 501

I 1. 40 b. 39 24.75 36.53 30.94 100. 00 SHIIIOGA NO. 21 46 109 118 206 500

I 4. 20 9.20 21.80 23.60 41.20 100.00 DAKSHIHA KANNADA NO. 6 33 189 167 119 514

I 1.17 6.42 36.77 32.49 23.15 100.00 BELGAUii NO. 31 60 123 97 189 500

I 6.20 12.00 24.60 19. 40 37.80 100.00 f BELLARY NO. 17 102 153 122 106 500

% 3.40 20.40 30.60 24. 40 21.20 100. 00 I i Rri!CHUR NO. 25 111 124 131 110 501 "'"1,

4. 99 22.16 24. 75 21.96 100.00 z 26.15 f GU'-BARGA NO. 24 94 162 115 107 502 I'

I 4. 78 18.73 32.27 22.91 21. 31 100. 00 t

SIDAR NO. 64 111 134 94 97 500 % 12.80 22.20 26.80 18.80 19.40 100.00

--·~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ALL DISTRICTS uo. 222 644 1297 1346 1513 5022 I 4. 42 12.82 25.83 2b. 80 30.13 100. 00

--··--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ud


0

TABLE 10 : DISTRICTWIS£ AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURE OF SA"PL£ HOUSEHOLDS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UNIT FOOD CLOTHING EDUCATION TRANSPORT OTHERS TOTAL TOTAL NO.

OF HHS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALOR£ !RURAL) HO. 7710 2120 ~22 927 855 12038 503

% 64.05 17.61 3. 51 7. 70 7.10 100.00 "ANDY A NO. 9011 1921 617 1034 1881 14467 501

z 62.29 13.28 4. 26 7.15 13.00 100.00 KYSOR£ NO. 7352 1634 394 712 1259 11354 501

I 64.75 it 39 3.47 6. 27 11.09 100.00 SHIIWGA NO. 6580 2121 777 1096 1525 12102 500

I 54.37 17.53 b. 42 9. Ob 12.60 100. 00 DAKSHIHA KANNADA NO. 5865 1428 342 706 899 9243 514

% 63.45 15.45 3. 70 7. 64 9. 73 100.00 BELGAU" NO. 5923 2449 727 1024 1837 11964 500

% 49.51 20.47 6.08 8.56 15.35 100.00 BELLARY NO. 6751 2158 492 569 1174 11147 500

% 60.56 19. 36 4. 41 5.10 10.53 100. 00 RAJCHUR NO. 6526 2350 471 624 1343 11316 501

j

I 57.67 20. 77 4.16 5.51 11.87 100. 00 r.

GULBARGA NO. 6274 2545 629 771 1981 12203 502 % 51.41 20.86 5.15 6.32 16. 23 100.00

BlDAR NO. 4764 2137 852 539 1420 9714 500 z H.04 22.00 8. 77 5.55 14.62 100.00

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS HO. 6674 2085 572 800 1416 11547 5022

X 57.80 18. Ob 4. 95 b. 93 12.26 100. 00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



" TABLE 11 : DISTRICTWISE NUI'IBER OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY OWNED

IN SAI!PLE HOUSEHOLDS

---------··-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO.OF HHS TOTAL

DISTftiCTS UNIT CATTLE BUFFALOE SHEEP POULTRY OTHERS TOTAL no. per OUHIHG z HHS hh LIVESTOCK

l

----------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------BANGALORE (RURAL! HO. 568.00 261. 00 195. 00 1323.00 311.00 2658.00 9.33 285.00 Sb.bb 503.00

z 21.37 9. 82 7. 34 49.77 11.70 100.00 /!ANDY A HO. 684.00 170.00 393.00 273. 00 72.00 1592.00 5.19 307. 00 61. 28 501. 00

I 42.96 10.68 24.69 17.15 4. 52 100.00 I!YSORE NO. 860.00 206.00 812.00 335.00 29.00 2242.00 b. 04 371. 00 74. OS 501. 00

z 38.36 9.19 36.22 14.94 1. 29 100. 00 SHII'IOGA HO. 930.00 251. 00 100.00 406.00 27.00 1714. 00 5.83 294.00 58.80 500.00

