r!l d~ E
INTEGRATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY &
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROJECT WITH WORLD BANK ASSISTANCE .. KARNATAKA .
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY REPORT
.,.._··~:" •. . ~. '•
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA/WORLD BANK
-----------APRIL 1991 -
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: .. ~
i l: ·, ·'
' NIDC I OM CONSULTANTS UNDIAl PVT. L TO. BANGALORE
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CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
CURRENT GOVERNfiiENT POLICY IN THE \\TATER AND SANITATION SECTORS
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
\qATER USE, SANITATION AND \HLLINGHESS TO PAY
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
COMt-fUN!TY PARTICIPATION
IMPORTANT POINTERS FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
ANNE.XURES
ANNEXURE I TERMS OF REFERENCE
ANNEXURE II HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
ANNEXURE III VILLAGE QUESTIONNAIRE
PAGE .NO.
1
4
12
14
21
59
'7~
10
80
88
96
114
ANNEXURE IV . CHECKLIST FOR PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION 125
ANNEXURE V CHECKLIST FOR GROUP DISCUSSIONS 130
ANNEXURE VI LIST OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 136
ANNEXURE VII TABLES 137
)rn Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd
ARWSP
D.K.
GOI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REPORT
Accelerated Rural Hater Supply Programme
Dakshina KM1nada
Government of India
GOK Government of Karnataka
HP
JHC
LPCD
MNP
NGY
NIDC
O&M
OMCI
PHED
sc
SCP
ST
TOR
TSP
UNICEF
ZP
Hand Pump
Janata Housing ColonJ·
Litres Percapita Per Day
Minimum Needs Programme
Mini \~ater Supply
Nirmala Grama Yojana
National Industrial Development Corporation
Operation and ~1aintenance
Om Consultants {India) Private Limited
Public Health Engineering Department
Public \~orks Departrnent
Scheduled Caste
Special Component Programme
Scheduled Tribe
Terms of Reference
Tribal Sub-Plan
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
Village water and s~1itation Coffimittee
i'Yard \'Vater and Sanitation Committee
Zilla Parishad
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Position of KARNAT AKA in India
I \._....7
UTTARA ~ !-<ANNADA /
ARABIAN SEA
LEGEND
~ Project Districts
-·- District Boundary
MAP OF KARNATAKA
MAHARASHTRA
ANDHRAPRADE~
- 0 . BIJAPUR
N
40 0 40
Scale in Kms
TANJLNADU
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
1.1
1.2
1.3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Gcn .. ·err.sment of Karnataka {GOK) has decided. t.o
formulate a project for Integrated Rural \~ater
ten Supply and Environmental Sanitation in
districts of Karnata.k.a State for seeking Norld Bank
The ten districts selected for the Assistance.
project are
4. Belgaum,
1. Bangal ore {Rural}, 2. Mandy a, 3. Mysore,
5. Shimoga, 6. Dakshina Karmada, 7. Bidar,
8.Gulbarga, 9.Raichur and 10.Bellary.
The project is estimated to cost 1,435 millions of
rupees to cover 1,000 villages in ten districts over a
period of 5-7 years in tvm phases. It bas been decided
to take up 2B0 villages over a period of 2 years in
the first phase and the reri"Jaining 720 villages during
the second phase spread over a period of 5 years.
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the project are :
{a) Augmentation of water supply, including
rehabilitation of existing sources and ground water
recharging.
{b) Environmental sanitation with latrines, village
drainage and solid waste disposal.
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{c) Conduct of base-line survey on a sample basis and
devising of suitable messages to educate people in
villages about water-borne and water-related
diseases as part of health education prograrr~e.
PREPARATION OF THE PROJECT REPORT
1.4 In order to prepare the projec~ report for 280 villages
to be taken up during the first phase for
appraisal by the \'brld Bank, GOK has appointed
M/s.National Industrial Development Corporation
Ltd.(NIDC), Hew Delhi, as Consultants for the
preparation of the project report.
1.5
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASE-LINE SURVEY
The socio-economic base-line surveys are important to
any developmental project to understand the pre-
iilrplementation situation in the project areas. These
surv·eys also t;;Br'Ve as ex-ante data base to assess ~the
changes, if any, over a period of time. In this
connection, M/s.HIDC have selected M/s.Om Consultants
{India) P-,.-t. Ltd., {OMCI) to conduct a Socio-Economic
Base-line Survey {Part - C component of the project
objectives) in 30 Gffiaple villages.
1.6 The findings of the study were presented to GOK and the
World Bank on 25t.h Marc .. h 1991. This report has been
prepared based on e>..-tensive field data collected during
the study &id the discussions with the variOU$ sections
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of people in the study villages, and NIDC, GOK and The
World Bank tearn. The report presents the essent.ial
details related to the project objectives.
1. 7 He wish to thank the ~nne. the GOK and the Horld Bank
for having given us this opportunity to participate in
this innovative effort. Ne are e:>..-tremely thankful to
the various Government officials (both at the State and
field level}, elected representatives of the Zilla
Parishads {ZP}, Mandal Panchayats, and in particular
the people of the study villages for their whole
hearted co-operation. ~"Ye are particularly thar.1kful to
Mr.N.P.Singh, Commissioner and Secretary (Rural
Dev-elopment and
Mr.B.N.Nagarajan,
invaluable support.
Pancbayat Raj),
Engineer-in-Chief, PHED,
GOK
for
and
their
)m Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
CHAPTER 2
COE:RENT GOVERNMENT POLICY IN THE ~iATER AND SANITATION SECTORS
2. 1 RURAL ~iATER SUPPLY
2. 1. l The Government of Karnataka {GOK) has been giving high \
priority to the water supply sector &jd relatively to a
lesser e:>.~ent, to sanitation. Concerted efforts have
been made to meet the basic drinking water needs under
the state sector as v1ell as under the central sector
programmes. These programmes receive financial support
from the Government of India {GOI) under the Minimum
Needs Programme, {70~~ loan, 30% grant) and t.he
Accelerated Rural ~~ater Supply Programme {AR\~SP) { 100%.
grant).
2. 1. 2 The above schemes are entrusted to Zilla Parish ads
{ZPs) for implementation. On the formation of ZPs and
Mandal Panchayats in the year 1987 as part of the
decentralisation process, all field level officers of
the Public Health Engineering Department. (PHED), Public
Norks Department {PND) and Health Department have been
placed under the ZPs. The maintenance of all piped
water supply schemes rest with Mandal Panchayats as per
the ZP Act.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
2. 1. 3
2. 1. 4
2. 1. 5
The Mini Nater Supply and Handpump schemes are also
covered under the Special Component Programme {SCP) and
Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) of the state sector. Some
schemes are functioning under bilateral assistance, and
foreign aid has become significant in the water and
sanitation sector.
As per the guidelines of the Technology Mission, the
GOK has set the norm of 40 LPCD as the basis for all
schemes. There are 3 t~~es of rural water supply
schemes and the GOK has set normative guidelines for
the applicability of these schemes:
Piped ~'tater Supply {PNS) schemes {Pump and overhead
tank with the pipelines laid to public water
fountains) for habitations with population
exceeding 2, ~'?0.
Mini i'Vater Supply (MNS) schemes (which consist of a
cistern and an energized pump) for habitations
with a population between 1,000 and 2,000.
Similarly, the Handpump {HP) Schemes are generally
for smaller habitations with population less than
1,000.
At the end of the VII plan { HJ89-1990) there were ~H6
not covered habitations, 12,764 partially covered
babit.ations, and 4,0f~2 fully covered habitation under
the above mentioned schemes. The emphasis in the VII
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
2. 1. 8
2. 1. 7
2. 1. 8
plan was mostly on piped water supply schemes and roir.s.i
water supply schemes so as to achieve the prescribed
standard required besides continuing borev1ell
progrrumnes {future investments tend to focus on the
improvement of the quality and reliability of water
suppl!-·). The work of the revival of defunct piped
water supply schemes, mini water supply and
augumentation of piped water supply schemes were also
taken up during the year 1989-90 and onwards.
During the VIII five year plan, the above said schemes
are proposed to be continued and it is also proposed to
take up the balance of 316 not covered habitations and
12,764 partially covered habitations for full coverage
v;i th the objective of providing 40 LPCD at the end of
the VIII plan.
The main thrust
of the problem
sustained water
during the VIII plan is 1007~ coverage
villages to provide uniform and
supply of 40 LPCD for all the rural
populations, as per the Technology Mission Standards.
The proposed programme for the VIII Five Year Plan
(1990-95) aims at providing 8411 borewells fitted with
handpumps, 2182 mini water supply schemes and 950 PNS
Schemes. The ZPs have been directed to accelerate the
progress for the uncovered villages.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
2. 1. 9
2. 1. 10
2.1.11
The proposed outl~· for ·1990-95 in the central sector
for the GOK is Rs.1,482 millions for new project$
and the state's outla~y ~s Rs.1,436 million$for new
projects under the ZPs. An outlay of Rs.100,000 is
pr·oposed for meeting the establishri'ient costs of
Maintenance and Investigation Unit 7 which would be
totally met by the GOI. Provision bas also been made
towards necessar~y training for caretakers under the
state sector.
During 1990-91, the emphasis is on habitations that
include main villages, hamlets, thandas, and ,Janata
Housing Colonies. Even habitations with less than
population are covered by the above schemes.
500
The
GoverTnnent has proposed to relax the norms in respect
of SC/ST habitations and of those below poverty line.
The Government's thrust is on the phasing of lfmter
suppl:'l installations through maximum
participation in selection of sites arjd
comm~nity
caret. akers.
Introducing appropriate recovery mechanisms for atleast
part of the direct Operation and Maintenance costs have
been thought of as an effective system of community
involver.!'ient.
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RURAL SAlUTATION
2.2.1 Due to various reasons, sanitation in rural Karnataka
has received relatively less attention than rural water
supply. As per the decade programme, an amount of
Rs.2,000 million>is required to cover the targetted 25%
of the rural population. But there is not much \
evidence to shov; that even 5% of the coverage has been
achieved.
During 1984-85, some 1000 units {latrines) have been
constructed under state funding for schools,
communities &nd hcruseholds. During 1986-87, the state
sector planned for the construction of community
latrines in villages on a pilot basiG with 20% of
contribution from the beneficiaries. But the project
spilled inJco 1987-88 without much progress due to lack
of initiative from the beneficiaries.
2 .. 2.3 The present stat.us shows that. by the end of 1989-90,
2,683 villages have been partially covered. By the end
of March 1990, individual and 2,449
institutional low cost sanitary latrines were
constructed under both state and central sectors
covering a rural population of 136 thousands, which is
0. 72% of the t.otal population. ·
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
2.2.4
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
The total proposed outl~· for the rural sanitation is
about Rs.208 millions in the VIII Five Year Plan {1990-
95). The proposed outlay under state sec~or for
sanitation programmes is about Rs.33 millions, and
Rs. 175 millions for Nirmala Grama Yojars.a, v-•hich has
been launched in the 4 districts of Kolar, ' Mysore,
Belgaum and Gulbarsa with the assistance of the
Government, Mandai Panchayats, UNICEF and the
beneficiaries. This programme plans to provide
the condition latrines for selected beneficiaries on
that they provide free labour for t.heir conGt.ruction.
INTEGRATED RURAL NATER SUPPLY AND SANITA'l'ION DEVELOPMENT
Considering the disparity between present water supply
and sanitation coverage in the state, integrat.ed water
~id sanitation development bas been given much higher
priorit.y in the future programmes. Health
Education/Promotion component will play a crucial role
:1n the. succe£~sful utilisat-ion of all water supply and
sanitation schemes.
Tbe involvement of "''omen is a maJor feature of
community involvement. To increase awareness among
worl'1en,
groups
health
Mahila Mandals and ot.her operating women's
have been identified as a focussing point for
education programme. The Social iqelfare and
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2.3.3
2.3.4
!2. 3. 5
Health Departments are already utilising them 1.r.s their
health programmes. The Health Education and Training
Section of the Health and Family \~elfare Department
conducts extensive school health programmes and
finances some sanitary facilities for schools through
school betterment cormfiittees.
The role of NGOs. has been identified in promoting
health awarenesss and in building local infrastructure
for spreading health messages arrsong women.
The Mandal Panchayats are identified for mobil ising
voluntary labour, promotion of sanitat.ion and health,
provision of public latrines and other tasks through
three standing committees, as itf; obligator-:,.· functions.
Maintenance is the major feature of the obligation of
Mandal Panchayats and the ZPs. There is a specific
provision in the budget of the GOK for the maintenance
and operation costs.
The monthly progress of all rural water supply and
sanitation schemes is being reviewed at the State Level
under the Karnatal~a Development Prograrrm~e and also in
the monthly Multi level Review Meeting , in order to
determine whether the targets drawn for the successful
completion of the schemes have been achieved v;i thin the
stipulated time.
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2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
SCHEMES UNDER BILATERAL ASSISTANCE FOR RURAL KARANATAKA
An innovative integrated water supply and
s~!itation project with assistance from DMliDA is
being implemented in three pilot taluks: Bagepalli
(Kolar district), Jagalur . {Chitradurga district}
and Hungund (Bijapur district}.
Caretaker training programmes have been also
carried with DANIDA support.
An Integrated Rural iiater Supply and Sanitation
Project is contemplated in the 4 districts of
Bi japur, Dharv;ad, Raichur ~Jd Bell an· under
Netherlands assistance.
An Integrated Rural ~·~ater Supply, Environmental
Sanitation and Habitat Management has been proposed
under \~orld Bank assistance, for 1, 000 villages in
10 districts of Karnataka.
New proposals under Bilateral assistance of FRG,
Japan and Norv;ay are being contemplated.
An outlEt.J;·
under the
assistance.
significant
of about Rs.394 millions is proposed
VIII Five Year Plan for bilateral
Of late, foreign aid has become
and irr~ortant in the water and
sanitation sectors of the stat.e.
Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd
3. 1
3.2
3.3
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
The detailed objectives and scope of this study
are shown in the Terms of Reference {TOR) prepared by
the HIDC in Anne)...-ure - I.
The main objective of the study is to provide inputs
that. will enable the NIDC and the State Government to
prepare the project document.
SCOPE
Specific areas where inputs are needed froru the current
Socio-Economic Survey are :
Analysing' existing 't';ater, sanitation and hygiene
pattern, [major water and other sanitation-related
health problems {from Go\>-t.. health data and local
observations)]
Selection of hygiene messages
Incentives related to h~·giene education
Determining community role in plarming,
implementing and maintaining facilities under the
proposed project {particularly with regard to
involvement of women, scheduled castes/tribes}
Orn CO!'lsultants (India) Pvt Ltd
Evolving methodology for government and community
interaction in the selection and planning of
facilities {i.e. community involvffifient)
Establishing system for timely delivery of hygiene
messages/provision of latrines
Identification of the role of NGO~s
Assessment of demt:md for increased water sen·ices
levels
Determining demand for latrines
Determining demand for drainage under a cost
sharing arrangffinent
Assessing ~~illingness of villagers to pc;o· for water
supply and sanitation facilities
3.4 As a part of the study, the follov;ing data were
collected for the sarr~le villages:
* Socio-economic data
:t: Am:;essment of wat.er, sanitation and healt.h situation
* Knowledge, attitudes, perception and practices
* Delivery of hygiene messages and COr.liTfiUn i ty
participation.
The Socio-econmnic study covered 30 sample villages {3
' villages per district) in the ten project districts.
As per the TOR, 500 sample households had to be covered
in each district.
Om Consultants (india) Pvt Ltd
CHAPTER 4
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
4.1 A phasewise approach was adopted sq as to conduct the
4.2
study systmnatically as given below:
Phase - I - Planning and preparation of survey tools, Pilot survey and finalisation of sun·ey tools. -Orientation-cum-training programme for the field staff;
Phase - II - Field data collection
Phase - III - Computerisation of field data and data analysis.
Phase - IV - Preparation of draft report and interim presentation.
Phase - V - Final report.
METHOLODOGY
The methodology adopted for the study included
{i) pilot survey
{ii) extensive {household and village) survey,
{iii) participapt ~bserr.vation:, and
{iv) group d:tscussion.
Though these techniques are exclusive, they are
coruplementary to each other.
The following survey instruments were developed,tested
and used in the field.
(a) Household questionnaire for an e).-t.ensive survey of
sample households in the study villages
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
MAP OF KARNATAKA
ARABIAN
SEA
REFERENCE
?L River
1a..oo- Reservoir
·District boundary 0 District HO
• Study Toluk I H Q
~· location of Studv
o BIJAPUR
vii Inn•
N
+ 20 0 20 1,0
1:==-1 '=--1 Scale in Km
Om Consultants (India j Pvt ltd
{b) Village questiormaire for collection of
village informations
{c) Checklist for participant observation
{d) Checklist for group discussion
The survey instruments are presented 1n Annexures-II
v.
4. 3 During the planning and preparatory phase, det.ailed
study methodology was developed and survey instruments
were formulated. A pilot study was conducted in
villages of Bangalore {Rural) district to test the
survey instruments and finalize the same.
4.4 Field studies commenced after establishing rapport with
t.be concerned government officials, v1z., Chief
Secretaries, Executive Engineers, Assistant Executive
Engineers of Zilla Parisbad {ZPL Junior Engineers,
Mandai Panchayat Secretaries and Health staff. Elected
representatives of the Mandal were contacted at the
village level.
SELECTION OF SAMPLE VILLAGES
4.5 Thirt.y sarriple villages (Annexure VI) in ten
districts {three villages per district} were selected
from the list of 280 project villages {phase I)
provided by the Public Health Engineering Department
{PHED).
Om Consultants (India) Pv1 Ltd
4.6 A multi-stage sampling method was used to select the
sarrrple villages. Major variables, such as total
population, scheduled castel and scheduled tribe
population, total literates and total number of
households; based on 1981 census figures, were
standardized districtwise t.o select the '· sample
villages.
4. 7 The sar{rpl ing procedure adopted ensured that the three
villages in each district had a population var-'.ling in
size and representing three different taluks of the
district. As they were spread
the district, it reflected
variations within each district.
SELECTION OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS
geographically across
the socio-cultural
4.8 The total number of sample households per district has
been fixed at 500 as per the terms of reference. The
actual sample size of households to be covered in each
of the three samplf:; villBges. in a given district' was
arrived at by distributing the total sample size
{i.e. 500) proportionately to total number of
households in each of t.he three sample villages.
4.9 The sample households in the village were chosen
{circular systematically) from the houselist prepared
with the help of village demand register maintained by
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4.10
4.11
4.12
the Ma~ndal Panchayat and also by physical listing of
the households not covered in the demand register.
Ever'.l 'K'th household {where 'K' is the ratio of total
number of households in the village to the number of
Sf:I.I!.!Ple households to be covered) was taken up for the
survey. This procedure covered all the categories of
households, considering factors like caste, class,
and access to water sources.
COVERAGE
The total number of f,022 households vlere covered. in
the ten districts. The extensive survey included
collecting quE.mti t.ati ve and qualitative informat.ion on
socio-economic characteristics, attitudes, practices,
current availability of v;ater, sanit.ation practices,
willingness to pay for establishment, operation and
maint.enance of community assets on an irf_!proved basis
and current health status. Both male and female
survey.
General information for the village was collected
through
observation
a village
technique
questionnaire. Participant
was also used to gain
meaningful insights into the problems relat.ed to the
project components.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
4.13
4.14
4. 16
Group discussions were held with local people, eleoted
representatives, village elders, youth leaders ar1d
women groups. This technique was used to understand
local beliefs, perception ar1d attitudes towards water
availability and its use, awareness and receptivity
tov;ar·ds sanitary lat.rines, environmental sanitation and
health practices and their opinion and willingness for
involvement. This technique was also used to assertain
people~s willingness to pay for the improved services
and their participation in the project.
The views of men and women were also collected in
relat.ion to project objectives through informal street
corner meetirutG and tea shop discussions.
Close observations were made of the collection
behaviour and other activities at the v;ater sour-ces.
Sanitation practices prevailing
defecation were also observed.
and places of
Visual aids showing the sanitary latrines, leach pits
etc., were used to make the respondents understan~ the
improved services, before starting of bidding for their
willingness to pay. Photographs >v;ere taken to reflect
and indicate the exist.ing water and sarii tation
problems.
Om Consultants 11ndia) Pvt Ltd '- '
4.17 FIELD PROCEDURES - SOME SALIENT FEATURES
:t: The study districts were grouped into three zones
in order to gain indepth knowledge and for
oper·ational convenience.
:t: The three zones v;·ere:
Zone I Bangalore {Rural), Hand~·a and ' t.tlsore
districts
Zone II Belgaum, Shimoga and Dak.shina Kannada
districts
Zone III: Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur and Bellar~·
districts
Over 20 professionals including five v;omen
professionals from respective study districts were
involved in t.he conduct. of the study.