% 54. 26 14.64 5.83 23.69 i. 58 100.00 DAKSHIHA KANHADA NO. 890. 00 119. 00 58. 00 1395. 00 3t 00 2496. 00 6. 88 363.00 70. 62 514. 00

% 35.66 4.77 2. 32 55.89 1.36 100.00 £ELGAUI! NO. 395. 00 314. 00 454. 00 16. 00 10. 00 1189. 00 4. 54 262.00 52.40 500.00

% 33.22 26.41 38.18 1. 35 o. 84 100.00 HUM:Y NO. 783. 00 259.00 415.00 90.00 5.00 1552.00 5. 06 307. 00 61. 40 500.00

z 50.45 16.69 26. 74 5.80 0.32 100.00 , ... '·,..., ,; :..l'L./-!\ HO. 1204.00 220.00 755.00 182.00 40.00 2401. 00 7. 55 318.00 63. 47 501. 00

z 50.15 9.16 31.45 7.58 1. 67 100. 00 ~ . : ""'A ,.. ,_ • iJ .. ' .... t.d·.on HO. 1201. 00 235.00 560. 00 303.00 345.00 2644.00 7. 75 341. 00 67. 93 502.00

z 45.42 8.89 21.18 11. 46 13.05 100. 00 S!DAR NO. 734.00 407.00 352.00• 138. 00 26.(10 1657.00 4. 90 338.00 67.60 500.00

I 44.30 24.56 21.24 8.33 1. 57 100.00 ----------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS NO. 8249.00 2442.00 4094. 00 4461.00 899.00 20145.00 6. 32 3186.00 63.44 5022.00

I 40.95 12.12 20.32 22.14 4. 46 100. 00 ----------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



c

TABLE 12.1: DISTRICTWISE HUMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS USING DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES - DRINKING AND COOKING

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRifTS UNIT TRADITIONAL SOURCE HAND TOTAL NO.

WELL OTHERS PUMPS PWS KWS OF HHS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE IRURALl NO. 147 21 108 216 157 503

% 29.22 4.17 21. 47 42.94 31. 21 KANDYA - NO. 226 79 146 359 0 501

z 45.11 15.77 29.14 71.66 0. 00 MY SORE NO. 59 79 251 218 0 501

I 11.78 15.77 50.10 43.51 o. 00 SHIIIOGA NO. 129 63 179 265 0 500

I 25.80 12. 60 35.80 53.00 0.00 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 409 59 68 0 0 SH

% 79.57 11. 48 13.23 0.00 o. 00 BELGAUI1 NO. 293 15 37 264 0 500

% 58.60 3. 00 7. 40 52.80 0.00 B£LLARY NO. 238 9b 62 317 83 500

"" I 47.60 19.20 12.40 63.40 16.60 lc::

RAICHUR NO. 179 355 100 206 0 501 I 35. 73 70.86 19.96 41.12 o. 00

GULBARGA NO. 205 75 80 281 60 502 z 40.84 14.94 15. 94 55. 98 11. 95

BIDAR NO. 325 60 146 302 0 500 % 65.00 12. 00 29.20 60.40 0.00

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------All DISTRICTS NO. 2210 902 1177 2428 300 5022

4 44.01 17. 96 23.44 48.35 5. 97 ----------------------------------------------------------~------------------------

um c.onsultants (India) Pvt Ud

ANNEXURE - VII(Contd .. )

c

TABLE 12. 2: DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS USING DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES - OTHER PURPOSE

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICTS UNIT TRADITIONAL SOURCE HAND TOTAL NO.

WELL OTHERS PUKPS PWS I!WS OF HHS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE (RURAL) NO. 170 64 122 1b5 143 503

% 33.80 12.72 24.25 32.80 28.43 I!AI~DYA NO. 209 377 112 243 0 501

t 41.72 75.25 22.36 48.50 0.00 IIYSORE NO. 64 136 232 169 0 501

I 12.77 27.15 46. 31 33. 73 0. 00 SHII!OGA NO. 148 284 192 193 0 500 't

% 29. 60 56. 80 38.40 38.60 0. 00 C,J 'l ~

DAI:SHINA KANNADA NO. 361 126 82 0 0 514 ,J ,, % 70.23 24.51 15.95 o. 00 0.00

:j BEL GAUl! NO. 307 297 49 101 0 500 " t,!

% 61.40 59. 40 9. 80 20.20 0. 00 ' BHLARY NO. 271 189 93 297 77 500

II % 54. 20 37.80 18.60 59. 40 15.40 RAJ:CHUR NO. 233 125 154 367 0 501

% 46.51 24.95 30. 74 73.25 o. 00 'l

GULBARGA NO. 343 126 111 212 37 502 :! z 68.33 25.10 22.11 42.23 7. 37

B I LIAR NO. 422 137 135 231 0 500 % 84.40 27.40 27. 00 46.20 0. 00

--··--------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS NO. 2528 1861 1282 1978 257 5022

%

---·--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


ANNEXURE - VII (Contd .. )

"

TABLE 13 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING WATER SOURCES

-----------------------------------------------------------------WATER SOURCE TOTAl NO ..

DISTRICTS WELl z PWS z OF HHS ----------------------------------------------------------------

BANGALORE IRURALl 0 o. 00 30 5. 96 503

KAHDYA 7 1. 40 4b 9.18 501

IIYSORE 0 o. 00 3b 7.19 501

SHIIIOGA 12 2. 40 38 7. bO 500

DAKSHINA KANNADA 31 b. 03 0 0. 00 514

BELGAUI1 0 0. 00 96 19. 20 500

BELLARY 2 o. 40 59 11. so 500 [,

RAICHUR 4 o.so b2 12.38 501 c

GULBARGA 10 1. 99 37 7. 37 502

BIDt1R 77 15.40 102 20. 40 500 -----------------------------------------------------------------

All DISTRICTS 143 2.85 506 10.08 5022 -----------------------------------------------------------------

Om Consultants (Indio: Pvt Ltd


;,

TI\BLE H : DISTRICTWISE NU"BER OF SI\IIPLE HOUSEHOLDS COLLECTING WATER AND AVERAGE HUMBER OF TRIPS PER HOUSEHOLD

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF TOTAL NO. AVERAGE

DISTRICTS HHS HORNING HHS AFTERNOON HHS EVENING OF HHS PER DAY --·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81\i~GALORE fRURAll 439 6 38 3 276 5 503 8

111\I~DYA 449 9 35 4 276 7 501 12

"YSORE 429 6 31 6 366 7 501 11

SHIIIOGI\ 404 13 19 8 380 12 500 19

DhKSHINA KA/1111\D/\ 510 16 41 12 475 15 5H 31

BELGAUII 419 9 33 4 179 4 500 9

BEl.li\RY 463 10 15 3 327 6 500 13

RAJCHUR 478 9 12 2 322 5 501 13

GUlBARGn 489 13 7 3 328 b 502 16

BIDAR 463 13 4 4 156 5 500 13 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ALL DISTRICTS 4543 11 235 5 3085 8 5022 15 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.· ]!'



TABLE15:DJSTRICTWISE PERCAPITA DAILY CONSUMPTION FROH ALL SOURCES(LITRESl

c

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CASTE/RELIGION GROUP ALL TOTAL NO.

DlSTRI:TS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CASTES OF HHs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BMM.LGRE (RURALl 86 37 48 59 46 46 26 0 42 0 H 503 M.ii!Dtf. 73 60 60 54 37 34 0 0 58 0 52 50.i r, YSOF:: 67 57 46 51 51 42 0 0 0 0 49 501 3H 1 !lCC.i 52 38 58 40 40 34 39 0 38 0 42 500 GAKSH I h?1 KnNNADA 79 59 63 47 53 46 72 38 55 ~9 58 51~

2ELG.iU.~ 42 34 25 30 36 23 20 34 20 0 29 500 2EL L .;p y 60 43 34 31 31 29 27 0 31 0

,,, 500 .:>,

1A!Cfi~F 72 45 37 37 34 29 23 0 32 17 36 501 GULBARG~i 43 41 36 41 37 29 30 44 32 0 36 502 2IDA~ 66 44 64 42 29 39 31 0 35 32 47 500 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~~L ri STRICTS 62 52 51