The field team comprised of qualified and
experienced multi-disciplina~·· professionals in the
field of Sociology, Economics, Psychology,
Education and Rural Development.
* The field staff were formed into three t.eams with
sen1.or consul tant.s as team leaders. The field
study was conducted simultaneously in the three
zones.
* Senior professionals 1f;ere involved in designing,
training and conducting windshield surveys in
the field.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
A wom~J sociologist was involved to explore )
womens views and their involvement in the proje-ct.
* Depending on the size of the village, an average of
20- 50 mandays were utilised in each village for
the study.
4.18 DATA ANALYSIS
* The data of the survey relating to 5,022 sample
households have been anaylsed through the use of
computers.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
CHAPTER 5
WATER USE, SANITATION AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY
5.1 SOCio-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
\
5. 1. 1 An analysis of Socio-Economic characteristics is
necessary as a basic input for proper planning and
implementation. In the present study, the salient
features of socio-economic chara.cteristic6 reh:lting to
the project objectives are analysed. A description of
the general condition of the villages studied,
follovied by the socio-economic characteristics of
sample households, is presented in this section.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
5.1. z Two hundred and eighty project villages have been
selected by the ZPs for the first phase of th~ project.
As mentioned earlier, thirty sarr!I)le villages were
identified by ZP~s from these. 280 pr9ject villages
spread over ten districts. Some of the
characteristics of these sample villages are:
population in 30 villages r&ig~ frore 1414-6726
{1981 census}
total number of households range from 220-1020
{1981 census}
20 among the 30 study villages are Mandal
headquarters
J - 13 of these villages have hamlets ranging frorri 1-15
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES 14 S:AUPU: S:TUOY (t--1-30)
13
I;;> -
II
A 10 I I
9 -I In
0
~ 7
> B Lo. 0 5 0 "' -4
3
2
UPTO 2000 2001 TO 3000 300 I TO -4000 -4001 TO 5000 OVER 5000 '
POPUL<I-TIOII -----------~
DISTRIDU'l'ION OF NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS 13
S:AIAPL( S:TUOY (t~-30)
12 ..
11
10 -,, I 9 -I I n -
In
~ 7
fl > Lo. 5-0
0 4 2.
2
0 UPTO 300 30 I TO 500 50 I TO 700 70 I TO 900 OVER 900
110. OF" HOlJSf:HOLOS -----------~
AD~UNISTRA'I'fVE STATUS OF SA!-.!PLE VILLAGES
N Qf·MANDA.L Hq (88.m!)
·•.
/ UANDIIL 11q (06.711:)
Om Co0$Wtonts(ooia)Pvt Ltd
5.1. 3
29 of these are multicaste villages
settlements are clustered castewise in all the
study villages
dispersed settlement pattern is found in Dakshina
Kannada and southern part of Shimosa districts. In
other areas, the settlements are r~lat.ively more
congested.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
~ · 17 villages have pucca approach roads / ;
-r 4 villages have both pucca. and kutcha. approach roads
9 villages have kutcha approach roads
22 villages have high school facility
4 villages have junior colleges
\'15 vi 11 ager.; have primary health centre l )2 villages have health m.tbcentre
3 villages have primary health unit
. 10 villages have no governmental health facility
all villages have domestic and commercial power supply
post and telegraph and telepho~e f~ility are available in all the villages
radio, television a~nd newspaper are well used
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES
\
PUCCA Jic (1.3.3%)
DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES HAVING
NIL (88.31'11)
PUCCA (58.7i1L)
PEC (50.0~)
.~ ~]'' c···· _J
"~ .~J
~
5. 1. 4
5.1.5
existing financial institutions~
Type
Comrrlerci al Banks
Co-operative B~iks
Number of Villages
6
1
Commercial and Co-operative Banks 2
Regional Rural Bank 9
12 villages do not have any financial institutions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS
GENDER DISTRIBUTION - RESPONDENTS
The Gender dist.ribution of respondents shovw 48 percent
being female. This varies across
regional variation is about 24~~.
the region. The
The covert;:tge of
female respondents across the region varies betv;een 36-
70 percent. {Table:l ·-Annexure- VII).
FAMILY TYPE
Nuclear and joint families represent 70 and 30 percent
respectively. Districtwise variation is higher 1n
joint families compared to
regional variations being
nuclear
27 and
respectively (Table: 1 - Annexure - VII}.
HOUSE OWNERSHIP
families. The
12 percent
Ovrrlership of dwellings in the study region reveals that
96 percent of the sample households ovm dv;ellings. The
regional variation ir; not r;ignificant (3%). {Table:Z
Annel..--ure - VI I).
23
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd. GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS
n:M.AIJi: ("' 7. 71>1:)
MAlE (52.3~)
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY FAMILY TYl"li:
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS D¥ 'IJWJULINC TVVJt
KUTCHA (22.431;)
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
~~- 1. 7
5. 1.9
5. 1. 10
TYPE OF DWELLING
The difference in types of dwelling {Table:2 - Annexure
- VII) of the sample households shows 26 percent pucca,
52 percent semipucca and 22 percent kutcha structures.
The regional variation is more with regard to pucca
structures. In case of semipuoca and kutoha structures,
regional variatiors is less.
The inter regional variations e:>..-plain that semipucoa
structures are more prevalent in southern Karnataka
and Shimoga dist.rict, and the pucca structures are
more in Northern Karnataka. In Dakshina Kannada pucca
structures are few and semipucca and kutcha structures
are almost equal.
SHlGLE VS MULTIPLE BLOCKS
Nearly 99 percent of the dwellings
households are single blocks. The
among s amp 1 e
inter-district
variation is 13 percent. Hhereas, it is at variance ~n
multiple blocks. The co-efficient of variation is as
high as 62 percent.
HOUSING VIS-A-VIS COMMUNITY COMPOSITION
The t~""Pe of housing across different caste/religion is
presented in Table:3 - Anne:>..~re - VII. It is seen
that pucca houses ,.~ary frori'l 8 percent among Scheduled
Tr·ibe to 49 percent among Vokkaliga and other farrr.ting
communities. The variation across the caste and
community groups is very high.
Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd
A I I
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0 <5 ::r::. I.IJ (f1 ;::::, 0 ::r::.
~
~ z ~ [( 1.1.1 a..
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSE STRUCTURE " BY COMMUNITY
70.---------------------------------------------------------~2
BO
50
AO
30
20
10
1 2 . 3 5 B 7 B 9 10
COMMUNITY ---------~ [ZZJ PUCCA ISS] SEMIPUCCA (@ KUTCHA
Legend : 1. Brahmins 2. Vokkaliga & other farming commun1t1es 3. Lingayats 4. Artisans 5. Others 6. Schedule Caste 7. Schedule Tribe 8. Jains 9. Muslims 10. Christians
.A.LL
)ffi Consultants (india) Pvt ltd
5.1.12
u fi. 1. 13
In case of Gemi-pucca type bour;es, the composition
varies from 39 percent in other caste group to 64
percent in Artisan group. The overall variation acroGs
different community groups is 90 percent. This
variation is more than double the variation across t.he
regions.
Similar is the case of kutcha houses. Th6 composition
varies from 10 percent in Vokkaliga and other farming
communities to 38 percent in Scheduled Tribes.
CASTE/COMMUNITY OOMPOSITION
The import.ant: c&ste/comrm.mit.y groupr.; and t.beir
composi t.ion among sample bout;eholds are shov.n be lov; in
summarised fo:r-rfi:
Caste/Comruuni-t;.y Structure /
Code Ho.
Caste/Community No. of Households
%
1 Brahmins 113 2.25 r) Linga~tats 990 19.71 l,
3 Vokkaliga & Other Agricultural C!astes 1297 25.83 4 Artisans 219 4.36 5 Other Communities '552 10.99 6 Scheduled Castes 868 17.28 7 Scheduled Tribes 177 3.52 8 Jains 85 1. 69 g Muslims 705 14.04
10 Christians 16 0.32
TOTAL 5022 100.00
Hot.e: The code numbers 1 to 10 have been consistent.ly used
in all sections of this report while referring to
caste/cormnunity group.
I i ···\ ;
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Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd
COMMUNITYWISE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOI ze
Z4
22
1 20 ) I 18 1 1 1 18 I l 1A I I
llQ lZ
!:.-' g 10
~ B
~ B
4
2
0 1
., 3 4 5 B ..... 8 g 10 "- ' COMMUNITY -----------~
Om Consultant$ (India) Pvt ltd
5. 1. 14
5. 1. 15
5.1.16
-.-:-.~
The di~trictwi~e ca~te corrmrunity composition of the
sample households is presented in Table: 4 - AnneJ..."Ure -
VII. The major comrtrunities are Vokkaliga and other
farming comnruni ties and Lingayats { 26 and 20 percent
respectively). The other large communities are
Scheduled Cast.e { 17 percent) and Muslims { 14 percent).
DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES:
The average household size of the sample households 1s
6.3. The average size in Southern Karnataka is lower
than Northern Karnataka. The sex ratio in the sample
household~ of the project districts is 930. Across the
region, it varies fro-ill 897 in Myr;ore region to 979 in
Daksbina Kannada.
The population of the 5,022 households in the study
villages is 31,659. Gender wise composition shows 48
percent are females. There is no significant variation
of fernale population between different regions~
Distribution of sample population according to
different age groups shown in Table: 5 - :~nnexure - VII
reveals that f,5 percent of the sample population are
below 15 ·years of age. In this age group, f~fiales are
27 percent indicat.ing almost equal population of males
and females in this category. Infants upto 5 years
constitute around 12 percent in the total population.
Om Consultants (india) Pvt ltd
r
AGE DISTRIBUTION - ALL DISTRICTS
2~~-------------------------------------------------~
zz
zo
16
16
12
10
6
2
o~~~_u~~~~~A-~~UL~~~~~~~~~A-~~=
s - 10 10 - 15 15 - zs 25 - :35 :35 - so so - es >85
AGE: GP.OllF &~\P.S) -----------> E::ZJ M.U.1tS . - I'JtM.ALES ~ ALL
SEX DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE POPULATION (~- :I1GG'J)
MJIL£ (52.0!1;)
LITERACY LEVELS OF SAMPLE POPULATION
roA.M,t.&. EOUCATJON (.t5.4J'1;)
ILliTERATE (50.0)
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
LITERACY
5. 1. 17 Li t.eracy level of the Garr!Ple households is 44 percent
{Table:6 -Annexure- VII). Regional variation in
total literates is 21 percent. The composition of
sample population having formal education is 40
percent. Across the districts, the variation in formal
education is 22 percent.
OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN
Table:? - Anne).."Ure - VII the occupational
pattern of the sample housheolds. Fortysix percent of
the households have agriculture as the main occupation.
Agricultural labour is the other alternate occupation
and 20 percent of the sample households depend on this
sector. Non-agricultural sector constitute percent.
12 percent of the households do not have any
occupation. They are depending on external Gources
,,
5.1.19 There is significant regional variation in different
sectors other than agriculture. The magnitude of
variations is 40-50 percent. In agricultural sector,
the regional variations are not very significant. The
inter-regional comparison in occupation of the sample
households shov;-s agriculture as the major occupation
with the except.ion of Dakshina Kannada. In Dakshina
Kannada, the sample households depend more on
" ll I;
. ,;
Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd
0 C CUP AT I 0 NAL DIS T RIB UTI 0 N
HOU5t!· '-'HOI.D 'WORK (11. ?'~)
SERVICES (5. 9::b)
OUSfN/1'91 & TRADE (1.2il6)
ARTISANS (2. "'/~)
A.GRI. LABOUR (20. lltJ
( r;{A}..(:p L1t: H 0 U !ntH 0 LD Sl)
\ \ /
/
AGRICULTURE
("16·~/.)
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF WORI( FORCE
CillLDREN (3.3%)
PBM.ALE (34-.6%)
MALE (08.1~)
Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd
5. 1. 20
[,. 1. 21
5. 1.. 22
agricultural labour. This disperit.y i£~ due t.o t.he
skewed identification of sample households in clusters.
WORKFORCE
The total workforce in the study region is 43 percent.
{Table:8 Anne:>.'Ure - VI I) . Male workforce, is '1'7 t..,
percent, female workforce is 15 percent and child
labour is 1 percent. Of the total population, 20
percent of the females are in the age group of 15-65
years, which represent.s the lf;orking age group. Only 75
pereent of females in this age group are working {i.e.
1~~~~ of the total population). The regional variation
1n workforce is high among child labour and female
workers, whereas it is insignificant among rnale
workers.
ECONOMY
One of t.he indioat.ors for identifying t.he levels of
living is the inco~e .levels. ,of the households. Table: 9
Annexure - VII present.s the distribution of sample
households across different monthly income groups. The
income of the households is estimated by taking all the
sources from which the household generates income. The
income is taken as the net income aft.er deduct.ing input
and other costs approximately.
The distribution sbows that 30 percent of t.he sample
housholds have a monthly income of more than Rs.1000;
ti
I:
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Om Consultants (lndia) Pvt Ltd
~'- 1. 23
£j. 1. ~:4
5.1.2~~
27 percent have between Rs.600-1003 and 43 percent have
less than Rs.600. It is interesting to note that in
tbe regions of
of
Mandya and Shimoga,
households in the top
there is
two income concentration
groups.
on the
This is because of the
economic levels of the
impact of
households.
irrigation
In the
Hort.hern Ka:cnataka region, it is Geen that more than 50
percent of the households are still in the lower income
groups.
The expendit-ure pattern of the sam·ple households is
presented in Table: 10 - Annexure - VII. Tbe average
annual e}.-pendit.ure is Rs. 11,547. It is seen that
food and clothing which are basic necessities for
survival is tbe major expenditure i·t.eru of
households { 5B~C: on food, 18% on clothing).
the
The
regional variation is around 17 percent for food <:md Hi
percent for clothing.
Expenditure on education is: the lowest.. Only about 5
percent of the eA~enditure is spent on education.
EA-pendit.ure on transport.at.ion is 7 percent of the tot.al
eA-penditure. Medical eA-per-.sditure is estimated around 6
percent, fo~uing part of other e~~enditure.
LIVESTOCK
Table:ll Annexure VII presents the livestock
position of the households. Sixty three percent of the
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
TRANSPORT (ti.S::t)
EDUCATION (o.O~)
CLOTHING (19.1~)
POULTRT (Z2.l~)
5lliREP (:lO .3::;;)
HHs -~CT OWNHIG AllY LIVESTOCK (36.6~)
DISTRIBUTION OF EXPE~-DITURE llY ITI!J.(Q
DISTRIBUTION OF UVESTOCK
OTHERS (4c.5~)
BUPP..UOE Cli3.1:.)
OWNERSillP OF LIVESTOCK
POOD (67 .U~)
IJ.A.TTL!l (4<J.O:.)
1-11-1•s: OWI-III-IC SOME LIVESTOCK (63.6%)
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
~ •. 2" 1
households own livestock and poultry. Average number
of livestock (excluding poultry) per household is 4.6
Regional variation in ownership of sheep is high.
Though variation in poultry ownership is high, there
are no productive poultry activities in the sample
villages. Regional variations in cattle and buffaloe
are almost. t.he same ( 29-30~0.
\~ATER USE AND SANITATION PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES
"~qater and Sanitation Schemes are no longer viewed solely as engineering projects, but also as projects of social intervention, requ1r1r1g co-operation and counseling from t.he intended beneficiaries" {Henry, 1978).
PRESENT STATUS
Ground water is an important source Hi all the study
villages. Among the 30 stud~l villages, 26 villaues are
provided with protect.ed v;ater supply schemes, 1r1 t . .be
form of Piped ~~ater Supply {P~~S), Mini \'Vater Supply
{MNS) and/or Hand Pumps {HP). In one village, people
have to depend on open tank for drinking water needs. ' ; ~ ..
Although this village has piped water· supply, it is not
being used for drinking as the water is brakish.
However, all sh1dy vi 11 ages are provided with handpump
facilities. The present status of water supply in the
study villages is shown belov? :
Humber of water
Type of Installation
Ho. of Villages
PHS
20
villages with t~~es source installations
03 03
Only HP
04
of
Private House cormections
20
!
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Om Consultants (lndiia) Pvt Ltd
WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS
Pws. & MWS (1 0.~) ·~ ---.........__----..._..___-......._.""_~
/
MWS (1 0.0~)
PWS (BB.nt)
Om. Coosultailts (India) Pvt Ltd
5.2.2.
5.2.4
r;: n r 3. £. •• 3
In addition to protected water sources, traditional
v;ater sources such as draw wells, tanks, ponds and
canals are still used widely to rneet the requirements.
~iater from draw wells with parapet walls is used as
alternative and additional source for drinking
purposes.
The traditional· wat.er sources are unreliable during
summer months. During surrrrrJer, these sources either dr:,.·
up completely or the wat.er level goes down resul t.ing in
shortage/lack of v1ater availability for other household
activit.ies in general and for liver.;t.ock in particular.
NATER USAGE
Usage of "t~ater sources for drinking and other purposes
shows variance among the sample households in the study
villages. The dependency on multiple sources is due to
lack of availability of total required water from any
single source.
DRHlKING AND COOKHtQ PURPOSES
Multiple sources are used for drinking and cooking
purpose by the sample households. The following table
gives the sourcevtise dependency of households for
drinking purpose {Det.ailed district.wise pattern 1s
shov.n in Table 12. 1 - Annexure - VII).
I om Consultants Qnctia) Pvt Ltd
~ \\ ij II
P. l:
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SOURCEWISE DEPENDENCE -DRINKING/COOJ
1'\'XLLS OTHER SOURCH:S IIP F1"fS lflVS
SOURCE -------------:>
Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd
5.2.H
Source ·
:l<:* Percentage of HHs @
Variation { ~~)
48 6
18 41
HP
23 44
52 44
:t Include : Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal.
18
101
*·* The percentages 1,1;i 11 not add to 100 due to 1
Use of rr~ltiple sources.
@ HHs = Households
Regional variations {Table:12.1- Annexure- VII) in
the usage of above sources vary from 18 percent {PHS)
to I!'iOre than 100 percent {other t::ources) .
The sourcewise dependency var~es in different districts
according tG the availabilit.y of wat.er from different.
sources. Dependency on PNS is high {'?I) ' .... percent)
Mandya district. Nearly 50 percent of t.he sample
household-s in the villages of Mysore district have
access onl::r to bandpumps. Dependency on other surface
water sources in the three villages of Raichur district
is as high as 71 percent. This is due to brakish and
saline v;ater qual it~.· of underground sources.
In Dak.shina Kannada, the major water source is tbe drav1
well. Piped water supply is absent in the study
villages of this district. This is because of the
dispersed settlement pattern. Handpumps are used in
Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd
SOURCE··w·IsE DEPENDENCE OTHER PURPQE A I 60~------------------------~~~~------~ l I l I I I 4-0 I I
~ a ~ 30 9 ....
~ ... 0
10
PWS JdWS RP WELLS OTH:ERS
SOURCE --------->
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
5.2:.9
5. 2:. 10
5.2.11
few hamlets v1here settlement.s are clustered. These are
mostly Janatha housing colonies.
OTHER PURPOSES~
l~ater usage under this cat.egory {Table 12.2 - AnneJo..\lre
VII) includes bathing, washing of clothes, vessels,
band washing, wat.ering of gardens, cat.tle feeding and
animal washing. \~ater is used for other purposes also
from multiple sources. The table belo.,.,. gives the
sourcewise dependency for other purposes.
Souroewioe dependence - other purposes
Source HP \~ells Others :t:
**: Percent.age of HHs 39 5 50 37
Variation {~0 33 51 40 41
;J: Includes: Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal.
;t;r: P-ercentage wi 11 not add to 100 due to use of mult.iple sources
Sourcewise dependency· varies v;ithin each district.
Dependency on P~~S is very high in Raiohur district
{73%) and zero in D.K. district. Dependency on 'dells
· ~·gh · B'd {~4~' D K {~,~%'), ~··lbarga ~~s~~~' lS ver-:/ 111 ln "1 ar lj "ot 1 • • v "''-' ~v vl
and Belgaum { 61~G).
Regional variat.ion is noticed in the use of different
sources between drinking and other purpose. Variat.ion
across the districts in t.be use of P\qs for drinking
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
5. 2. 12
5.2. 13
purpose is less than for other purpose use. High
variation in case of usage of PHS for other purposes is
due to brakish and Gal ine quality of wat.er
{particularly in Raichur district where PNS is mainly
used for other purposes) .
ONNERSHIP OF ~~ATER SOURCES
The ownership of water sources such as v1ells and
private house connections by the sample households is
given in Table: 13 {Anne).."Ure - VII). Only ten percent
of the sample households in 20 of the study villages
spread over nine districts ov;n privat.e house
connections. The villages in D.K. are not having
private house connections as there are no piped water
supply schemes existing at present.
Around three percent of the total sample households are
owning wells. ~qells {bot.h public and private) are a
major source in D.K. Even here {D.K.), among ..._. vne
sample households· {514), only' 6 percent. o¥m v;ells.
This is because of the larger representation of cluster
houses in the hamlet.s in t.he surveyed sample
particularly .Janatha housing colonies, -v,·here the
dependency is on comr!1un i ty v;e 11 s and handpumps.
Generally, the settlements in D.K. are dispersed and
independent in nature, and comprise mostl~l of farr!i
houses which have private wells.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
: .. 2. 15
5.2.16
5.2.17
COLLECTION PRACTICES
i~ater for domestic use is generally collected by women
assisted by children. Men also help in collection of
water from
inadequacy.
male labour
distant sources during the time
In case of higher income groups,
is being employed to collect wat.er
of
hired
from
distant sources. ~~ater is collected daily, mostly
during mornin1:t and evening hours. Insufficient water
availability from any single source bas lead the
hmweholds to depend on multiple sources, to fetch tbe
required quantity of water.
TIMING OF WATEH SUPPLY
~'Vater supply t.imings in case of PWS {Public Standpost
and Private cormection} is neither uniforri'J nor regular
due to fluctua·tions in power supply. Tbe supply timings
are generally limit.ed to 1 - 2 hours in the rnornings.
There has been no user consultation on timings.
In some regions water supply is made available for an
hour both during morning and evening. During summer
the duration of water supply varies depending on t.be
availability.
DISTANCE
Distanee to different vtat.er sourees {other than the
sources located within the premises of households)
varies. The average distance to the water source in
1m Consultants _\India) Pvt Ltd
5.2.18
5.2. 19
5.2.20
the project villages ranges from 100 metres in case of
P~'iS to 770 metres in case of traditional sources such
as ponds, tanks and canals.
The table b~low shows the sourcewise average distance
traversed :
Sourcewise average distance travelled
Source PNS MHS HP ~~ells Others * Average Distance
{in metres) 101 146 231 261
:t. Includes : Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal.
NUMBER OF TRIPS
'?'?'i I I I
The households v;ith an average size of 6. 3 perGons have
to make 15 trips in a day to collect the day~s water
requirement. The number of trips made to various water
sources in a day vary from 8-31 across the regions.
The highest ir:: in D.K. due to high usage of water for
other purposes mainly for bathing activity.
Villafters bathe twice. a . d~~· in this region. {Table: 14
in Annexure - VI I) .
TIME TAK'"EN TO COLLECT WATER
The average time taken in a day to collect water
varies from region to region depending on the distance,
number of sources and the consumption level. Majority
of the households collect water during morning time
for 2-3 hours, when major requirement of water for the
day is collec..k.ed. The households spend 30 minutes to 1
1 I I '
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II 1
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
TIMING FOR WATER COLLECTION (PERCENTAGE Or HOUSEHOLDS)
EVENING (33.3!1ti)
MORNING (45.8~,
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[1, 2. 21
I' I
I I I I
I I I I I
L) (.J 0.. _J
hour 1r1 the evenings to fulfil the shortage of
availability during the morning hours.
WATER CONSUMPTION
~~ater consumption for domest.ic purposes {drinking and
cooking, other purposes including bathing of animals,
washing clot.hes, etc. ) from all the sou~ces is
estimated approximately at 45 Ltrs Per Capita per Day
{LPCD). The districtwise consumption/avail ab i l i t.y
levels vary bet..,;een 29 LPCD in Belgaum to 58 LPCD in
D.K. The low figure in Belgaum is due to inadequate
water availabilit·y from P~~S and absence of sufficient
traditional sources. In D.K. there is higher·
dependency on tradi t.ional sources such as 'Vlells. {Table
15 in Annexure - VI I for details). The districtwise
per capita dai l~· water consumption is shovm graphically
in figure below.
PERCAPITA DAILY WATER CONS1JMPTION DISTRICTWI!bi: IW LPCD
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5.2.22
1 I
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l I I I I
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The dai l~l water availability/consumption levels 8!c!"iOng
different cast .. e/corMf!Unity groups va-r.l from 32-62 LPCD
in the project districts. This is shovm graphically in
Figure 2. It cErr1 be observed that the consurr~tion level
generally decreases along the hierarchical order of the
cast.e groups { 1. - 7) .
PER CAPITA l)AILY WATER CONSUMPTION 5'"i;jQM ALL. SOURC£S - COMMUWITYW!Sii:
1 2 3 4 5 B 7 B 9 10 ALL
COMMUNITY GROUP -------------:>
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5.2.23
5.2.24
However, inter-regional variations are observed in
water consumption of the caste/community groups.
Among the Brahmins the per day consurrfPtion varies from
42 LPCD 1n Belgaum region to 86 LPCD in Bangalore
{rural) region. Likewise, among Lingayats it l.G 34
LPCD in the Belgaum region and 60 LPCD in the Mandya
region. Vokkaliga and farming caste groups have water
consumption of 25 LPCD in Belgaum region compared to 64
LPCD in Bidar region. The consuufPtion W!iong scheduled
caste households varies from 23 LPCD in Belgaum region
to 46 LPCD in Bangalore (Rural) and D.K. regions.
Among the ~1us lim community the regional consumption
level varies from 20 LPCD in Belgaum to 58 LPCD in
Mandya region. Similar variations exist among other
cast.e/cornmuni ty groups.
HANDLING AND STORAGE OF HATER
Handling and storage of •,.;ater for household purposes in
general and for drinking/cooking in part.icular is
practiced H> a systematic manner which 1s seen as a
traditional heritage among all the sample households.
Nater for drinking/cooking is being stored in earthen,
copper
modern
and brass metal pots normally. The advent of
era has ushered in stainless steel and plastic
containers in the form of pots, drums, buckets and
other large containers, s lov1ly replacing the
traditional copper/brass wares in the rural households.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
The advent of stainless steel and plastic '-dares was
also found to be advantageous to the households in
terms of cost, cleanliness and effort, {Particularly
plastic containers are lighter in weight). This is
more so in the case of economically weaker and working
class households. The location of stored water for
drinking and cooking is normally the kitchen, v;hich i't;
a traditional practice and faci l i t.ates easy
access i bi l i t.y.
The storage of v;·ater for bathing and other purposes 1.s
mainly in earthen pots,, followed by storage in copper.
and brasc vessels: Alur,:;.inium, metal and cement/stone
troughs are also used for storage. These containers
are placed in the bathrooms or in front/backyard of the
houses.
CHARACTERISITCS OF ~~ATER SOURCES AVOIDED
Avoidance of certain wat.er sources for different
reasons is found in all the study d ist.ricts. The
fact.ors relating t.o avoidance of water sources are: long
distfu--sce, more waiting time, vlater quality and other
social factors.
Om Consultants :India) Pvt Ltd
E"s.2.27
5.2.30
The following table gives the number of sample
households avoiding some of the water sources due to
different reasons.
Source avoided and reasons for avoidance
Sources Avoided
Reason for avoidance ~u:
-----------------------------------~--------
Public standposts
MHS
Handpump
~~ells
Other ~
Long distance
14
3
22
160
79
~~ater quality not good
0
0
17
74
8
* Includes: ponds, tanks, canals and river.
:t:l Figures represent. number of households
Social factors
14
5
33
153
0
About 12 percent of the sample households have
expressed different reasons for not using some of the
existing wat.er sources. Distance of t.he ~later sources
from the living place is a major reason {6 percent).
Social factors such as caste discrimination, frequent
quarelling among the users are some of the reasons
eh~ressed by the households {4 percent). This was
mainl~l among scheduled caste and other v;eaker sections.
Around 2 percent of the £~ample households have stated
bad quality of water as reason for avoiding some
sources.
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~~. 2. 31
~~. 2. 32
f>. 2. 33
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF EXISTING WATER SUP'PLY
SYSTEMS
At present operation and maintenance responsibilit.ies
rest v;i th the Mandal Pe.nchayats. All Mandal Panchayats
have appointed operators commonly called as ·'Hater
man'. The operator is incharge of water supply and
maintenance of installations of piped water supply and
miniwater supply systems.
PWS
The operation of the exist.ing piped wat.er supply syst.em
is by pumping v;ater from the ground water source to the
elevated st.orB.Jg"e reservoir or to the ground level
storage reservoir. The st.or&ge capaci t.y of these
reservoirs varies from 50,000 litres to
litres. In som1e of the villages, the full capacit.y of
the reservoir i,s not utilised due to inadequate ground
water potential and also due to fluctuations in pov<er
supply. Few villages {Belgaum/Shimoga) do not have
storage reserviors and water is directly supplied from
the main v;at.er Gource.
The water is diGtributed through public standposts and
private house cormections. As t.he piped water supply
schemes in most. of the villages are 15-20 years old,
tbe distribut.ion systems do not function properly,
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leading to wastage of water. Leakages, damages and
worn out pipes are caused often because of mishandling
bz,.· the users. It has been obsen·ed. that. inordinate
delay takes place in replacing parts;
particularly in case of replacement of accessories
for public standposts. In many villages, it has been
observed that most of the public standposts have no
taps. This causes wastage of water near the supply
source.
MWS
5.2.34 Operation of Miniwater Supply systems is also looked
after by the waterman. There is no control system near
the cisterns and wastage of water is obsen·ed. As the
cisterns have storage capacity of about 5,000 litres,
the water is pumped twice a day in order to facilit.at.e
water availability both during morning and evening
hours.
In some areas t.he ground v;ater sources are located
outside the villages at a considerable distance.
~i/astage & leakage of water is observ·ed near the source.
In one village, the cowherds had damaged the main line
pipes so as to get water for the cattle leading to
v,·astage of v;ater near the source and resulting low
pressure at distribution points. This is primarily due
to lack of drinking water facility for animals.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
5.2.36
~~. 2. 33
f;. 2. 39
HANDPUMPS
The other protected \of'ater source, viz., Handpump is also
maintained by the Mandal Panchayat. Though handpumps
are found in all the study villages, many of these are
not functioning due to bad handling by the users,
mechanical failures and also dr!-·ing up of the water
source.
The maintenance of handpumps 1s very poor in all the
places in the study area. Nearly 30-40 percent of
handpurl'iPS have become non-functional.
The main reasons for the present status are:
* Bad handling b~l users due t.o lack of education 1n
proper usage - result.ing in frequent breakdowns.
Delay :tn procuring required spares due t.o
administrative procedures.
* Non-availability of t.echnical per·sons at Mandal
level and dependence on the ZP Engineering sub
division. ;
~: Inadequat.e at t.ent ion/ ernpb as is paid to the
maintenance function by concerned agencies.
In some of t.he sarnple study villages, caretakers,
trained in HP maintenance, were not utilised by the
Mandal Panohayat.s. In the remaining villages, trained
caretakers v;ere not available.
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5.2.40
~i. 2. 41
5. ~~. 1
There is no maintenance committee either formal or
informal, for any of the water supply systems. User
groups have not thought about such arrangements at any
place.
COMJ.:fUNITY ACTION
In some of the st-udy areas it is stated that because of
the delay in repairing the systems {example: breakdown
of main line systems) the community, viz., the leaders
of the village including mandal pradhan and members
have repaired t.be system. To quote anot.her incidence,
in one of the villages 1n Hysore region, the community
collected the funds f:r·om the households 1n the village
1n order ·to drain v;ater from a canal to the village
tank. Here, the yout.h c~lub members of t.he villagE:
were actively involved in fund generation and also in
digging a feeder channel. Examples of such nat.ure
reveal that the community can be involved ·~ l.l.. properly
motivated and when need is felt, their participation is
possible.
SANITATION
Sanitat-ion is tbe means for prevention of diseases by
eliminating or controlling the environmental factors
which fortrt links 1n the chain of transmission.
Improper excreta disposal, garbage disposal and seweage
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wastes are some of the activities for transmission of
diseases. Excreta disposal, soil pollution and the
propert.ies of soil are closely relat-ed.
SANITARY LATRINES
The general statur:: of latrines in all the thirty
villages is poor. Only eleven villages have ciornmunity
latrines; that t.oo of non-sanitan· type. They are
based on open pit system. Pig system {usage of pigs t.o
clean the faecal r1satter) and closed type cubicles are
found in Northern Karnataka. In most areas, the
community 1 atrines are not being used and the 1 at.rines
are in a dilapidated condition.
f,. 3. 3 The present defecation practice is mostly use of open
grounds. ~~~ater is carried in most of the areas. In
some areas people have to vmlk long dist.ances in search
of open ground for defecation . ~1en and v1omen are . ,,
abused if found defe<~at.ing on privat.e lands. Children
defecat.e at available space. In Southern
Karnatal::.a, i1ien generally go for defecation near the
open wat.er sources, like ponds, t.anks and canals. In
case of women, though t.hey go for open ground
defecation, they do not use water from the open sources.
The use of private latrines in t.he st:t.ldy area is very
low. This ,
1s oec~ause of low priorit~~. low
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affordabi 1 i ty, lack of space and traditional beliefs
against having latrines within the premises . It is
seen that only about. six percent among the sample
households are owning some type of private latrines.
{Table:16- Annexure- VII). It varies from 3 percent
in Gulbarga region to 12 percent. in Belgaum region.
Use of privat.e latrines is found only among Vokkaligas,
Lings.yats, Brahmins, and Muslims.
Tbe different. types of private lat.rines and t.be cost.
incurred for the construction is presented in Table:17
Annexure VII. Of the six percent of sample
households having private latrines, 2 percent are
having single pit pourflush t.ype and 4 percent. ar-e
having Bucket type. The cost incurred for the single
pit pourflush t.ype vary bet.-v;een Rs 1, 000-3,000.
Fiftynine percent of t.he sample households incurred a
cost of Rs 1,000-1,500 and 29 percent incurred a cost
About 12 percent have invested
between Rt:.~ 2 , :.'300- 3, lZJOO. The cost incur:r·ed for Bucket.
type is less than Rs. 1,000.
Table:lS Annexure - VII presents the sources of
finru1ce for construction of private latrines. About. I
33:3 percent of the households have availed
Government subsidy. The rest of the households owning
latrines have invested from their own sour·ces.
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5.4 iHLLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER AND SANITATION
~'iATER SUPPLY - \'HLLINGNESS TO PAY
5.4.1 By and large there is only a limited practice of direct
cost sharing for public utility services at present.
More so for water facility, because of the traditional
belief that "The water is perceived as nature·'s gift to
the mankind". Also many feel that the provision of
wat.er is tbe ret~ponsibility of the Government .. Hence,
access to water free of cost has been considered as
.. tbe right' .
/~t present., the Mandal Pancbayat.s at. the village level
are maintaining t.he improved water s:.•s·tems.
organisations are charging the users for public
distribution and also for private house connection£~.
For public standposts, a nor1sinal charge of Rs.l.00-3.00
r.ser annum is being collected along with the house tax,
:ror all the bcruseholds., A conce~sional charge of 2~~-50
paise per annum is charged for scheduled caste and
scheduled t.ribe households. For private house
conneetions, in addition to tbe deposit money of Rs.40-
30:3, a monthly fixed v-;ater tariff is levied towards
operation and maintenance costs. This varies across
the regions between Rs.3-10 per month. However, lS
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
5.4.3
' .I .. , . ....,
noticed that the collection of this tariff 1s often
poor. In some areas overdues for the past 2-3 years is
reported.
The proposed project. envisages to augment the present
vmter availability from 20 LPCD to 40 LPCD in case of
public standposts and from 40 LPCD to 70 LPCD for
private 4-' connecv1ons. In order to promote a sense of
r-esponsibility and corfmii tment among tbe users, is
felt that the total costs of orleration and maintenance
should be borne by the comrnunity itself.
The v;illint:~ness of the community to pay monthly tariff
towardr..; wat.er usage f.·md maint.enance bEts been arwlysed
according to the preferred v;ater systemf; {Tabl-e: 19
Annexure - VI I) . The analysis reveals t.bat. 76 per·cent
of the sample households are willing to pay if they are
provided v;itb improved water syst.ems. About 17 percent.
of t.he households have e:>..-pressed their unwillingness to
Among
the households willing to pay, the willingness ranges ... from Rs. 5 to Rs. 2 monthly. 6 3 percent of t.he sample
households are willing to pay up·to Rs.10 monthly. ~ '\ vn.l.y
13 percent have e:h-presr:;ed their willingness to pa.y
betv;een Rs. 10-20 monthly.
I I I I !
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WILUNGNESS TO PAY-HOUSE CONNECTIONS I>CRCC:NTACC OF" TOTAL s:AI..CI>LC (I..C-6022)
RLio /1-COI..CTW (3B.V!Ii:)
RS.5 /UONTH (~&. 61.)
RS.B /MOt~TH ~ WILUNGNESS TO PAY - PWS
l>li:RCii:NTACC OF" TOUL S:"-I..CPLC (N-6022)
RS.~ /MONTH (10.2\;)
WILUNGNESS TO PAY - MWS l>li:RCii:NTACI: OF" TOTAL 5:AMI>U: (1-l-5022.)
/I..CONTW (.21.2st:)
"'3.0 /"'OHTH (ts2
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5.4.5 Nearly 93 percent of the sample households have shown
preference for improved v;oe.ter supply S:!lSt.ems. About
seven percent of the sample households have no specific
preference to anz..,· system. Only 3 percent of the sample
households who have already private house connections
have preferred some alternat.e sourcec also.
Source wise preference along with v,·illingness t.o pay
for different water sources is given in the following
Table.
SOURCENISE PREFERENCE AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY (WATER)
FHC
Pi~S
HI~S
Hand pumps
Tota.l
Note:
7;. Households Preferring
60%
19~G
1 r)OJ' .l.l..'(J
2%
93%
% Households vti 11 ing to pay
56~~
11%
7!J~
2%
76%
Monthly Payment Rs.5 Rs.8 Rs.10
20. 6~(. ,.... -o,. ... i . .j," 16. 3~£
8.1% 1. 1~~ 1. 6~~
4.1% 1. 4% 1. 1%
1. 1% 0.2% 0. 4~;
33.9% 10.0% 19.4%
The above table shows t.hat Private House Conneetions
{PHC) is preferred by 60~~ of t.he sample households
The sou:r·ce wbich i;:; least. preferred is the ha.ndpump.
This is because, most sample villages already enjoy a
PHS. Also the existing handpumps are not ~delding good
quality and sufficient water. And also, many of the
handpumps are not vwrking properly. So also, the
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willingness to pay for different sources. Among the
households willing to make monthly paJt''Tuent for
different sources, majority are willing to pay Rs.5 to
Rs.l0 for private house connections. For other sources,
a negligible nur;iber of households bave agreed to pay
upto Rs.10 monthly.
Another criterion for measuring the affordability is the
H.ICome 1 eve 1 of the households. Willingness to pay
among the sample households according to monthly income
level is shown in the following table.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY BY MONTHLY INCOME LEVELO~ATER)
Ir • .:::or;,e level , i~r.;/~·bnt.h)
Total HouGeholds Households >,.lilling to pay Rs. Es
Amount Rs.8 Rs. 10
i.h•\..(1 R:G 100 49~ 3~:. 1. 5;;(. 0. 4~(. 0. 87:.
lC·l - 350 1 ':)0(
"'""' go.• '" 5. 8~~ 0.9% 1. g~:.
~ ..-., '-1 ...._, .l. - 6D0 r1-o' .l..tl..-t 187~ 9.3% 2.4% 4.6%
601 - 1000 27% 20% 8. 6~~ 3. 4~~ 5. 3~~
1000+ 30% r.:-o..' .t.:tl..-o 8. '?"'-' 2. 95':. 6.8% I 10
----------------------------r-------------~---------------------Total 100% 33.9% 10.0% 19. 4~(.
From t.he above table it. can be inferred t.hat higher
the 1ncome level greater the willingness to pay.
Table:20 AnneJ..."Ure VI I gives det.ails of the
willingness to pay' at different levels of income.
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Zone
SANITATIOH
PRIVATE LATRINES
About 48 percent of the sar!iple households prefer to
have Private Latrines. The following Table gives the
pattern of cost r;baring.
Percent of sample houGeholds willing to share , the cost of private latrine
Tot.al HHs
HHs willing to contribute
Ho.
Percent share of cost 100% 75% 50% 25%
-----------------------------------------------------------------T 1505 903 60 0 . £") 0. 6 '? 3 51. g .l.. £.. I •
II 1fll4 725 48 0. 3 6. 3 41. 4 • • T 2003 758 38 1 1 6. 1 11. 9 18. 9 l.). .i. .l.. .l..
/~ ll ....... ,...,.r• I.•L'•l~.,:.;.. 5022 2386 48 0. 5 3.0 9.0 3f>. t"l
Note: Zone I Bangalore {R}, Mysore, !-fandya districts Zone II Shimoga, Belgaum, D.K. districts Zone III: Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur, Bellary districts.