,, 1b 38 35 13 35 38 32 45 5022

-f~;~::CASTE/RELIGION:1=BRAHHINS;2=LINGAYATS;3=VOKKALIGA & OTHER AGRICULTURAL CASTE;4=ARTISAN; 5=0THER CASTES;6=SCHEDULED CASTE;?=SCHEDULED TRIBE;S=JAINSi9=KUSLIHSi10=CHRISTIANS;

Om Consultants (ind10/ Pvl Ltd

ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .• )

TABLE 16 : DISTRICTWISE ~UMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS HAVING LATRINE AMONG DIFFERENT CASTE/RELIGION GROUPS

------------·~-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CASTE/RELIGION GROUP TOTAL NO. DISTRICTS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL OF HHS

------------··-----·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------f:ANGALORE (R!JRALJ 0 " 7 ~ 2 0 0 0 25 0 39 so~: ,) L

0. 00 0. 60 1. 39 0. 40 0. 40 0.00 0. 00 o. 00 4. 97 o. 00 7. 75 ll/111[1\'fl 4 6 43 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 60 501

0. 80 1. 20 8.58 0. 40 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 o. 00 1. 00 0. 00 ii. 98 HYSORE 2 10 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 501

o. 40 2. 00 0.80 o. 00 0. 20 0. 20 0. 00 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 3. 59 SHJr,OGA 0 12 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 19 500

0. 00 2. 40 0. 20 0. 60 0. 20 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 o. 40 o. 00 3. 80 DhKSHINA KANNADA 10 0 13 1 1 0 1 1 3 0 30 514

1. 95 0. 00 2.53 0.19 0.19 0. 00 0.19 0.19 0.58 o. 00 s. 84 £ElGAUM 6 38 0 2 1 1 0 12 1 0 62 500

1. 20 7. 60 0. 00 0. 40 0. 20 0. 20 o. 00 2.40 0. 20 o. 00 12. 40 iE~LAF:Y 0 10 4 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 17 500

') 0.00 2.00 0. 80 0. 00 o. 20 o. 20 0. 00 o. 00 0. 20 0. 00 3. 40 RAICHliF: '· 10 2 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 21 501 J

0.60 2. 00 o. 40 0. 00 o. 20 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 1. 00 0. 00 4. 19 GULBnRGA 2 6 1 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 15 502

0. 40 1. 20 0. 20 o.oo 0. 60 o. 20 0.00 o. 00 0. 40 0. 00 2. 99 £!DAR 1 9 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 18 500

0.20 1. so 1. 00 0. 00 0.00 0. bO 0. 00 o. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 60 -------------·---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------till DISTRICTS 28 104 80 10 11 7 1 13 45 0 299 5022

0.56 2.07 1.59 0.20 0.22 o. 14 o. 02 0.26 o. 90 o. 00 5. 95 --------------------------------------------------~---~-----------------------~-~------------------------------------------------

LEGEND: CASTE/RELIGION GROUP: 1=BRAHniNSi2=LINGAYATS;3=VOKKALIGA & OTHER CASTE; 4=ARTISANSi5=0THER CASTES;6=SCHEDULED CASTE;7=SCHEDULED TRIBE;8=JAINS; 9=nUSLIXS;10=CHRISTIANS;


TYPE

SINGLE PIT POUR FLUSH

BUCKET

TOTAL

ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) -

TABLE 17 : NUMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING LATRINE BY TYPE A~D COST OF INVESTMENT

COST IRS! {1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-3000 TOTAL

195 65.22

195 b5. 22

61 20.40

bi 20. 40

30 10.03

30 10.03

13 104 4.35 34.78

195 65.22

13 299 4.35 100.00


ANNEXURE~- VII(Contd .. )

TABlE 18 : NUKBER OF SAKPlE HOUSEHOlDS OWNING lATRINE BY TYPE AND SOURCE OF INVESTKENT

SOURCE TYPE 01 G S TOTAL

------------------------------------------------SINGLE PIT POUR FLUSH

BUCKET

TOTAL

99 33.11

193 64.55

292 97.66

5 1.67

2 0. 67

7 2. 34

104 34.78

195 65.22

299 100.00

lEGEND: OI=OWN INVESTKENT; GS=GOVT SUBSIDY;