The above table reveals that majority of the households
are willing to share only 25 percent of capital cost . , ' I
for private 1 atri nes. The trend of wi 11 i ngness to cost.
Gbar-ing is based On the approximate COSt for a tv;inpit
pourflush latrine being Rs. 200'..3. {Table: 21 - AnneJ...."Ure
- VII).
" 5.4.H It. can be observed that. the willingness to share t.he -
cost is highest in Zone I {comprising of Bar1glaore {R),
Mysore and Mandy a dist.ricts) and least in Northern
" /'
COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES
" 19 I I Ul I 17 I I Ul I Ui I
I I u
I I I rc 13
I~ 2 12
I 0 11 :z: Ill 10 !b
I ;J 9
I I> 0 a :. ll: ' 7 I II.
6
I 0
Ill /j
~ 4-
a IQ a ~ 1 111 0 c..
100~ 76~ 60~ ali~
~ ll!URE or COST ---------->
j: COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES ~ {{)
(ZONE - ;I)
I I I I
{0
I I 36 I
~
~ 30
g :35 Ill
"' ::J ',, 0 ao
!I:
c:. 16 0
l!l
~ 10
6 6 tt. Ill (l, 0
100:1: 76~ 60:. ali~
~ S!URE or COST ----------)
COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES A 60 (ZONB - 1)
I I I I I 00 I I
01
~ .c.o 0 !!: Cl fl) 30 ::> g it.
010 0 111
~ 10 ~
6 tt. 1!1 tJ. 0
100~ 76!1: 60~ 26~
:0.: S!URE Or COST ---,.----->
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5.4.10
•. 4. 11
~~. 4. 12
Karnataka {comprising of Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur and
Bella~· districts}. Apparently closeness to urban
areas and prevailing socio-economic status have an
important role to play in determining the v;il1ingness
to pay for sanitary latrines.
It 1s interesting to note that in Northern Karnataka,
even t.hough t.he overall response is the least, few
households are v.-illing to share as much as 75 - 1007~ of
the cost. In all other regions, t.be majority are
willing to share cost upto 25% only.
It should be noted bere t.hat the respondents share of
cost includes their 1 abour cont.ri but ion. Very fev;
would be willing t.o contribute by way of cash.
COMMUNITY LATRIHES
Nearly 84 percent. of the sample households are, willing
to accept the concept of community latrine. {Table:22 -
ArmeJ...\.lre - VII). Before one comes to any hasty
conclusions, it is necessary to understand people's
concept of a 'communi ·ty 1 atrine' .
the term community latrine, is not a public latrine.
Community latrines, according to the people, should be
meant only for a limited number of neighbouring
households of t-he same caste group. A castewise
variat.ion in tbe preference for such corm1runit.y latrines
is observ·ed. It varies from 59 percent among Brahmins
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5. 4. 13
Total No. of HHs
5022
5.5.1
to 92 percent among Scheduled Caste groups. The inter-
regional variation reveals that preferences range from
60 percent in Shimoga region to 98 percent in Mandya
region.
The following table gives the pr·eferred peyrr1Emt pat.tern
for corr~unity latrines.
Preferred payment pattern for oo~trunity latrines
PaJ.Uient pattern Preference
84%
Monthly Fee
{ Maint. )
Fixed Fee
{Maint. )
Labour Contribution
{ Cqnstn.)
19%
It c~an be noticed frmn t-he above table that >w·;bile half
of the households preferring community latrines are
willing to p8J.o· a monthly fee for rliaintenance, Only lf,
percent have opted for fixed fee and 19 percent for
labour contribution towards construct.ion. Since the
total 'fiorkforce ir,; only 43 percent,·: surplus manpov;er
available within the household is limited. Apparent-ly
people prefer to contribute labour for the construction
of their O\tt"ri private latrines rather than towards
construction of community latrines.
:> OOMENS VIENS OH HATER AND SANITATION
A close observation of water and sanitation situation
in the study areas reveals that women are the carriers
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of water, managers of '<'i'&ter use and in general
guardians of their households in terms of water use
decisions. Having the rhythm of all dai lJt tasks
dependent on the fetching of v;ater {resulting in
shortage of time available for other activities), women
plan their day to day activities depending on daily
water requirrflent and availability. It is observ·ed that
married women and young girls are predominant in water
collection.
~~omen some areas expressed that the water
availability from the traditional sources becomes
increasingly difficult during summer mont.hs {Hareh,
April and May) and they have to go farther to fetch
water for their daily minimal needs. This situat.ion is
more so in case of women of scheduled castes and ot.ber
v.·eaker section households. This is because their
accessibility to number of v;ater sources is limited.
5. ~~. 3 The dependence on unprotect.ed open water sources for
drinking water is obsen·ed among the women of scheduled
castes households. This is due to lack of
accessibility to protected v;ater supply sources.
5.5.4 Homen dependent on handpumps have e:>..."Pressed that the;,.·
spend more time in water collection 1 as pumping of
water requires ext.ra ph~·sical effort and 'f'alking long
distances. The dependency on handpumps at the hamlets
is more.
H I I
I' l I ~ Ji
I! lr I!
i :[ :·
I'
.I
'I .I
TIME SCHEDULE OF A \<lOMAN -
DAILY ACTIVITY PAlTERN OF A WOMAN AGRICULTURAL LABOURER
Lakshmamma, a woman agricultural labourer, describes her activitie' around the clock on a typical day to be as follows:
21:00 Goes to sleep. ~
20:00 . . Evening meals. Plates and Utensils . \ 5:00 are washed.
. 19:00 ~ 6,00
r----Wake-up time, To walk 1 Km defecation.
Bath in the cattleshed • ~ r Water & fodde Clothes are washed. ~ 'All to cattle. 18:00 • ~ 2200 Water is fetched from ----~ 2000
handpump. 7:00
17:00 _ A 1800 • 600 .....-v cattle is col] Evening meal is ~ '1: the next d;:;y t.
Grass & foddeJ
prepared. ~ 1 11 k * . 1600 800 upto or 2 ·
16:00 ~ 8:00 lo/alks Home. _,.. ~· l.dOO ,..,,..., IOOJ . ._
______.., ~ vv Water is fetch ~ from the only
14:00 /' ~-Q \ that is locate
Work period7--------/ I ~ ~-::~:O the home.
13:00 10:00 Lunch time. Lakshmamma ~orks
as an agricultural labourer.
Meals prepan a family of 7
Lakshmamma belongs to a Scheduled Tribe community. She resides • in a hamlet in Udigala Village (Mysore District).
* Firewood is collected either while returning home from work or in the early morning~
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5.5.5 Homen in all the study areas e>..-pressed that it is their
responsibility to identify the water sources with 'good
quality of water' for drinking purpose. In case of
usage of water sources for other purposes, women
choose a particular source. The reasonr;· given for
this choice vary from place to place such as the
nearnesr:: of the sources, perception of water qual i t.y
etc.
\~omen in all st.udy areas felt. the need for irli:proved
wat:er sources. Especially women belonging t.o S.C. and
S. T. community have €),:pressed preference for PNS.
~qomen in most of the study areas felt the need for
provi£;ion of proper platform& for public Gt.andpoG·ts.
The safety and privacy for defecation by women is an
import. ant factor for the location and t.irfle of
defecation. The following table gives the place a."ld
time o£ defecation for women in the sa1nple hour;eholds.
Place and time of defecation for women
Time Place
Before 7 AM
After B PM
At ot.her Total times
Open Ground
Private Latrine
Community Latrine
Total
2488 {50)
160 {3} 142 {3)
2790 {56)
936 {19)
11 {Neg)
16
963 {19)
1052 {20}
128 {3) 89
{2)
1269 {25)
Note: 1. Figures in brackets are percentages; 2. Ne..t. : HAI11~r~-ihl=
4476 {89}
299 {6) 247 {5}
{100)
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·woMEN - PLACE FOR DEFECATION
CO:t.aruNITY I.A.TRINE (5.~) ---....--..-
WOMEN - TIME FOR DEFECATION
OTH!:~ (2~. 0111S)
0
BEfORE 7.6..M. ~
( ~t6.0/.)
l.rT£R e. ~.u. (t g_o~)
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
5.5.8 ~~omen in 89% of the sample households used open ground£::
for defecation. Open ground 1s mostly public and
private lands in the outskirts of the village. In 6%
of the households women used private latrineG located
within the premises. Corrm!Unity latrine is used by
women in 5% of the households. A:-nong tbe v;omen going
for open ground defecation, preferred going before
7 a.m., 195"~ in the night time and 257~. v;ent at any tirne
found convenient to t.hem.
~1. 5. g The acceptance of latrines within the prernises is low
ar110ng the Lingayat. women in Nort.bern Karnataka due to
t.hei r religious beliefs. Nomen in D.K. felt that open
defecation 1s not. a problem because set.tlement.s are
dispersed and plenty of bu;:.:hes provided some pri vac;,;
for women. In all crt.her f:ireas, privacy 1s an impor·tant
concern for women. Even in D. K. many v;omen are
apprebensi ve of future unrestrict.ed availability of
Government lands for defecation.
Muslim women found it difficult t.o go for open ground
., ~ """-. a.e.)._eca .... 'lon due to social restrictions. Heed for
private latrines is high due to eveteasing, lack of
privacy and other related social problems when women go
for open ground defecation.
5. 5. 11 ~;~omen felt that communit;y latrines should b? separate
They said that. t.be main reason for poor
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utiliGation of existing community latrines is the bad
maintenance and lack of water facilit;,-. ~~omen have
expressed a r;trorjg need for urinals and latrines near
school, anganwadi with adequate water supply,
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6. 1
6. 1. 1
(; 1 . 2
G. 1. 3
G. 1. 4
6.1.5
CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
ROADS
The approach roads to villages in the study region are
as follov1s:-
Pucca roads
Part Pucca/Part Kut.cha roads
Kutcha roads
17 villages
4 villages
9 villages
Most of the road£~ -...-.ithin the villages and the roads
leading to the hamlets are kut.cha and are in very bad
cordi tion.
The village roads are badly maintain<:~ v;it.h r.nany pits
and resulting in difficulties in traversing them.
In Dakshina Kannada, as the settlements are of
dispersed type, most of the roads leading to these
settlements are uneven in nature.
Due to stagnation of v;ater during rfionsoons, these
kutcha roads are hazardous to traverse.
DRAINAGE
Provision of drains has not. received high priorit.y.
This ha·s resulted in only few isolated drains being
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provided for the entire village in all villages of t.he
stud~· region. In some areas of t~orthern Karnataka
drains of burnt stone masonry were found.
Even though the waste water is effectively drained out
of the houses, there has been no concerted effort by \
the group or community to drain the waste water from
the settlement.
6.2.3 The domest.ic soakpits are found traditionally popular
in come areas of North Karnataka. They were mainly
closed storage pits of an average depth of f1 feet.
These pits are opened once in 10i15 years for cleaning.
The people in these areas are not aware of sanit.ary
soakpits.
~.2.4 In some of the t:.;ettlementr; of weaker sections tbe wast.e
Vlater is utilised to Vt'ater t.he trees adjacent to the
house. This has helped in keeping ·the surroundings
cleaner and greener around these houses.
Hamlets are characterised by the absence of drains.
There is no comprehensive and integrated drainage
system found in any village of t.be study area.
MAINTENANCE
6.2.7 Drains are not. regularl~· cleaned by the households due
to the belief that, cleaning the drains would lead t.o
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hcmdling of neighbours sewage which is undesirable.
6. 2 .. 8 Availabilit~/ of the required manpower {scavengers) for
maint.enance of drains is low.
6.2.9 No regular cleaning of drains owing to a "blame-it-on-
the-others" attitude.
6. 2.10 Open type drains are perceived as problematic by the
households owning cattle and carts, as it. makes cat.tle
and cart movement difficult.
G. 2. 11 In the narrov; bye-1 anes, owing to the lack of
sufficient space, the area available for provision of
drainages is 1 imi ted.
G.2. 12 In some of the study areas, few households have
constructed dr£1.ins adjacent to t.heir houses at their
ovm expense.
WASTE DISPOSAL
6.3. 1 \~aste that comprised of animal dung is st.acked either
in heaps or in small '+. Pl'-'S and disposed/used
periodically.
6. :3.2 In some area£~ of Dakshina Krumada it has been obr;erved
that households o~ning cattle dump the garbage along
with animal dung within the catt.le-shed and cover it.
with straw. Thus, they have an indigenous compost pit
within the cattle-shed.
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An interesting waste disposal pattern was observed
amongst congested households wit . .b lack of space for
waste disposal in Southern Karnataka. In such areas
t.be botwebolds had identified heaps in accordance to
their household location at a distance from their
living quarteis. These beaps wer·e sit.uated on the
peripher~y of the villages.
In some areas, owing t.o the lack of open space wit.hin
the household for v;aste disposal, these households bad
encroached on to the roadG wi tb t.beir vlaste heaps.
This affected the flow of traffic or; these roads.
In some areas even though local authorities have tried
preventing the people from disposing vi'acte on
government. 1 ands, these meesures have not proved
successful .
Hence, from the above observations it can be seen that
"waste ic not vt'asted" and is effectively stored,
periodically collect.ed and well used as manure.
HASHING HABITS
i~ASHING OF CLOTHES
It has been observed that >.,;ashing of clothes varies
according to the acces-s and availability· of v1ater
sources.
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6.4.2 Hashing of clothes is mainly done near tanks, ponds and
other open sources since this is found more convenient
than collecting water and then washing it at home.
6.4.3 Howe\>·er, houses which had privat.e houGe cormec.-tions
were found to have small stone slabs within/near their
premises and they used it for washing of clothes.
6.4.4 In some of the areas vi'here the open sources were at a
long distance, it bas been obser·ved that washing of
clothes v;as done near handpumps and public standposts.
More than eighty five percent of the sample households
used some cleaning agent for cleaning clothes. The
tmi t. prices for t.hese cleaning agent.s vc:tried from Rs. 2
- Rs.5.
6.4.6 The cleaning agent used is essent.ially Detergent Soap
or Soap Po\lt'Cler. In some areas, a special type of sand1
locally called "Sm1lu" is also used for washing
clothes.
6.4.7 In fev? ar·eas, bar-ter in the form of washing of clot.bes
by the washenuan {dhobi) for the households in return
for food grains, vegetables etc. is practised.
PERSONAL HYGIENE {BATHING AND HAND l~ASHING)
6. ~i. 1 Over 60% of sample households take bat.h daily. In
specific areas {D. K.) people take bath t.v;ice a dco·.
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Soap iG generally used while taking bath. {The r;oap
used is not ah;ays necessaril;t bathing soap).
Generally people do not use cleaning agents aft.er
defecation or after handling of animal waste.
However, Hi some areas of South Karnataka, it has been
observed that people preferred to clean their handf.>
wi tb soap before eating onl~l. This can be at.tribut.ed
to their high expo.;;ure to urban lifestyles.
Among members of t.he v;eaker r.>eetions, washing of hands
v;ith cleaning agent.s after any activity was almost
negligible. Awareness on the ill-effects of eating
without proper cleaning of hands was low among these
householdc.
Members of the weaker sections were found t.o use
natural cleaning agents 1. e. mud, ash etc.
predominant}~· for cleaning their hands.
ANIMAL HANDLING
\·htb cows being considered sacred, people do not view
the handling of cows as unsanita~j in any manner.
In the small and congested habitats it has been _)
observed that the cattle occupied a major space of the
living area and their urination and exereta were found
to lead to bad and pungent living conditions.
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6.6.3 ~1/a..shing of animals is done at the open sources
ttvailable. In lldigala, one of tbe study villages, it
has been observed. that cov;s are washed daily whereas
people bathed once a week!
In some areas 'f;here no open water source is available
the catt.le is washed near the house.
FOOD HABITS
6.7. 1 Food is cooked 2-3 times daily. The staple diet
consists of jav;ar rotis, ragi-balls. People prefer
being served piping hot and hence the cooking is done
just before meals.
It has been observed t,hat. most of the households have
their utenr;ils containing food closed properly.
6.7.3 Majority of the households belonging to upper class use
steel, copper and o·t.her metal utensils for preparing of
food, v;ber-eas the households of the lower classes use
earthen/aluminium pots.
6.7.4 Cooking is mainly done on chullas using firewood. U-se
of kerosene stoves vias observed mostly amongst members
of the upper caste.
Ragi, rice, grams and fev; vegetables constituted the
staple diet of most of t.he households.
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6.8 DEFECATION
6.8.1 On an average only 3-6 % of the households in the
villages have private latrines. These are mainly
bucket t~"?e latrines.
6.8.2 Mostl~· people defecate on open ground. It was observed
even in households with private latrines, that t.he
menfolk were still going for open ground {OG)
-defecation as tbe;y· found it more "comfortable" and
"convenient" . Thus it is generally the women who use
existing private latrines.
C.3.3 In areas wherein Government. sponsored scbemes were
being implemented for providing Privat.e Latrines{P'IJT.w),
the response for these schemes was moderate.
6.8.4 Men were four1d t.o use the open v;ater sources for
cleaning, after defecation whereas women did not use
open sources in South Karnat.a,ka. Men/women are abused
if they were found using private lands for defecation.
Men/women had to go long distances t.o find vacant/free
land to go for OG defecation.
Community latrines are found mainly in North Ke.rnataka.
The usage of the available community latrines is low,
and even this small group of users are mainl;y· members
of the lower classes. Public latrines/urinals were not
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found in other areas. Even the few public latrines
found in neighbouring villages of the study area were
unused and in a dilapidated condition.
In the Muslim colonies/settlements of the villages 1.n
Bangalore Rural District, the households owning private
latrines shared their latrines with neighbouring
households of t.heir own caste. These private latrines
were mostly open pit covered with st.one slabs for
seats, and thatched covering for walls. These latrines
are mainly used b~l women·.
HEALTH
Uniformly recorded data 1.n a st.andard format on
mortality, incidence of diseases and morbidity for the
entire study area ...,'lere not available. All observations
and opinions recorded are from discussions with local
health autborities 1 private medical practit.ioners and
target group.
It has been obser"V·ed that common ailments such as
fever, throat infections etc., are occuring frequently
u.s most villages of the study area. These ailments
were more amongst '1Wmen and children of the lower
classes.
It. has been reported t.hat dysentry and diarrohea were
found to be occurins mainly during sumrr1er.
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6.9.4 Owing to lack of full-fledged laboratory services for
medical diagnosis, the diagnosis of major diseases '*'ere
not done as required.
6.9.5 Owing to the poor bathing habit.s of the people of lower
classec, skin diseases like rashes, scabies, ec•zema
' are frequent among tbiG segment of the population.
6.9.6 Due to irnproper pre-natal care, many cases of anaemia
were report.ed in the study area. It is observed t.hat.,
although the reach of e).."tension activities provided by
t.he AHM' s {Auxillary Nurse Midwife), and other health
workers have been extensive, their advice is not
pract.ically implemented by this target group.
6.9.7 Ther~ are a few health hazards directly related to the
occupa-t.ion such as beedi roll in~L sericul ture {silk
reeling) and agricultural labour. Due to the poor
incomes from these occupations, the physical exertion
is not adequately; compensated v1i th proper nourif?hment
leading to cases of physical weaknesses and a low level
of body resistance to diseases.
6.9.8 A few cases of the following v.·at.er related diseases
were reported by health authorities in the study area:
- Diarrohea
- Cholera
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- Jaundice
- Sore throat, fever etc
- Skin diseases
According to medical authorities people are not E:l.'flare
of the relationship between water and diseases.
0'fJing t.o belief in local remedies, patients do no·t
visit the health centres soon after infection. This
leads to t.he patient arriving when the infection is
at a critical stage. An interesting example being
that, jaundice v.·bich has SYifiPtOiflS of fever during the
nights, is usuall!<· perceived as normal fever b!-· the
villagers. After t.rying local remedies { sucb as
applying garlic to their foreheads) for a few da!lS and
finding that the fever does not subside, they
visit the health centres. This leads to grave
hardships to such patients.
Health authorities at the' village level are of t.he view
t.hat. t.he incidence rate for many :major diseases has
reduced considerably over the last 5 years. This 1s
attributed to the availability of atleast one
protected source for drinking water in the village.
However, the available protected water sources have not
sufficiently served members of the lower classes. This
is due to the restrictions on usage of certain wat.er
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sources based on caste discrimination. Hence~ i~bis
target )
groups health profile has not changed
considerably. ' ,,
The health profile of the hamlets are generally not as
good as the main village due to ... tbe .. ,lack of health · · r.:.··-i'~' '.n' "':_ ~ · '
1.:
facilities arld low levels of awareness on personal and
communi t~l hygiene.
In some areas tbe 1 ack of drains h.tfS«?t';~£;u1 ted in many ( ,-
cesspools in the vi.llage. These cesspools. result in ' '
breeding of mosquitoes,
these areas.
. . HYG IEHE MESSAGES
11 <.;·-
Delivery of hygiene If1essages would prove crit'ical in ' ..
creating awaren.ess amongst the target groups on the _.. __ .-~ ~--~-A~~-~·-~):-:-. \ ..,.,...~,-;~~:·'~ .. ~~
benefits ":"iiha'·link&ges between proper v.·ater management. '
and improved environmental sanitation. The mode of
delivery for tbese messages sbould be t.ailor made
according to the needs and current practices prevalent
in t.he village.
Creation of messages would prove more beneficial if the
user groups are consulted during planning and project
execut.ior.s gt.ages. This r:;ort of consultation would help
in the evaluation of their present perception, literacy
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and awareness levels resulting in correct focus of
messages to the target groups.
Messages in local languages and with proper
illustr·ations of local sit.uat.ions that can be itnproved
through better environmental sanitation would prove
useful in conveying t.he benefits of voluntary effort. in
improving personal and c~ommunity hygiene.
It is suggested that. messages be designed t.o motivate
the target group to undertake preventive measures that
would lead t.o improved environmental sanitation. This
message must be focussed primarily to these areas
within the villag-e wherein the hazards of poor
environmental sanitation are high. Any message must
focus on bringing about behavioural changes.
PRELIMINARY SELECTION
~1essagtes must be designed after \.mderst.anding the
recept.ivit.y of t.he village to earlier hygiene mecsages,
i.e. an assessment of t.he impact on target group of
earlier health campaigns. It. is cuggestt:-d that the
Attention Interest Desire Action {AIDA)
approach 1. e. an effect.ive message triggering off the
process be used vi'hen formulating preliminary messages.
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Messages must be able to initiate effective action both
of constructive and preventive nature by laying
emphasis on the importance of individual action in
improving environmental sanitation.
The r!'Jessages that. are so designed must be tested. on
small tc1rget groups to evaluate t.beir understanding of
the same. After this evaluation, and fine tuning of
proposed messages the same could be communicated to ·the
entire population.
MESSAGE DELIVERY MODE
It ir.; sugger.;ted tbat village elders and leaders be
motivated to initiate and participate in impro'.,.·ina
envirom.nental sanitat.ion programmes on a periodic
basis. During this programmes they can speak t.o the
target group and motivate t.hem t.o adopt. the suggested
measures effectively. In many villages {particularly
in Northern Karnat.aka) there are very few sanitary
latrines for purposes of demonstration. {During the
course of the study, the field team carried
photographs, parnplets and other materials for showing
to respondents before eliciting t.heir response). Hence
there is need for der110nstra-tion.
PRINT MEDIA
Posters, banners, parriplets and st.ickers could be
utilised to convey hygiene messages. This could be
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well used if the modes i.e. posters, stickers etc are
focussed to the required target groups specifically.
VISUAL MEDIA
Video recording of hygiene programrr1es could be shown t.o
target grvup at frequent intervals to convey hygiene
messages.
ELECTRONIC MEDIA
In all the study villages, radios v1ere prevalent. This
could be utilised for health education.
DRAMA, LOCAL ARTS
Street plays and short plays during village festivals,
v1ben religious dramas are enacted, could be scripted to
convey hygiene messages t.o the vast audiences that view
tbem.
RELATIONSHIP
INFRASTRUCTURE
BETWEEN HEALTH PROBLEMS AND VILLAGE
It has been expressed during discussions that the
villagers are often unable to perceive -a direct
relationship between the current. health profile and the
status of environmental sanitation within the village.
They do admit that their present environmental
sanitation is poor.
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The lack of drains in some areas is critical to health
because during monsoons the neighbouring houses and "
their own sewerage is found to flow into the
households.
Ar:. there is no comrrrunit;>l action or set. norms/precedent
for uniform waste disposal the risk of infection
through these open waste heaps is high in a few areas.
Even though local au·thorities have t;ried to get the
villagers to dispose the v;ar;te at safe distances from
the households, ther;e efforts have not. been fruitful.
In r:.ome of the villages t.he villagers were avlare of the
fact that due to the failure of not cleaning the
overhead tank the v;ater had become contaminated and
hence unsafe for consumption. Thus in certain cases
the villagers are aware of the relationship between
water and health.
WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES BY WOMEN
~'¥omen are incharge of household "fiaste disposal. In the
case ofthose owning cattle, waste consisting of animal
dung was disposed b:!l women in open pit 'l;hich is reused
as manure. They also make cakes to b,s used also as
fuel. Domest.ic soakpit was found to be acceptable
among 'lt;omen. Homen in the study areas have strongly
felt the need for ·'dustbins'. 1 Nashing platforms·' with
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water facility is recognised ~· women as an irr~ortant
need.
HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG t~MEN
The hygiene practices among women depended on their
attitudes and 1 i teracy levels. Use of cleaning agent.s
for washing clothes and vessels by women belonging to
the weaker sect.ions is em important behavioural change
over the last few years. Traditional practice of using
ash and mud for cleaning vessels is however continued.
Cleaning of vessels is a daily activity. Nomen
belonging to upper castes in a village in Mysore
district were found to wash handpumps/public taps with
cott1dung because the source was "believed" to be
polluted when lower castes "touched" the
handpuri~s/publ ic taps.
~~ater stored 1.n the houses was neither filtered nor
boiled and in man~ cases tbe vessels kept uncovered.
Hence, the chances of water contamination are high.
Use of toilet soaps for bathing is widely prevalent.
HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG WOMEN
Awareness among women to..,.1ards "''ater-related diseases is
low. In some areas, due to improper pre-natal care,
cases of anaemia are found. Nomen complained of chest
pain, bodyache etc. from the use of handpumps.
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CHAPTER 7
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
The need for co~nunity participation in water supply
and sanitation projects is increasingly gaining
importance. Any change in the technical aelivery
systems, no mat.ter bow· beneficial to the population,
requires changes in the surrounding Gocio-economic
support system.
The rural communities have their own sociaL cultural
and political structures for accomplishini~ objectives,
settling disputes and bringing about change.
other cultural factors, mainly socio-political lD
nature, affect the succeGs involving the comnmnit.y in
planning and implementing projects, and using and
maintaining rsev; facilities and amenit.ies.
The political structur;;~s ,sornetimes help for the
bett.erment of the societ.y, but sometimes it benefits
only certain favoured groups.
The political st.ructure is corr@licated by t.he caste
system. This leads to difficult situatior1s to meet the
noble idea of communit:'l participation. Tb•e upper-ca.st.e
groups traditionally tend to assume the leadership
roles :tn rural societ.y, alt.hough they do: not alv,·a~ls
have the interests of the entire communit~·· at heart.
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The community activities at present in general confine.
to festivals and village fairs. In some areas there
are specific incidences of corrmruni.ty actions tov1ards
road construction, desilting of tanks/ponds, drainages
and repairing of distribution lines of water supply
system. The above communit.y based activities .explore
the possibility for initiating the local human
resources required for the proposed project.
Community participation of women vias evident only in
t.he form of v;omen get.ting elected t.o Mandal Panchayats.
Hov.·ever, their activities are limited to attendance at
meet.ing£~ as passive members. Hence they have not had
an organised influence on development schemes and
project.s. They have also failed t.o involve all
categories of women and women's groups in cornmunity
participation.
FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Local leadership plays cin important role in t.he success
of development projects. The leadership at the village
level can be formal, informal or both. It is observed
that in some areas informal or t.raditional leaderships
are oft.en more influential than the people actually in
power. Hence there is a need to identify the local
leaders who can evoke community involvement
effectively.
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Co~GUnication of the project objectives to all sections
of the society is vital. This helps in creating
awareness about the project among the community and
initiates to ensure their interaction and involvement
in project planning.
The import.ance of the role of WOii'len as local manugers
and contributors to project success cannot be under
estimated. Hence the local -.ramen leadership can be
used to motivate the women}s involvement.
Local organir:;ationr; such ar,; youth clubs, mar1i 1 a
mandals and anganwadis are to be effectively involved
into t.be projec~t. These organisat.ions can be ·trained
to help in bringing awareness among the community about
health educat.ion, wa.t.er use &nd rel&ted diseaGes and on
environmental sanitation problems.
Educational instit.utions can be used to bring an
effective invol"\.·ement of corrununity. Children are the
best. comrm.micators of messages v;ho could be used
effectively.
Involvemerjt of religious instit.utions in the project
Vi'OUld be helpful 1n effectively motivating the
community, both for contribution and participation.
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PARTICIPATIVE RURAL APPRAISAL {PRA)
This will be a useful technique that can be used for
involving the community. However, this can be carried
out only by trained and knowledgeable NGOs in the
project area. It is strongly recommended that. this
methodology be tried on a.n e>..-perimental basis. '
Some possible local level structures e.t the village and
ward level for involving the community are outlined in
Chapter 8.
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CHAPTER 8
IMPORTANT POINTERS FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
There are several important issues that need priority
attention ir.s the desigr" and implementation of the
proposed integrated project. These are outlined in
this chapter under the following two broad
classification
{1) Issues common to all project districts
{2) Issues relevant to specific project districts
COMMO~l ISSUES
S. 2 Important issues comrnon t.o all project districts are as
follows
PROJECT PLANNING & DESIGN
{1) Tbe project is intended for day-to-day use over a
long time period by the beneficiaries.
it has a location specific character.
Therefore
{2) The local people have the best knowledge of such
location specific issues and are often in a
position to offer innovative low cost solutions
provided they are consulted at the planning stage
of the project.
(3) In most villages, the Mandel Members and Mandal
Pradhans have shown a positive response to the
proposed project {including their willingness to
take care of maintenance eA~enses.) The youth
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organisations in the sample study villages have
shown high degree of keenness in involving
themselves in the project. This is a positive
aspect which could be utilised well to the
advantage of the project.
\
{4) As mentioned elsewhere {Ref.5.2), there has been
little consultation with user groups on details
regarding location of standposts and supply
timings. To overcome this lacuna, the following
organizational arrangement >;;ould be worthy of
consideration.
{a) Ward Water and Sanitation Committees n~~'ISC) should
be constitut.ed for each ward within the village
with representation from each street within the
ward {Note : \~ard is an electoral sub-division of
the village. Approximately 4-6 wards constitute a
village depending' on population). Preferably,
atleast 50% of the committee should comprise of
women members.
{b) Representatives from ffi~SC v1ould form the Village
Water and Sanitation Committee {Vi'iSC) with on-e of
the local resident Mandal member as the President.
Representatives from local youth club, locel,
mahila mandal and other local institutions
{School, r-eligious institutions etc) should be
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members of this ccrmmittee. The local health
worker/Auxilliary Nurse Midwife should be part of
this cormaittee.
{c) Both the above bodies O~WSC and VWSC) are informal
bodies.
(d) Implementation of the project should be pr·eceded
by the formation of these informal bodies so t.hat
a local level. forum is available for discussing
the project with the villagers.
{5) It would be useful to involve local NGOs, wbere
possible, in enlisting communit~l participation
using Participative Rural Appr·aisal {PRA}
methodologies.
{ 6) Projec~ implementation team, while visiting
project villages for discussions, must make it a
point to stay in the village for a.tleast 2 days.
This approach has been found to be more effective ' ..
for achieving greater rapport with corr-unl..mity.
{7) Given the innovative nature of the project and
certain new approaches envisaged, it would be
useful to phase the project in such a way that an
intense pilot scale effort is -taken up in a
nucleus 30 villages before full-fledged
implementation is taken up.
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{8) These model villages should be used as a basis for
eA~anding the project to other villages on a large
scale. {It would be worth inviting important
village representatives from other villages to
spend a few days in the model villages before
taking up the project in
villages).
their respective
{ 9} In general, Harfllets have rec:ei ved much less
attention with respect to water
comparison wit.h the main village.
would do well to remove this anm~aly.
{ 10) In villages where the water
supply in
The project
&v8.ilability
{including traditional sources) exceeds 45 LPCD,
drainage is a priority need. Any further increase
in water supply without attention to drainage
would only worsen the environmental sanitation
status.
{ 11) Outflow from all har.sdpUU'iPS should preferably lead
to a soak pit and few multiple use trees planted
in the vicinit~l {subject to availability of
space).
{12) Washing platforms would be welcomed by women
provided a water source is provided next to it.
The washing platform sbould not ,be near a
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standpost/public fountain. Instead, it could
constructed near {at a distance of 20-30 ft}
designated Handpump. This could be tried on
eh~erimental basis.
be
a
an
{ 13} Cattle troughs, constructed in consultation 'llith
villesers, v;ould be welcomed. This is
particular}~;- necessary in North Karnat.aka.
{14} As such, collection of even the low water supply
tariff is rather poor at present. Unless the
collection practice is enforced by the Mandals,
there is little or no chance for collection of
increased tariff under the proposed project.
{Hi) It must be borne in mind that villager~s
contribution towards sanitation measures
{latrines, roads, drains etc.) would mostly be in
the form of labour {and to a limited eA~ent in the
forro of locally available: materials). Cash
contributions are not likely to be forthcoming
from majority of households.
(16) hbile some of the villagers have welcomed the
of "mini-community-latrines" {for concept
defecation please see 5.4.12). They suggest
cautious pilot stage approach for
experiments.
such new
a
';
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
LOCATION SPECIFIC ISSUES
8.3
below for the three ~ones.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------!OWE I ZONE I I ZONE I II
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------A. GENERAL ~ Econa~ically ~ell
CHARAC- off TERISTICS
~ Southern Shi~ogaEconomicaily well rsff
i Significant &eg- i Agriculture ~ajar ~ent in non-agri- occupation cultural occupation
I Relatively ~ell irr iqated area
f. Al I four are backward districts
.. Agriculture ~ajar OCCU{3G.tion
t: Re lid:. i ;-ei y dr'l a.r- e a
i Good acceEsibility E Accessibility good I Acces&ibility not in 0. r:.
I Active and visible t Active and visible i Active and Mell
~ ~ast~ feelings are • strang
t High degree of ~~posure to urban
ie~dership in so~e villaqe::
Di5persed settle«ients Hi.~:. and Southern Shi~ogal
qualifi£-d }'OUl'H.J
leade:r~ in feK \'iila;H
f Surface sources available in some part of the area.
E High demand for private house conn;;cti.ons
f PWS does not seem feasible in view
i E~isting distributi tm pci nt5. -
f Water is nut a major prohle~
t: Demand for in~reased suppiy hour-s
De~an<i for ~~;c.ter
from {.Ot~«serd al at:tivities. is. si~ni fi~ant
~Hoteis, Sili: reeling ~tc}
;:
f
-of S.}h"'Sad out settle~ent pattern in 0. j~.
HWS teC$sihle in few ha~lets
Nast f a.r «~ houses ha 11e pri , .. ate wells in O.K.
f.
Surface water ~ource~ gain importance in Shimova & O.K. •
Existing systeQ need rehabi 1 i tation
need to hr i.ng in tmi for.:i t•,.
rn SO~€ ares iRaichttr' & Sida.d avail ahi lit~,. of {jrour\d water ':.aun:e i£ a prpble~ and hence a;l tern.:~t i •;e surface sources need to be ~onsidered. Special attention needed to improve w.ater SUf3pl }' i.n ha£~lets and in Janatha Housing Colonies. ·
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
ZONE r
f Poo~ ~aintenance
of ed5ting in =.t~ll ation
f Poor collection . >:~f 1Rater tariff
ZONE rr
:. L~TRINESi Highe~t deaand for pr i >.·ate·
f High demand for ~ri•,·ate
latrines. 1.4B7.1
i freferen~e fa~
closed £e~erage sy~te;; ~due to urt~-an .c·1!posurt·}
r:
f. Lack of s~ace for pri\'ate l~trint· in Se lqatHG dut-to congested settlements
co~~unity latrines i
Yi i t h loci: ~ i: E")'
Willing to e~per i ;;en t with
~ Use of e~isting private latrines only by the wo~en of houJE.ehnld
f No co..-;;;;unity latrine~ in tr,is
Qini -caa~1uni t1· latr-ine·s. on a
DRAINS i Strong bias ~ Undulating tope-
c.te :
I ' I" ara~ n::. - part~ 1' dut· to 5-ta.tuJS
drai~s "nd partly due to high uroan i Narrow by-lanes e~posure in Belgau~
* Since water supply. position is relati '-'€ ly· better 1
drainage is a high prio,rity• area before fu,..the-\'"
Zone Zon-e ZGne
CH.tgllientat. i~n ~f .. ;:;tar- ~upp i y
i II IH
Banqalare (Ru\'"alt, Nysare, Kandya Belgaua, Shi~oga, Dah5hina Kannada Sidar, Gu~harga, Raichu,.., Bella\'"y
ZONE Ir I
f Relativaly lo~er de~and far private latrines.
f. latrines far ~a~en
- a dira necessity
They ue· ~n:pose·d ta C{)~fiunity l c:trines. {nonsanitary typei. The-y reque:£t li;ited u-ser c.o .. -;;Mun it 'i ~~trine£ ... ith i~;proved ta.dliti£s..
i Nat ~~ny p\'"ivateiatrines are E"):iste-nt for de;;;anstra-t i em pu;r poses.
~ ~lining to contrihute
Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd
DEMAND FOR PRIVATE LATRINES
Lft Based on responses from sample households, demand for
private latrines emerges as 48%. Howev·er this is based
on a intensive dialogue with detailed eh~lanations. It
would be realistic to assume a dema~nd of around 25%
wherein the project is taken up on a large scale.
CONCLUSION
l. 5 It is hoped that the findings and recommendations would
prove to be useful for implementing the integrated
project. The key elements for success would be user
education and community participation.
''
-------- ·- ·---- ___.. ___________ --- ___ ...__.........,__~---~ ANNEXURE I
TERMS OF REFERENCE 'l,
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
BACKGROUND, OBJeCTIVE AND ·-SCOPE OF WORK
BACKGROUND
I
The Government of Karnatuku is posing a pro~ect to the World Bank !o~ ~ssistance for rural supply and envir6nmental sanitatibn, in 280 villages in ten districts of Gulbarga, Belgauru, Shimoga, Bangalore(Rul·al), ~jandya, Hysore, Dakshina Kannad~~, Bidar', Ruichur and Bella:cy with tlte follo1~ing main components:-
lt) augmentation of w&ter supply, including rehabilitation of th~ existing ::;ou:r·ces (including open wells) and groundwater re-charging;
~nvironmental
drainage (for c.f pits and collection of
sanitation witb lt~.trines and village st.o:cw \vater ··an.d sullage, and the filling in cJer.~ressions· in order to prevent the
st.ar:c.ii11g water); ,(, , ..
c) conducting base-lit.e st.n·vt:y~ on o. sample basis ( 3 villages per district) and t:.he devising of suitable messages to educate. people .in the villages about water borne and water related diseases, as part of a het~.lth educ~tion programffie which ~einfo~ces the impact of other components of the project. J Water Supply and sanitation demand and willin<5ness to pay study for improved water supply and sanitation se:::vices .[
The objecti,ve of the study under part (c) compo·nents f cd l o \-.1 e d b :1' S c o p e o f \~ o r k f o ll o w s i n the s u b s e que n t paragraphs.The methodology for data collection should be a sample surveying in each district, combination of questionnaires, qualitative intervie¥.·ing of individual ·households, informal in d i vidual and group discussions , c·a s e · studies and participant observers. The study should be supported by Haps ( sho\ving samJ;le covered) Photographs (to· indicate wain health/sanitation problems).
i.
i
I )
·• . : .: ....... . ·· •. =·
. . -~· .
AN!'ffiXURE - "!r ·:·(contd.:) . i·
OBJECTIVES
To provide State Go~ernrnent.with ·the b~sis for:-
1. AnalysJ.ng existing. sanit·ation and hygiene pattern, tmajor. water and other sanitation-related health .problems (from go~t.· heu1th data and·l~cal obs~rvations)J
f' 2. ~election of hygiene messages
3. Incentives related to hygiene education
4. D<=:termining COHI!llLtn1 ty role in planning, implementing and wHi.ntaining f"aci.Lities under the proposed Project ( p ::. :r.· t i c u 1 a r 1 y \.J i t h r e g a r d t o i n v o 1 v e m e n t o "$ w o m e n , schedule castes/trib~s}
5. E·volving m~thodology for government and community .interaction in the selection and planning of facilities (i.e. community involvement)
G • ... .. :y .
Est a b 1 ish in g !; y's t e 111 for t 1m e 1 y de 1 i very o i' hygiene messages/provisio~ of latrines
7. Id0nlificution of ~ole of NGO's
8. Asse~sment of demand for increased water services levels
9.
10. \
11.