0~ Consultants (India) Pvt Ud


TABLE19:SOURCEWISE NUKBER Of SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO PAY FOR IKPROVED WATER SYSTEK

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOURCE BIDDINGIRUPEES PER KOHTHI

o. 00 5. 00 8.00 10. 00 15.00 20.00 TOTAL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------PUBLIC HANDPUKP 24 54 10 21 4 1 114

o. 48 1. 08 o. 20 o. 42 o. 08 o. 02 2.27 PUBliC STANDPOINT 373 408 56 79 27 7 950

7. 43 8.12 1.12 1.57 o. 54 0.14 18.92 HOUSE CONNECTION 216 1031 364 819 426 159 3015

4. 30 20.53 7. 25 16.31 8. 48 3.17 60.04 K IJ S 241 '208 68 57 11 4 589

4. 80 4.14 1. 35 1.14 0.22 o. 08 11.73 NONE 354 o. 00 o. 00 o. 00 0. 00 o. 00 354

7. 05 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 o. 00 o. 00 7. OS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tl TOTAL 1208 1701 498 976 468 171 5022

24.05 33.87 9, 92 19.43 9.32 3. 41 100.00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Om Consultants (India) ?vt Ud

ANNEXURE- VII(Contd •. )

TABLE20:HUlfBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO PAY FOR IHPROVED WATER SYSTEM BY INCOME GROUP

-~·--------------~---------------------------------------------------------------I'IOHTHLY RS/I'IONTH INCOI'IE lRS! 0 5 8 10 15 20 TOTAL

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------UP TO 100 55 74 18 40 27 10 224

1.10 1. 47 o. 36 o. 80 o. 54 o. 20 4. 46 101 - 350 179 291 46 95 26 7 644

3.56 5. 79 o. 92 1. 89 0.52 0.14 12.82 351 - 600 384 466 122 231 75 18 1296

7. 65 9. 28 2. 43 4.60 1.49 0.36 25.81 601 - 1000 342 433 169 267 111 29 1351

b. 81 s. 62 3.37 5.32 2.21 0.58 26.90 1000 + 248 437 143 343 229 107 1507

4. 94 8. 70 2. 85 b. 83 4. 56 2.13 30.01 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL 1208 1701 498 97b 468 171 5022 24.05 33.87 9. 92 19.43 9.32 3. 41 100.00

.\ ------------------------------------------------~--------------~----------------~~

(

. !


TABLE 21 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO SHARE THE COST fOR PRIVATE LATRINE

---~-----------~-----------------------------------------~---------------------------UNIT TOTAL NO. HO.OF HHs PERCENT SHARE OF COST

DISTRICTS OF HHs WILLING 100 75 50 25

---------~---------------------------------------------------------------------------BAHGALORE IRURALl NO 503 2H 1 4 23 24b

% o. 36 1. 46 8. 39 89.78 HANDY A NO 501 357 5 b9 283

% o. 00 1. 40 19.33 79.27 HYSORE NO 501 272 2 0 18 252

% o. 74 o. 00 6. 62 92.65 SHHIOGA NO 500 264 0 3 33 228

z o. 00 1.14 12.50 86.36 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO 514 241 0 2 42 197

I o. 00 o. 83 17.43 81.74 BELGAUM NO 500 220 0 0 20 200

% o. 00 o. 00 9. 09 90.91 I

BELLARY NO 500 171 1 28 59 83 :-

% o. 58 16.37 34.50 48.54 RAICHUR NO 501 149 4 33 41 71

% 2. 68 22.15 27.52 47.65 GULBARGA NO 502 191 5 33 55 98

% 2. 62 17.28 28.80 51.31 BlDAR NO 500 247 12 28 83 124

% 4. 86 11.34 33.60 so. 20

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS HO 5022 2386 25 136 443 1782

% 1. 05 s. 70 18.57 74.69

~-----------------------------------------·----------~-------------------------------

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