Determining demand for latrines
Dl:terruining demand for drainage under a cost sharing arrangement
I Assessing Willingness of villagers to pay for water supply and sanitation facilities
.·
ANNEXURE -·-:I (Contd; .)
SCOPE QE ~o/ORK
So-9 io-Economic Characteri s1:ics
Data to be collected for individual~, househ6lds, J~int family ~ompounds & villages :
1. Population (age, gender ........•. )
. , ~.
~o._of h~useholds (joint families, individuals, •..•••.. ) .. -.:.:>;:._. ;· • \
Educa t io"ii ·:i~~e l ' · ·, . -.~ .... ... •. - '·
~. Occupa'tional pat t,erii, inconie -l.evel and assets ownership
....
•1 I •
E~hnic groups (tribal~),. rel~gion, caste
E:...:penditure on food, clothing, shelter, transport, t.<.!::-:es, debt repaym1:mts .;:ttc,. (Simple approximation)
Description and typical· drawings of houses, material 6f con:::;·truc tion, location of l·atrines, wherever applicable
• S . ~ c. c i a l in f r as t r u c t u r e - · S c h o o 1 s , h o s p i t a 1 s , he a 1 t h
c2ntres, post office, ban~,· police.post etc •
. ; ~fc. and lci'nds of aniwals ,.,
li.~:-.::r sources for dou1estic use, water availability in hours ,:.,.-.:.· di..!.y (monsoon and dry season) .and reliability; purchase (.:i ~•ater .t'rom int'or;t11:1l private sector, """""Ii1Ciuding neighbours or neur-uy irri~ution wells.
2. Estiwates of water conspmption for domestic and non-domestic u::oe ( drirddnq/ba.thin~ of uni"nw.ls 1 wutering gardens, washing clothes 1 cooking, band W<:1.shing etc.).
3. ~).:scl·iption and u:::;e of latrine facilities, private and pw .. l.i . .:.: or alternativ~ areus for defecation by households. ------ -··-··
'l . I? o r m a l u r 1 d i n f o r m al g r o up s i n v o 1 v e d i n s a n i t a. t i o n activities.
5. T::..mc: al-location for ~.'ome:n i.e. time spent on :-I
Collecting Hater
Preparing_ food
Working in fields
Visits to neiihbourhood villages, melas, cattle fairs
•
ANNEXURE- I (contd.~)·
Collecting wood etc.
Other· (to .~e sp~cified, if possihte}
6. Community-based disease profile (based on morbidity and mortality data)
.,
7. \hl.ter-related diseases most responsible for morbidi'ty and ;::crtali ty
8. Type of existing latrines and the manner in whi6~ acquired; its cost, the agency who installed it
-~
9. Condition of roads, foot-paths, drainage system etc.
10. Acc0ss to and use of existing facilities i.e. distance from source to household, ~~-~1 factors affecting usage of neare~_LJ.:?_oint ___ .. source and estimates of time taken to collect water . ( d:cy season and ruonsoon) and hours of availability of water
li• .. Operation and maintenance performance of existing water supply and sanituti:on. facilitie~ in terms of downti.me.,) t't.:<~~3on·.s for sys:tem r''ati~,-l:.·e .and -~~y, e'{i.dence of. commu-nity:· action to rep<:Lir the sys.tem •·
' . . ~ ... :
C h a r u c t e r i s t i c s o f . \·i a-t e r s o u r c e s n o t c h o s .~ n hou::>E:holJs, including colJection tirne for each p.;cception Of Wd.let• quality and ·the price Of water,
KNOI-LLFJ.lCL_ ATTITUDES, E.EH.-;EPTIONS -~ P_RACTICES
by the source, if any
1. Pat tern o t' behc.tv iour, loca. t ion and time of day with regard to humao defecation and urination, human handling of urination, hu1nun handling of animal ·house-hold wa.ste ( ,J.iquid a!ld solid) 1 community Wt.I.S te, rain water
I
2. llnndling and storuge of' drinking water (pot \sizes, locu.tion, ......... )
3. Clothes washing and use of cleaning agents
'Hand wdshing und use of cleaning agents
5 . Food preparation, haudling and storage of utensils l'
6.
7.
8.
I
Hundling of animals
Children's play patterns
. Respondents perception of relationship problems and village infras~ructure i.e. flooding, location of compost pits etc.
...... ,
between health stagnant water;
., .. -~
I I
9.
10.
ANNEXURE -· ;J (Contd •• )
Respondent's perception of water quality, water related diseases in terms of cau~e and preventiori
. . -pe: .. sporiden t' s · p.e_p;c;-v.p:t)-o,n, ~~ f L use . of la urines ( for non-users) ..... -~ " ~ . ·. . ..,. . . ... ·.
11. · ~ihavioural changes over the past 10 years
. ' 12. Resp6ndent's preception of drainage· problems in the
,villa~e/to0n d~ring!dry ·ieason and monsoon and their causes, and _of the disposal of hbus~hold waste water
13. Household expenditure on cleaning agents by type (or information on use or natural cleaning agents such as ash or mud)
1-1. \villingness sanitation \.Jillingness.
to pay for various facilities and
i .. types of water supply and
factors 'which1• influence
1-t .1 Sl!rv.:=y instrutuents will ~ay for the following:-
assess hou~eholds, 1\
willingness to
~
s) Public handpump (willingness to pay for a portion of ca~ital costs or a monthly tarif~ fo~ 0 & H)
Piped system with standposts (willingness to pay for a portion of capital costs or.~ monthly tariff foro·& H)
\ I
Private house connection (willingness to pay both a connection fee <:.nd u1onthly tariff}
r
Privut<.: latrine using T..he standard twin pit pour flush wodel ( willinsnes::>. to pay a monthly fee vs. a fixed fee)
Improved drainage system (willingness to pay a monthly fee vs. a .r lxed fee C>r lub6ur contribution) ·
Different reliabil,ity levels for water (hours of" the day)
1-!.~ Su:t:v~y instrument(s) will be designed in order to test · .. i1ether household~ ~-~ i 11 in~ ness-to-pay bids are influenced by tnt;! following· :-
a) Staeting point!.
b) Cost recovery ru~chanisru
c) Amount of time households have to think about their responses
: ~ ..•
ANNE_XURE- I(Contd .. ) · ... ·,
14.3 Calculation of the time or distance from the house-hold to the wate'r sources may te made in either of the follo~fing ways:-
u) The enumere1to:r ca.n pace the distance .. to the water sources or
The house can be located on an accurate map of the village, and. the distance to the wate~ sources can be measured
DELIVf.HY _OF HYGIENE HESSAGCS AND COt-tHUNITY PARTICIPATION
1. Preliminary selection of hygiene messages {which would later L0 tested for fin~l s~lection).
2. Other measures to induce behavioural changes.
:3 •
• ... .
Type:: of vehicles and clllration for 1110..:::; s '""g e s i . e . mass me d i a , v i ll age extension agen~s. }
delivering motivators,
hygiene outside
. . . '\ ·)~
't;~~rg'e-2. l;roups", ···,t;p . .:: of· ·.vehicles for hygiene mess-age• J~llv<:iry, tillling' .w'itl~ respect to. delivery of water ~upply ~nd·~anituti6n.facilities.
• :. • I d ~ n t. i f i c u t i o n o f 1 e a J 'e r s h i p w i t h i n t h e .::; o m m u n i t y ( individuuls, groups l ·who could play a role .ir. proposed p et)j ec t.
6 • :~!c.:-::bodology for government contact with the community for selection and of ·planning water supply and sanitation facilities.
7. Cowmunity involvement in managing public draina;Se, waste disposal and other public sanitation needs.
H. ~ulc of NGOs in organising couununities and individuals to better sanitation practices.
9 . Drawing up a total ~rogramwe training needs, orientation 'r~quirements, time scnedul~s etc .
.. SELEC~_i'TO_tl OF SAHPLE. VILL_AGES
t. indicating manpower and
programmes, · equipment and costs thereof ..
· 1. The sample villuges will h~ve populations varying in size.
2. The villages should be selected on the bas~s of the t~chnical feasibility of improving substantially their acce~s to improved_water supply system.
3. The sample population should b~ selected t~ reflect uccess to different water sources i.e. Sites where tn~d i tional ·type of '::;ources are abundant, where traditional
4.
..
5.
6.
·i:l ANNEXURE -~J(Contd .. )
sources are scarce or where the water is of poor q~ality .. The communities should have access to differ~nL types of
-protected sou~ces i.e. soie with ~xisting p~ped system and h_ous,e connect ~on, others ·h":~,t.hout p~pe'}i system etc.:
- , • ..... ., ~ .. ... ...
·,. :.... •. :--~
IT! each· district, the., s·ample' ··t·/ould be· 500 households vi lll:i g e s of . d i f f e 1~ .:: n't sizes . · At 1 east h a 1 f of ~espondenis in ~ach district should be worn~n
in 3 the
If poss.ible, "'·here hygiene inflllence of ga.u)£ed.
some of the villages chosen shoul~ education progr~mm~ is being operated $UCh programme on ·willingness to pay
be such so that can be
Final sd!ection of villa0es, random selection of house-hold, proc..::d:..u:e for construcU.n~ the sample frame and the selection process will be got approved•before start of work. In selected villages, the houeholds in·t~r-viewed will be located on a map of the villa~.::.
REPOn'L' .I:llESENTATION
The Fill!i.l Rt,;port sholllcl include interalia in-depth discussions of the f o 11 0\-l i n g : -
1. Field proccdu:ces and research design
2 • C ll r r e n t Go v e r n me n t p o l i c y i n t he w a t e r and s .an i t at i o n s~ctors and a Jesc1·iption of the existing i~vestment ~:rogrammes and initiac.ives
3. Socio-econo~ic charucteristics of the households in the sample
4. Household water use patterns in the study' areas, including information on current consumptiorr, types of water sources \.~~;t.:cl and sanitation' practices, and expenditure on water and . :.::.::~ni tat ion
5. Presentation of the willingness-to-pay bids for different levels of water and sanitation services
6 .
7 .
8 .
9.
10.
,.
Aualysis of the deterlllinants of the wlllingness-to.;...pay bids
An·assesswent of the reliability and accuracy of the iurormation on households willingness-to-pay for improved water and sanitation services, community participation etc.
Description of any wuter vending or othe~ private sales of t
water activities in the study villages. . : .
Household~sanitation use-pattern in the study area.
Hajor. health problems identified, the preliminary: selection
11.
.. ANNEXURE I(Contd .. )
of hygiene messages and recommednation on the delivery veh:Lcles.
Recommendation on methodolpgies for community participatio~.
The Final Report will be in two parts:-
. , ·,. ~
Hillirig~ess-'to-pa\Y study ' I l ·,.
(This .Hill inclu.de ·3 main COlll~~·onents:
Socio-economic cftaracteristics
Water use and sanitation pr~ctices and attitudes
Willingness to pay}
E:1'.' i ronmental Sanitation Study
(Th.i.s will includ,::
Socio-economic data
\.Just.:: disposal p.l.t terns
Hygiene practice~
Health problems
Preliminary selection of hygiene messages
Delivery of the hygiene messages
Community participation)
... '·
4 hJc)\:' o.\Jc-.;~ V.J;J
CONFIDENTIAL
HH. Sf. No.
DOD :e!~f"eJ:c'd ~~~~ n~~-Je~ ~ed~ ~dZJ~~\) ;j\)i!~ ~e~d ~J~f"~.sd ~e~~
~o~ JS.J~~ ~~e!$
INTEGRATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION PROJECT IN KARNATAKA
n~d.J!;:l.:w~
IDENTIFICATION
A BASE-LINE SURVEY
&: i.J.) 0 tJ d 'b ~~ ~ Q
HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
TIO>...J~::.d ~Tid ~o~e ~
Village Location Code ODD (From Dist. Census Handbook)
m__,~:d ~;:ldJ
YILLAGE NAME
AAMLET NAME
Q::'Joci~
MANDAL
~~~~~.) M
TALUK
~~ M
DISTRICT
~;:JtJ~6 w~or\9J GENERAL PARTICULARS
a3J~ojo ojJ~o:l~~~ ~:::ldJ
Name of the Household Head (HH)
I w~..J>IJ~Ja3ijd ~;:jdJ
Respondent's Name
2 e)oH .sex I M \F l w~..; ft.J.)i:3ti~~il
Caste 1 Ethnic Group (Tribe)
2.2 ;:k~
Religion HIM\c\J ls\slo
96
~· •l!!l
;~
OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
2.4 ~vtJ~oZJd ZJn Type of Family (Joint- J, Nuclear- N)
2.5 ~vr300.:J ~d~~d ~@~~ o;:Sv3~ .:::H::iOJ0tjjOJ15;!;ld <:);1dr\Qo
Age & Education details of the Household
2.5.1 aj,J;:So::lo oooz::~o::l~~~ ~o::lv~~ I Of the HH (Yrs) -----'
2.5.3 o;:Sor3o:lu OOvt:l~ihl~~ <:)o~6 tiJO>~~~ Edn. of the HH ____ __..~
2. 5. 5 o;:Sor3o::lo ~i!cje ;!;ld~~ d Of other members in the household
No.
2. 5. 5 ,1 ~v~o::lv o::lot=~.:l~c:Sc::3Vill:!c:3 ;!;loZJO Q
Relationship to HH
1 2
2.5.2 ~or3~ t..l:!~o::ll) ~o::lv~~
Of the Spouse (Yrs)
2. 5. 4 .:lur3ooo t..l:!~oo.~ <:)o'tl6 ~"6 ;!;l Edn. of the Spouse
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
........ ········ ........ ········ ............................... ······· ............. . 2.5.5.2 Oorl
Sex
2.5.5.3 ~oji)~~
Age (Yrs)
2. 5, 5.4 i:)O<J6 2jJ'tl£~
Education
Ref. codes for Sex
Male - M
Female - F
2.6 ~<:::iJ<l6erld <:);:3dr\~J
OCCUPATIONAL PARTICULARS
2.6.1 ~Jc:3o::lv o:lut5~0'0Jc:S~ ~vo~6 5~otJv Of the HH Main Occupation
2.6.2 .:lvc:St..~~ooo ~Jo~6 '5~utJO Of the Spouse- Main Occupation
Ref. codes for Occupation 1. Agriculture 2, Agri. labour
4. Dairy Farming 5. Poultry
7. Sheep f Goat Rearing8, Pisciculture
10. Goldsmith 11. Carpentry 13. Tailoring 14. Service 16. Others (Specify)
Ref. codes for Education
1. llliterat~
3. Primary 5. Secondary 7. Graduate
I 2.6.1.1
I 2.6.2.1
3. Sericulture
6, Pig Rearing 9, Blacksmith
12. Pottery 15. Housewife
2. Literate 4. Middle
. 6. Higher Secondary
ero <!l~;;:;u tJo I Subsidiary
~~~t!AiOtJ.) I Subsidiary·
,NTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
R ~t)~ i::l~aoi;:li;:ld ~o~il .:J~t ?
w...... the no. of workers in the Household :
rlo~;l;id ;l;io~6 No. of Males
~oli~d ;!.'lo~6 No. of Females
e..~w
Total
OUSING
i:loc:3o:Jo w~~~
Adults {over 14 Yrs.)
Ownership of house : ( Own - 0, Rented - R )
~J~oootJn
Type of house : { Pucca - P, Semi-Pucca • SP, Kutcha - K)
~:l~oooo e..o~;:3oc:S~oe eq:l~ a5v~ ~;,rlli(lod e~~d m;:,c:3~oe ? Is the house a single or multiple block? (Single-S, Multiple-M)
~oc:3~ ;Jd~6~~ ~~~oe 7 Whether the house has power connection?
"de;:, de e;,do ~116 ~~e ~ o$~e ~~oj~ ~e ? If yes, is it under Bhagya Jyothi Scheme?
~d;; ~dZJO"Olc::JO <;j;;o3~ tJegl~ojo ~i;:ldliVJ
lATER SUPPLY & USAGE PARTICULARS
Children {Upto 14 Yrs.) Total
\ I I, __ I
I y
I v
c:J~Je. -!5oeJ~otJ&-D tJVAlo~ c:JtO~ i;:loo-06 ~¢\'J.)~.HiVo 00~~~? 5i i::lolfOlolitJ~ 5o13ootJd ~o:lo~d~ OO~~dodo.!"'.t.J P What are the major sources of water used by the household? Mention which of these sources are owned by the household?
For Drinking & Cooking
For Other purposes •
Owned sources in 4.1.1 & 4.1.2
Ref. codes for sources 1 • Community Well 2 • Private Well (Inside) 3 • Private Well (Outside) 4 - Irrigation Well 5- Pond 6- Tank 7- River 8- Canal 9 - Tap (PWS) {Inside)
10- Tap {PWS) (Outside) 11 - Handpump (Borewell) (Inside) 12- Handpump (Borewell) (Outside} 13- MWS
* Include Bathing, Washing of vessels, clothes, cleaning of house, cattleshed, bathing of animals and watering of house gardens.
OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
4.2 tk ;;j,:,~eJi'i~$2 O::.T.l~otldd~ ~ct:!~c~ ~..r.lCi'i~ ~dQ~' ;;j,:>~~.;od wOlil~ O..r.lt'~~cj ?
If it is located outside the premises what is the distance from the house ?
Source codes Distance
Ref. codes for Distance 4.2.1 For DrinkingfCooking ................................... ···· · .............................. .
1 - < 50 Mts. 2 - 51 - 100
3 - 101-200 o 0 • 0 o o o o o o. o 0 o o o 0 0 o 00 0 0 0 o • o 0 0 o o 0 0 "o 0 0 o • I 0 • o o, 0 , 0 0 0 o · 0 o ~ 0 0 o • 0 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 o •
4 - 201 - 500
4.2.2 For Other Purposes 5 - 501 - 1000 6 - 1 Km - 2 Kms ....... ; ............................................................. . 7 - > 2 Kms
•ooO oo oo oO o o o o o o oo oo o Oo o oo oo ooo •ooo o ooo. oOo• oo o o ooo 00• o oooo 1, o 01 o • o•o,
4.3 ~~~ <::3Jeej:3 ~eo~ ~,jJ<le.Jiit.i~~ w~wd~F"Ii~or:::l wt::I~JO)~f'l~,j~oeo ? . Since how long the above water source is used by you ?
Source Time (Years)
4.4 Nd¢~.., ~\Jt:So:l\J drjd~n~rt ~,j~oj,j,j;$ t:l~Orj ~OD.%l0 ~dOle.lli~~~ ? • What are the main sources of drinking water for the household animals? ( Ref. scurce code)
4. 4.1 N;;So., ~o~o::lo d~edoi'i\i~ ... ~,j;g~ o~i'i~ I!JOlM,/~oo,j~,jooj. ~~"~e.l.J C::J;w ~J~eJ~oo Nedcd.;-c. w;;:joo.r.~f'I;Q~J
Which water source is used for washing the animals, washing the cattleshed? ( Ref. source cede )
4.5 Ne~ o::lJ<l~o~dd~ ~,jJ<leJi'i~od r;>~dc:S~ wt::lo:3~~f"';tl,j~~~-c. :5llcJl!~Qo., ? Are you avoiding using of water from any sources ?
4.5.1 ~mc:Sd, ~,jlf&ie.J:;::).)O ~i)d~i'i9~~"l i!oR~ ? If yes, Give reasons sourcewise
Source code{s Reasons
.............................. ; ....... ········ ............................................... . •••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• • • 0 ........................... 0. •••••• •••••••••••••••••••••• 101> 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Ref. codes for Reasons
1 • Long Distance ~ - More waiting time 3 • Water Quality not Good 4 - Any other reasons
> ·~
"1 OM CONSULTANTS INDIA (PVT) LTD
....
4.6 ;:J~Q) ~i:lo:3J<Jef\;!:Joo::s ;:Jeo~ dJt-3 i3o~~ ZJ~r;d lio~~ ~end ? What is thQ quality of water used in terms of taste and colour ?
Source Quality Colour
······························· ............................................................... . ' ......•.....••• 0... •••• •• •• •• •. . •••••. 0 ........................................................ .
;:JeO~ liorn;;;) tJ~d ~eo e;l~d~ a!:end.J~d ?
Ref. for Water Quality
Quality
Good (Sweet)-1 Brackish (Salt)-2 Smelling-3 Soap does not lather-4 Stain clothes if washed-5
Others Specify-6
What is the quality of water during different seasons ? (Refer source & quality codes to relate the answers)
·UJ.l.l
. ., ,I,..;.
i3o~m~
Monsoon
~0..111
Summer
Source Quality
.,.I 4.7 N~~~ ~J;M c:J~d~J<>l wal~ o~:;.r.l.ge:3.:>._ :!dJ~eo ?
.)
How frequently water is is collected for the household ?
4.8 ;:Je~ w~e.Jm'!J (t:Jo0/1) ;:J~d~i>-c. m.J~o~ ~do~eo ? How many vessels of water do you bring everyday ?
Ref. codes for Frequency 1 - Daily 2 - Alternetively 3 - Weekly once
Number Capacity (ltrs)
4.8.1 For drinking Water
4.8.2 For other purposes
4.9 o~dtR ~mli i3J3~ wo.\1t :r:l~ ;:Je~ ~\lGOOoo~ ;:Jed~o"" ::ido~eo ? When and how often do you collect drinking water in a day ?
No. of Trips
Morning
, Afternoon
Evening
1:)0
Colour .
Clear-C Muddy-M o
Brown-BR
Others Specify-0
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4.9.1 C-);;SJ~ 2...o~o eJ;:j~-o- z.5e~li.:>;je:i!t C-led~~ 3de>J .:JO);jt ~o::loooo !!::!liJ3_}j ? <-s~ ~e~roJ~,r., C-ledil 3o~ l!::!liJt:! ~O:oooJ;j~~et t!..r.J~~)
How long does it take to collect one day's requirement of drinking water (give the time taken to collect water each time)
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
4.10 ~s o~ t1~u.lliJ;j t::led~~ o::iJ;)do :!d.:l;:s~d ?
Who collects water for daily requirements ?
4.11
For Drinking/ Cooking
For other purposes
.S.l'l~ (;)~OJ ~deJ'5 mlf~d .woo<> Ni3~11 ~N;!:lv:!...od~-'(' 1
Ref. codes for Time
1 - < 15 minutes 2 - 15- 30 3 - 30 - 1 Hr. 4- > 1 Hr.
Ref. codes for users Female Child - FC Male Child • MC Adult Female - AF Adult Male -.AM Family labour - FL Hired Labour - HL
Do you feel that the present water availability is sufficient ?
4.11.1 ~~>::rvd~, mli'~lidjtJdnile;d~ c:Je:lJe. c:J~O!ii ~o::l!$61!~ojor3.Jet ~n1 c:J~~;!:Jo~eo ? If no, how do you manage your requirement of water in times of insufficiency/lean period ?
4.12
4 .. 12.1
t::le~ e. ~od ro.i.J~t:i.ldd~~e~ m;!ll'l ;j.Jct~~e.>r!<>oc:! c:J~dr$u.c, l!~ol30Q Oil ? Have you purchased water from any private sources before ?
w"'<lo&~dd. eJr3'5v .:Je:i!t c:5£'0l '5u.Jt:5.J~eJQ o ?- c::l~~ Ot~dG t::leo~ ? If yes, how much and for how many Jitres daily ?
4.12. 2 (::)~o;i) o::l<T.lCod (::)ed~~ IJ..r.:>oc!<:~ IJ.r,o~e ?
From whom did you purchase water ?
Rs.
4.13 N~~ C-lo::l.J.,_ O~t::l:!6d e;j~6~$li~~ t::ledr3~ oo.i.lo:3 :!do5d o:J;)~Iic.i~ ~e~C.2JtZo~eo ? How do you store water for your daily requirements ?
Ltrs.
4.13.1 For Drinking & Cooking
I I t:__ Ref. for storage codes
4:13.2
4.13.3
For Bathing, Washing of Vessels & Clothes
For other purposes * I I I
Earthen Pot Plastic Pots Stainless Steel Pots Aluminium Pots Metal Pots Plastic Buckets Metal Buckets Drums Trough Others (Specify) (BrassjCopper)
- EP • pp - SP - AP • MP • PB - MB - D - T - 0
* Other purposes include, bathing of animals, cleaning of house, cattleshed and watering of gardens
101
OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
• 14 r.;e~ 2l~dc:3~.., o::l.;~ooo ~:!d ~~;!Jli~.Ji)coii :!dc~elJil ? ~n<~dc5, a$e~?
Do you collect water along with other family ta.sks ? If so how 7
f.;e~ rAOc:3 t:l::>~e.n:j z5~d ~~eJ ;•::r.,~rtf,;lc:3~ t..iioooo~e~j$~~o:)oo~eO'il ? Do you wash clothes/vessels near the water source ?
.-.~~d~ t:Je~ w~ wejeJ/~~li~c:3::>~ z.-iioo::>::>~_.eOjM~OO::>::>~eO 'f a:J~O,!,i ? If no, describe where do you wash clothes f vessels ?
«~ ., ;:.~&or:~ o3'-'-.>ooo ojaiJ~ne 21eO~ ~o~e.)li~od c:Jedc::S::>~ eroc::l~~el'l~~o o:lad~dd~ ~t3co~t3;tlo~~t5o3::>e ? Does anybody restrict you from usingjcollecting water from any of the sources in the village ?
" -:5- ~dc5, oo~ood ~.)~~ 00~~ rf;)0£'il'fi";:,-af'l ? ll yes. by whom and for what reasons ?
' .~ ~-=-~.:!:.:::> ~~dli<o 'd ..
!>ANITATION PARTICULARS
.:l..~~ ;.!~ ~.;;:>::>.._, e:lo~OOil ;tld1l6 d::> 'l!J""'<J?;&.j;t!o~M;:.Jo e::lJelt3e.:>il ~~ ~Ko~~tl ? O:aili:S ~e~oov~ ? Where do the family members defecate daily and at which time ?
Male Female Children Ref. codes for
Place •
············ ············ .......................... ., .................... . Time
Distance ••
• (Multiple answers permitted) ( :.:~ w:!_.drle.-1~.:>.._ ~r3~e;5.)~;;::~il1'1n )
•• Ref. 4 a..1. for Distance codes
Place Open Ground - OG Community Latrine - CL Private Latrine • PVL Othe.rs (Specify) - 0
lfiJ~/~Ot3il~.J ;!J c;~ WOO~e),; c:3~<W<l1'1d rD, ~d~.1. ;tlot.>otj:l;::l~,o~ Mot:SdK9~N.Jdd~ ~~c:3il~ ? • ~ QM ~ ~
If the defecation place is Open Ground, are there any problems connected with this ? ·
102
Time Morning- M Evening - E Night - N After-noon ·AN Anytime- At
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5.2.1 as"'ttmdo, e~ ~JOJ~ O~lc:ftdo 7 c:JO::SO.t.~?
5.2.2
5.2.3
If yes, what are they ? Describe ?
lfJ"'iJ'ldj~or:JW~tJ ~cp t,id~ (;)~do .tJiitJ~..cd~o~ ?. Is water available near the plac~ of defecation ?
~~w.>d~. i::So~~~d~6dv (;)edc:3"oot ~~dv'8~o!2o ~lf<l~liil;J~o~e ? If no, whether water is carried by the household member ?
y
5.3 !otJ;,otJ~11 • ~~o:lo V30llid~ ~me)ooo;~om~;, d~~a~vo ~d~;,~ ? Does the household have a latrine located within the premises ?
y
5.3.1 ~tJ;,do ojJOJ~ \!d~Edo ~;;:lo.t.~ "! , Q
If yes, of what type, specify ?
Ref. codes for Type Pour Flush - PF Bucket - B Dry Borehole - DB Septic Tank - S Others (Specify) - 0
5.3,2 i!folts;)t>~f~o~~OM~o ;;:lo~ojo v:J';)li0~d0 r3, eo~~ itl~d tJ~ ~~~ ? If located within the premises: how was this latrine acquried
Ref. for answer codes Own Investment Govt. Subsidy Govt. Sponsored Scheme Other Means (Specify)
:5.3,3 ~ ~~e)ojoj;:;iol!5;l;:;ied.-;:lac:3a-~. (1Me.>;:;i~l;l (;);:lo~ .:>~~ ~~.,F"~;!o ? How much cost did you incur in constructing this latrine ?
:5. 3.4 ~dv ;:J;,c:3o:lo ~rtt:5~d0 d ~o~-~. o:ladoo witl~IJ';)ef\;:;io~_,d 1 If located within the premises, by whom it is used
5.4 (.J~;,e- IE~trlojo~ ;:;i~o;,rnojo !i'ilml!.)ojo/~c~;tlcd~;:loo t"::(d~~ ? Is there a community latrine iA the village ?
~03
Ref. for users Male - M Female - F Children - C
- 01 - GS
GSS - OM
~· OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
......
5.4.1
5.5
5, 6. I
I y I N I If no, why?
~J~ ~ r:J<::be- a5~'-'ooo~ z..oco Ai~.)OO<>ooo -e;'"'<J?JJ;,eJooo (iJornAio do;t;);;lo~o<\, ~1,(;)00~,) ~~~t!.)!j Oil ? I y \ N \ NA j Would you like to have a Community f neighbourhood latrine in the village ? -
~O<ldd, edv ~~~ 5o~otJli~l1 ~~~ .tJe~v~~t"'dzje5o e;,~~ ~~Olid'O> erot.l:iooi,(C)eri~~rioc::::l 05&1ii ~d~e5 ? Ai-R~F.J.
If yes, indicate whether it should be shared by a limited number of families or it should be open to all?
--;~~d~ o;)OE'Qlri9e~v ?· If no. what are the reasons ?
Answer Code For limited families For all
1 - 2
t .. o:$,)e.. e~i:J<l..;OOvt::i~ _oo,m::lv <':io~o5 :ri~vvmoov ~'l$J~OOvf~orz;;Aio Od'O>c::::l~orifb!~v-<- r:J~F&:lAitJ~do ? Who do you feel, can maintain such community latrines ? •
5.1 ~ .. ~ve. ~~~ jo5~o,Joov~ o<>~,)~ jt5dot?J. c::::l6 ~~'ll ~do:3ve
Do you have drainage system in the House
--;dC:.r.ldd, ojJ;);;j;5do5 ti<J~,)~f~do~ r:J;;lve-~d ? If yes, what type of Drain do you have?
in the House in the Village
in the Village
Ref codes for type Open - 0 Closed - C Partly Closed PC Soak Pits - SP
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5.7.2 ~d.J oo~<::3il1i ~aJw~Q (~v~ ;So~~ l50~od.:l~ ~Uwd o:5c:lro:5~.J-~, fjec5 ~e~ ojlr.ll'l ~(!.!.!) When was it constructed ? (Mention year. separately for the housfil and village)
5.7.3
5.7.4
Year in House Year in Village
~cd ~0 .00~ .a ~:I.J. f;l;;:!F"asr!O:v tJ~ c:>~O.t.. ? ~ - A
Describe the present condition and maintenance ?
m~o ~d.Jt::l ~eJ.Jt!Jj?jdot:J erSlleJ'CleJ f;l'i:5.J~ ~tlll_}~ld;;:5tll'ld~e ? Are you satisfied with the drainage facilities you have ?
. in. the House in the Village
5.7.5 i\l~"• t::l.Jc:Soo~~/iE(J~~~ ~d~O:::: ~eJ.J~jt3do01i9rS.J.c. ~t!!<o~t:WI'It3~ll i\le~ 0::£'01 ~~O:ll O:.r;tiU) r-:;~w
idiZ~~J{'OCl ? Are you willing to contribute for keeping the drains clean in your housejvillage ?
5.8 O::::.J~~~ o~ c:J;S6c g~t::l~~ ~e~ ~~dWo:J?Ic:l~eo?
How the day-to-day household waste is disposed ?
Garbage (SBiidfLiquid)
Ref. for disposal place
Open Ground - OG Open Pit .. OP Compost Pit - CP Roadside ··· - RS
Animal Dung
5.8.1
5,8.2
o:.i.J~od.:l 5~;j~o-~. Iillo~ ~~~ tJOOlleJ.:l mlid~ ~5J~do;;:!~. e~ ~d.JO:::: 23~110::::~~ .!~.t.. ?
If the waste is disposed into pits and on ground, mention the location of the same 1
~~;;:!rj.J ~J'Clt:),dd ~OG~ej Q5";>~.;)~.C tl'l, ~~ ~~d ? -1, W M - Q(e;" M
If the waste is disposed into compost pit, where i& it located 1
105
CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
~~,.:;t"H~d ;)~drl~;,
HfAl TH PARTICULARS
£: ·~
·" e ,.!(,.
~- t ~ ;j~iJ~ r;)~o*' i3.?c:$ooo ;tlo;tJ6 d~ i)~~ t:lc:3~ .. ~-o- c:$.;Je,
How frequently you and your family members:
JR ~ ~tio~ eo -1. ;;.j)
Take balh
" .• ~ • ~""''·'" 0 ·~ -w ..,.,,w"'"~e
Wash your clothes
;.;.~;:;:;;co aj~c:$3.J"il~OO.Jc~eo
Clean your house with water
e;.:!Ojo &:Jil;trl~c:3~ ~~~oooo~eo Cl~an household vessels
c::K~~o(. 3..r.>~ooJo~eo
Clean livestock
~.s;w,./'l~~o(. ~..r.>~oo~~eo Wash cattleshed
~:lrt~c:3~ Oc:3d~ e:J~~;tJe, ~a.tio~~o ? How many times the food is cooked in a day ?
Ref. for answer codes
Daily - D
Weekly -W
Occasionally - 0
Once - 1 Twice - 2 Thrice - 3
1. if <:0·1:.:.:~"" aj~tie)o ~;l5~ ~e~o~tieJo r;)e~ OOJ<lti Oe~ooo &:JC>~rl~~~ we:3o$-r.en~~~eo ? -.·.hat type of vessels do you use for cooking and storing the food ? ·
\ ------1 ~-~~ z.!~~J.t..d e;,osilde::lr;)o(.ti.?~ m~ri\'l ~oee3 &3oo~~~e~ ?Do you_close the vessels containing cooked food ?
Ref. codes for Vessel type Earthen - E Aluminium - A Brass - B Steel - S
;J.) ~:~ ~~~ i3Jflt3d i3J~~ edc:3;,-~. ~e~O,t,~;:~ m~rl~c:3~ &;)iJi!~;tJe,.~,Jf)_~o:Soo~eo?
"' ..
How frequently you clean the vessels used for storing and cooking the food ?
r;)~~ ~~ej~ ~W.;Je::l~~ri~rt ~.JOCile5d~ :r.iC>rj:$~rle.-l~llet e.ro~~el'l;tlo~~Cil ? Do you use any cleaning agents for above activities ?
Ref. codes Once a day - 1 Twice a day - 2 Alternate days 3
.::.1 ~~CJ.)d~, o::l.r.l~Oe~ooi) l'Jct>,;_e5o~ :r.iill:j)~Ti~c:3~ e.ro~~~en;tJo~..,Qeo ? !W~el~ ? If yes, specify type of cleaning agents used
186
OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA} PVT LTD
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
&.3.3
6.3.4
6.4
~;,t) ~5d~ 7JilQ;::)1i~ ~;,e~ ~~M~ ~ta~F" Q
Monthly expenditure (in Rs.) on cleaning agents by type :
Type Amount
.................. ; ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••• ••••••••••••••••
, 0 0 0 oooo Oil 11 o o lOll 101114 oo IOIIIIIIIIOo II If II II Ill • IIIIOIIOO Ill• Ill IIIII Ill o II lo Oil 0 {IIIOIIIIOI••
• •. •• •• •• •• •• • •••••••• •••• ••••••• •••••••••••••••••o••• ,,,, .. , •. •• • • •••• •••••••• ••••••• • •••• •••.
EXAMPLE: Bathing Soap Soapnut Powder Detergent Soap Cleaning Powder liquid cleaning agents Natural cleaning agents (ash, mud etc.)
c::>~~. 5~~JotJd~ t:!ooo~d~ t:!;,\5~ ~;,'1!11 ~~ ~"oOOJi1" ~~.t.I~Uc>~J._,;:l c:J~do ~ot.Jot;)-3 5il00J~1i9il~~ ? What are the water-related deseases that occur frequently in your family, among children and adults
6.4.1 ~~" oc::51i~i1~c:3o.._ e~ ~~!!J l!Uc>~J..,~,..~~c:3 'f e;,~ Ufl~!!J~Uc>t,;l._,v;, o.>df'Ol1it,;lo i3J\!~ e,-,o;:lc:.:)~ ~rMww~" ~ eJ -
6.5
~Uc>Oi:3 ~t:!D1i~D ? How frequently do they occur, reasons for occurrence and preventive measures taken ?
~ c::>~du-~otJol;)\5 i5'~00o~1i9il~mddUc> No::loe- t:!Dr:3o::lD~ ;IJCl~1i~i1 o.>d~Will'H::$oj;, ?
Has any of these water related deseases caused deaths in your family ?
6.5.1 ~o1i~dJ ~eoc::5~ roD:~c:::i';)~e.Ml 5vx:~~t3~~deod ~~do 5'~00;)d1i~i1 t.ni5o:tl•e)t;!c:::l';)f1 3D3:1 .. l'(D3~t1ooee ? ~t:!c3ecv';l00Uc> o~e1iOod a:SoomlD~c:::iil1iJ3~0ojJt' o:J;:lD.lJ ?
1.
Since, women are regularly in touch with water, are they vulnerable to any disease 7 Whether they fall sick, give details 7
aSf'OliS~dod ":d t:!o~~ ;!:l'~JJt:it>o::lo e:J;>~Jil ~J,,t:l~ Zd (\ "''
WILLINGNESS TO PAY & COMMUNITY PARTICIPATiON
Note : The sub questions in this section ate to be probed tectfully. Do riot pose the choice answefs directly to the respondent, Answers to be elicited from the respondent during discussions.
107
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OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
1.1 w~~o o:d~,!.,d c:J~dil ~dtJ\J.l~.:J ~6o:3~~ oo~~ ~c::s<Jdd~ d~~M:jo, c:Je~ 0.:~~ ~ci':Ed c:Jedo JjdtJO<I~c:$
o::L ::::;~ ~<)~" ~~ ~.).! ~0 ? <I ~ <>(. ~ :;.,1) •
If an improved water supply is envisaged, what type of water supply system do you prefer ?
Ref. codes for type Public Handpump - PH Piped System with Public Taps - PWS Private House connection - PHC Mini Water supply - MWS
. i ' ~tGN o:36 ~~00.:> ~vJ<Je.>lS c:J~dv ~dtJO<l~c:$o<l. ~:d3o:d~.!.id~ c:J~~ i':Er.. ~w<Jc:lo <::3Jdc:3e.>il <':l"to:dGo~eo;> ? If water supply is guaranteed through the above system are you willing to contribute ?
::::. ~c~. ;-.e~ ~or\e,ili w2>lt ~~Ge.>v "Q01lwil:i~.::J~~o ? if y<.:s, how much are you willing to pay monthly?
y N
y N
Ref. Codes for bidding
1 - Rs. 20 2 - Rs. 15 3 - Rs. 10 4 - Rs. 8 5 - Rs. 5
~ 1 "t,;::.;}dd, o~d~r\~e~o ?
'* )
)
)
'I
II no. what are the reasons?
;.tl.J .. a::o"~~ ~tat~o ~edJ ~dW'Y.>~.::J ~~e~c:3~c:S~ 3or:$~ ~e~ ~..).soo~c::lgjc:SJ.._ o:iJd~.:>~ o:3JJ<Je.>~ e;,dc$2 .;;c;...~ \lYUJ ~i:>iwo:dt!.::J.!-~>eC'il ? If a water supply augmentation project is envisaged for your village, are you willing to participate in it by contributing labour?
108
OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
7 .4.2 <'llVc::5"tldd, ovd~rlej~<.lo ? M
If no, what are the reasons ?
8. ~~r-=53 ECONOMY
8.1 ~~eC\l<.l oo~.Jojr.? (."::l~""""~~F .w~orl~~)
Land Holdings (Area in acres)
?N;):;e~.J t...~t land Total
8.1.1 ;l:.l o3
<Z Owned
8.1.2
,~d~-t frl.J~j~~ ~J<lMe../:l.Jc::l
Leased 0
8.1.3 ~d~,!/l"i.J~j"li
O!J~t.Jd.Jo:::l
Leased In
8.2 ?No'::l.JeC\lNOd e;:).)~F"~ ~d~~<.l (d.ldrl~O) M
NeOC)c::)O o:36 o;:l;tiolOO.J Irrigated
(eultivable),
C\leOi'c:jO <'ll~do:36 o;:l;::JC)OO.J
Unirrigaten (cultivable)
Annual Income from land (in Rs.) OWN LAND LEASED
OUT LAND
8.3
8.3.1
8.4
I I
d<.l5d.Jrit,;l ;!;lo~6 livestock
Bullocks Cows Buffaloes Sheep{
(IN Nos.)
~m ~J<l~'~d.)~ dc311Qod c::5C)~Ft! e<:3doo~ (d..r.Jri9~)
Annual Income from Milching Cattle ( in Rs. )
~3oe o:::loV<lvli~od c::5~~F5 tmtlOO.) (;;~o:tJ) :- dV<l. Annual Income from other sources (specify) :- Rs.
111
Goats Poultry
cows
2.J:l?Nd.J ~:::eo:'~ c:v.J Fallow
()
Pasture
LEASED IN LAND TOTAL
I I I I
(specify) ~ Othecs TOTAL
BULFF.ALOES TOTAL
-
OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
9.
t '
c.)~OtJd ~~.!.1'5 o:::i0~~::3
Monthly Household Income [Derive from questions - 8.2, 8.3.1 & 8.4]
Ref. for income range : 1. 1 - 100 2. 101 - 350 3 351 - 600 4. 601 1000 5, 1001 +
a:u:cwd e:J.)l.lf'~ ~u! ( d~li~O) ;!.;$ ..,
Annual expenditure (in Rs. ] of the household (approximate) on :
~ Clothing Shelter Education Transport-
tation
~30~ ~~~~d OTHER INFORMATION
~-~~ oo~~w~dd..r.l m ,o::);:J;!:i~ ~ve ::1o~ o:::lv Alc::l;!:l_.tr.al"\0 ~Od ? -- ¢ ¢ "' Q
Are you a member of any village level organisation ?
;:;:.""'"' m :::c5, ro~~ ;!;lo~ ? ~
II yes, which organisation ?
Loan Repayment
Others
~ (Specify)
:.::.: .. a::~._~c:l-:.~ ~~d.; ;J:ldt.JO<lt;:~-:., ~doll ;;;:b:!~ !f.lts";>(!)cd-:. jAlot3<);tl;Jddil~~:llic.ir3~ 'DdOO;Jf"li:! o;::);J\5~ @o::lF"lXit'$
=~=:::~ ;~~ O:UO>o::l c~s ;:::lw~o:::l;J o::lJOl?:i~t~on.; oo~e~.tJO eo ?. co Q
How do you think you will help in the implementation and maintenance of drinking water
<.111d sanitation facilities (latrine, drainage] in the village ?
* l ~t~~ot:; ~o:::loF"Ii:! ~Dfl<Zos:3~ OOOild;J m~o::5~;:::ltJa5;Jdoc::lo t:Je~ ~,r.,e~;tlo~~c ? Who do you think could play a role in project implementation ?
i ~~.)" ~36o:3 :3o:3;Jf" ~~!J15tl~~c::l~d;J a:Jr3o ?. What is the most urgent need of the village?
112
Ref. for answer codes Individual - I
Group - G
OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD
9.5 I'J';}d~li~e(i'J::~ ?
What are the reasons ?
Name of the Interviewer
DatEI of Interview
Time taken for Interview
Signature
Address of the Respondent :
113
)m Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE - III
.1
.3
.4
.5
.6
A BASE LINE SURVEY OF
INTEGRATED WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
PROJECT IN KARNATAKA
VILLAGE QUESTIONNAIRE
PART - I
Note: Information for this questionnaire has to Village Secretar~·, Mandal Secretar.t, Mandel village and other village leaders.
be obtained member from
IDENTIFICATION :
Name of the Village
L.C. No. of Village
Mandal:
Taluk:
District:
No. of Hamlets:
Hames of Hamlets:
llL:
I I
l I 1---------------1
---·------- 1 I
I I '------------------------------'
I I I ·-----1
from the
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
II. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE (Estimate}
2.1 Total Population (1990)
2. 1.1 Total No. of Households
S.C Population
2.2.1 No. Of Households
2.3 S.T Population
2. 3. 1 Ho. Of Households
I~ I I I
I I
I I 1-------' I I I I , __________ ,
2.4 Other Population
2.4.1 No. of Households
III. ACCESSIBILITY
3.1 Distance of Revenue Village from
3. 1. 1 Mandal HQ
3.1. 2 Taluk HQ
3. 1. 3 Nearest Town
------------------3.2 Type of Approach
ANNEXURE - III(Cor
Ref. Code Pucca Ro1 Kutcha Rc · Foot Path
ANI!EXURE- III(Contd .. )
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
3. 3 Distance & Types of Approach between village and HfUTslets
IV AMENITIES
l Hamlet lDistance: Type ofl : Code l in Kms l Approach l :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 1 : : l :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 2 : : : :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 3 l : : :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 4 : : : :---------------------------: : 1. 7. 5 : l : ~---------------------------' I I
: 1. 7. 6 : ---------------------------'
4. 1 Facilities available with in t.he village {If outside the village mention distance and place}
4. 1.1 Schools (specify)
4.1. 2 Health Facilities {specify)
4. 1. 3 Electricity
4. 1. 4 Drinking water {specify)
4. 1. 5 Post & Telegraph
4.1. 6 Telephones
4.1. 7 Drainage
4.1. a Community Latrines
4. 1. 9 Banks
4.1.10 Bus stop
I I
I I 1-------·-------1 I I I I
I I I
1----------------------'
I I I --------------1,
., ____________ _
', \
ANNEXURE - III(Contd
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
4.1.11 Police Station
4.1.12 Railway station
----------------------4.1.13 Co-operative Society
4.1.14 Milk Producers Co-op. Society
4.1.15 Fair Price Shop
4.1.16 Library
4. 1. 17 Temples/Mosques/Churchs
V. PARTICULARS OF SKILLS PRESENT IN THE VILLAGE
5. 1 No. of est.ablisbments/persorw
5. 1. 1 Blackmfli ths
5.1. z Carpenters
5. 1. 3 Mechanics
5. 1. 4 Electricians
5. 1. 5 Plumbers
5. 1. 6 Masons
5. 1. 7 Any other {specify)
I f I I
1--------'
I I I I I--------- I
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
VI NON-FORMAL ORGANISATIONS
6.1 Village level org&iisations:
6. 1. 1 Mahila Mar1dal Yes No
6.1. 2 Yot~th clt~bs/Associations
6.1. 3 Cultural/Drama Troupes
6. 1. 4 Political Associations
6. 1. 5 Village Committees
6. 1. 6 Other NGOs
VII. MEDIA ACCESSIBILITY
7.1 No. of Households witb:
7. 1. 1 Radio Sets
7. 1. 2 T.V. Sets
7.1.3 Newspaper Subscribers
VIII. HEALTH. PARTICULARS
8.1 Major Diseases:
a. 1. 1 Malar-ia
8.1. 2 Filar-ia
8. 1. 3 Guineaworms
8.1.4 Typhoid
- y N
ANNEXURE- III(Contd .. )
I I
I I , ____ ,
I I I , ____ _
I I . , i
ANNEXURE- III(Contd .. ) Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd
s. 1. 5 Cholera
8.1. 6 Dysentr~l /Di arhoea
8. 1. 7 Any other {specify}
8.2 Causes for the above diseases ?
i
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- III(ConLd .. )
1
I") l..
3
3.1
4
[s
6
7
PART - II
DETAILS OF WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS
{HP - Hand Pump 1 MWS - Mini +qater Scheme, PWS - Piped Water Scheme} "
Hand Open Pumps \iells wqs PiiS
------- ------- ------ ------Total Number of I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I 1------1 , _____ , , ______ , 1--------'
--------Nos. FunctionirJg I I t I I I I I I I I I 1-------1 1------1 '-----1 ------ ------- ------ -------Hos. not Functioning I I I t
I I I I I I I t I I I I 1------·
, _______ , 1-------1 1------1 ------ ------Reasons for Not I I I
I I I
Functioning I I I I I I 1------1 1-----1 1-------1
Ref. Codes: 1- Static Level 2- Dried up 3 - Hand Pump failure 4- t.iotor burnt 5 - ~qater not. good/contaminated 6- Any other reasons {specify)
Total Ho. of Households served
Any discriminatior1 in the use {Yes-Y, Ho-H)
If yes, who is/are discriminated
Number with good wat.er Yield/supply
-------- -------I I I I I I I I , _______ ,
'------1
------ -------I I I
'I
------- ------I I
I I 1-----1
I I I I 1------1
I I I I , ______ , ----
-----I I
I I 1----1
I I
I I 1-------1
------I I
I I 1--------1
------- I I
I t 1-· ------1
---- I I
I I '------1
8 No. of Installations with the following conditions?
8.1 Ever~~hing alright
8.2 Bad Platform
I I I t 1------1
I I " I I
, 1.
ANNEXURE- III(Contd .. )
Orh Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
-2.9
2.9.1
2.9.2
2.9.3
2.9.4
2.9.5
2.10
No. of Installations with the following surroundfr.rgs:
Slush~·
Dry
Cesspool
Defecation around
Others {specify)
No. of Installations used as:
I I
I I , _____ , (
I t I
1-------'
t r I t I ______ ,
t I
I I I _______ ,
I r
r t 1------1 t I t I '--------1
I r
t I I I ___ _
I r I I
1-------'
I I I '--------1 1--------I I I I 1-------'
' 1-----I I I
'-----
, ______ _
2. 10. 1 Regular
2.10.2
2.11
Stand By I I
I I
'-------1 I I I I 1--------1
I I (
1-----'
Normall~·, what is the time taken for repairing the HPS/M¥};:_,, . :is reporting of breakdown ?
aft
____ _.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
:. 12 No. of Installations yielding water with following quality
.12.1 Good {Sweet)
.12.2 Brackish {Salt) "
.12.3 Smelling
.12.4 Soap does not lather
.12.5 Clothes stain if washed
I I
t I 1------'
I I
I I , _______ ,
ANNEXURE - lll(CuuLd .. )
I I
I I 1--------1 I I
I I 1-------1 I I
I I 1-------1 I I
I I '-------1
I I
I I
1-----'
I j
I , I
1-------1 I I
I I , _______ ,
ANNEXURE - III(Contd.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
PART - III
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF WATER INSTALLATIONS :
3.1 Are there caretakers/operators for:
Yes - Y No - N
Hand Pumps
I I
I I 1-------'
3. 2 If yes No. of caretal~ers/opera.tors
3.2.1 Male
3.2.2 Female I I I I '-------1
3.3 Do people know caretaker/operator
3.3.1
Yes Y No - N
If, yes, are they ? I I I I , ______ I
Open ~iells
I I
MWS
I I
I I 1-------1 I 1-
I I
I I 1------1 I I I I I ______ ,
Ref. Code
Sincere - 1 Helpful - 2 No Comments 3
I I I 1-
I I
I 1-
3.4 Who maintains water installations in the absenct: caretaker/operator ? {specify separately for HPS, MNS & Pi'¥S}.
3. ~; Does community take any action in repair & maintenance of the system ?
ANN I~XUI~ E III(CuuLJ .. )
Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd
I. HEALTH
.6 How frequently the following staff visits the village :
. 6.1 Doctors
6.2 Health workers
Male
6.3 Midwife/A.N.M
6.4 Health Guide
6.5 PHED/Mandal Engineer
3.6 Te.luk maintenance crew
Female
I I
I I , _________ ,
I I
I t , ________ ,
Ref. Code
OrJce a week 1 Once a month - 2 Once in 6 months 3 Rarely - 4
~ i I
v1n "-onsunants (India) Pvt ltd
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
CHECKLIST - I
ANNEXURE - IV
trough close observation in the village, describe the factors listed below .d record your observations in the space provided under each topic.
·eas lis,ted below require general information:
0b£~erve for drinking water sources {public and private) and the communities that are served by it.
Ohs:erve water sources used by 'fiomen and men and act.ivities related to water use {write separately men).
identify for women
their ar.sd
Description of dwelling t~/Pe in different habitations and existing practices drainage facilities. Observation of waste disposal
{different t'!f-pe/systems in use).
' ''
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- IV(Contd .. )
<.
a.
Description different etc.)
of the sanitary conditions in the surroundinst:: of water sources {Borewells 1 piped stand posts, open wells
Also the it.
describe the activities causing bad sa~nitary conditions observed water sources and identify the people responsible
near for
Observe the hygiene practices of women after handling of animal waste, i.e. handling of covlduneUorganic manure etc.
Describe the bandwashing habits of women and adult men {whether they use soap, soapnut powder etc. for cleaning hands /feet after defecating/after washing children during defecation~ cleaning of hands before eating food and before food handling).
Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd ANNEXURE- iV(Contd .. )
,,
Desc~r·iption of areas of wat.er scarcity and identif~y the water sources used in this area. Observe if any trading in water exists in t.he village.
Identify pre:~ent
sources.
and describe different kinds of water in the village, its relation to water
related diseases quality and water
Deseribe the use of newspaper, magazine. Observe the display points for posters, stickers and bill boards.
Describe the presence of video parlours, T.V., Cultural art forms in the village.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- IV(Contd .. )
.:J. Identify the important leaders in the village.
Find out the daily 'lf;ork schedule of women from dawn to dusk { few typical cases of women belonging to different socio-economic strata)
Identify the formal and informal groups in sanitation activities {Eg.The caretakers, youth clubs/associations, Mahila Mandals, NGOs,
' Mandal PanchBJ·ats etc. )
Observe the hygiene habits in the village regarding boiling the water before drinking/use of detergents for washing~ bathing,etc.
'•
om consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE - IV(Contd-•• )
Observe and give a.n account of the defecation habits of men,women, and children in the village
Observe the household's cantainers/vessels.
need for better water storage
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE - V
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
CHECKLIST II
While forming the groups for discussionsJ interviewers have to· ensure the participation of persons from specific target groups in the vi 11 age such as
- group of young mothers with children - group of fathers with children - group of adolescent girls/boys - group of informal & fonGal leaders - group of Mahila Mandal members - group of youth leaders -· group of caste and religious leaders - group of village level officials
* Ensure that the size of the group consists of 4 to 8 persons and it may exceed upto 10 in extraordinary situations.
Random observations and discussions can also be held groups near Standposts, Public wells etc., which facilitate close observation of behaviour of the groups tbe social interaction between them.
with wilJ
and
Attitudes and perceptions of the above groups has to be closely observed a~nd noted when they are discussing the issues and problems related to the proJect, initiated by the interviewer.
* Also observe the particiaption of the above groups in terms of communicating their coKmrunityJ and whose there are any key initiating/motivating group.
ideas or representing the views of views are taken seriously. Identify informants in each group, who the discussion/voicing the ideas of
the if is
the
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )
To facilitate in initiating discussion process and interviewer in formulating topics for discussions, areas are given below:
1. Perception of rights to water {Is drinking water the top priority?)
help a list
2. Need based criteria for location of new water sources {place, distance. corr~unities to be served)
the of
3. Community role in the operation and maintenance of water supply facilities { P\iS and Public Hand Pumps )
4. Personal and family hygiene a!Jd its relation to waterborne diseases {Discuss hygiene habits)
' l
l ~ I
Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )
5. c~runity role in the maintenance of drainage {public drainage system1 private soak pits and drainage
around harJd pumps and standposts)
6. Need for common bathing cubicles and its location
7. Promotion of latrine usage (for cleanliness, privacy1 good health etc.)
8. Promotion of community latrine. Discuss the selection criteria for its location {near public places, schools, post offices, police stations, panchayat halls, etc.)
9. ~H 11 ingness to pay for drainage ar.1d 1 atrine {contributions by way of sharing of capital costs, fees for operation and maintenance)
ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
10. Cost recovery mechanisms {in tbe form of direct recovery separately facilities provided and indirect recovery - along the bouse tax).
for with
11. Discuss the need for village water and c:ommittee
sanitation
'' 11 a. Need for caretakers {for water supply, drainage and latrines)
12. Behavioural changes in relatiion to water use,· health, and sanit.ation practices over last 10 years.
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )
Women's views
1. Discuss the responsibilities of women in managir~ water uses according to needs of the household
2. Responsibility for quality of drinking water {especially for small children)
3. Perception of open air defeca·t.ion and garbage disposal and drainage problems
4. Private latrine/sharing. of community latrines with neighbours/communities
ANNEXURE- V(Contd .. )
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
5: Need for women as caretakers and encouragement from women Project Staff
6. Hand washing - as a H;lgiene message.
' ,' .: ·~ ... "' ~- '
i l l I jl
I i
1 l
Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd
ANNEXURE - VI"
LIST OF SAMPLE VILLAGES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Sl. No.
1
Village Name
2
District/Taluk
3
Population {1981
census) 4
HH's {1981 census}
5
No. of HH's surveyed
6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------~--
1. I) '-'·
3.
,I
"""· 6.
,. 0
\_\ 0
8.
i i .
Bylanarasapura Ajjanahalli Lakkur
Kikkeri Kadukothanahalli Mahadevapura
Udigala Seegevalu B.Seebally
Ugargol Bell ada Bage..,;ad i Haslapur
1 3. SaG aveball i 14. Tattur E1. ~1q;t&ravalli
16. Kedtir 17. Maninalkur 18. Mandekolu
19. Lakhangaon 20. Kanakatta 21. Mudhol 1 B'
22. Karajagi 23. Tengli 24. i~andurga
2f,. Kawloor 26. Kuroi 27. Arkera
Bangalore {Rural) Hoskote Magadi NelamangEtla
Mandy a K.R.Pet Maddur Srirangepatna
My sore C.R.Nagara K.R.Nagara T.H.Pura
Belgtmm Saundatti Hukkeri Ray bag
Shimoaa Honnali Sorab Thirthally
Dakshina Kannada Kundapur Buntv1al Sub· a
Bidar Bhalki Homnabad Aurad
Gulbarga Afzalpura Chitapur Shahapur
Raichu"t· Koppal Manvi Deodurga
Bellan·
3085 1640 1669
3538 3847 4326
3512 2316 3292
~'7nv I L.\.'1
6224 4118
3639 2023 2597
1414 3664 4482
3367 3483 3045
3991 2654 3037
5904 6579 3612
494. 290 254
620 675 759
631 418 572
1020 1084 680
607 322 489
220 500
505 573 500
684 624 539
1113 1402
556
171 183 149
153 159 189
191 126 184
183 195 122
214 114 172
119 148
152 160 188
185 148 169
181 228
92
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
Table No.
1.
') '--.
3.
,I ~.
.. ~·.
u.
,.
' ~' \ .
i;l'
li5.
11.
12.1
12.2
13.
14.
15.
16.
ANNEXURE - VII
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Districtwise gender distribution of respondents and family type of sample households
Districtwise number of sample households owning house and type of house
Ccwte/Religionwise type of house of sample households
Districtwise number Caste/Religion
of sample households by
Districtwise age distribu~ion of population b~l gender
Districtwise literacy levels of sample population
Districtwise occupational pattern of sample households
Districtv;ise number of >tlOrkers in the sample householdc
Districtwise number of sample households by average monthly income groups
Districtwise average annual e:>..rpenditure of sample households
Districtwise number of' 1 ivest.ock and poultry owned in sample households
Districtwise number of sar{!ple households using different >t;ater sources - DRINKING and COOKING
Districtwise number of sample households using different water sources - OTHER PURPOSE
Districtwise number of sample households ovming water sources
Districtwise number of sample households collecting water and average number of trips per household
Districtwise percapit.a daily v;ater consumption from all sources {litres)
Districtwise number of sample households latrine among different caste/religion groups
having
I' II
I I
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
Number of sample households owning latrine by t}-pe and cost of investment
Number of sarr~le households ~iing latrine by t}~e and source of investment
Sourcewise number of sarr~le households willing to pay for improved water system
Number of sarr~le households wi 11 ing to pay improved water S~lstern by income group
for
Districtwise number of sample households w·illing to share the cost for private latrine
Districtwise preference community latrine among groups
of sample different
households for caste/religion
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd i' l
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
TABLE 1 : DISTRICTWJSE GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS AHD FAKILY TYPE OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS
-------··---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICT KALE I FEKALE % JOINT % NUCLEAR % TOTAL NO.
OF HH -------<-----------------.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE '200 39. 7b 303- 60.24 96 19.09 407 80. 91 503
MNDYA 190 37.92 311 62.08 148 29.54 353 70. 46 501
KYSORE 151 30.14 350 69.86 117 23.35 384 76.65 501
SHIKOG/1 311 62.20 189 37.80 192 38.40 308 61.60 500
DAKSHIIIA KAHNADA 285 55.45 229 44.55 128 24. 90 38b 75.10 514
BELGAU11 296 59.20 204 40.80 244 48.80 256 51.20 500
SELLARY 284 56.80 210 43.20 133 26.60 367 73. 40 500
RMCHUR 310 61.88 191 38.12 124 24.75 377 75.25 501
GUUn~:GA 283 56.37 219 43.63 159 31.67 343 68.33 502
BIMR 319 63.80 181 36.20 184 36.80 316 63.20 500 -----··----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALl DJISTRICTS 2629 52.35 2393 47. bS 1525 30.37 3497 b9. 63 5022 ·----·~-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'·.,. .• 1"
Om Consultants (india) Pvt Ud
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
TABLE 2:DISTRICTWISE HUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING HOUSE AND TYPE OF HOUSE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICTS UNIT OWNERSHIP DIIELLI NG TYPE TOTAL NO.
OWNED REHTED p SP K s II OF HH ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BANGALORE IRURALJ NO. 460 43 14 374 115 420 83 503 % 91. ~5 8.55 2. 78 74.35 22.86 83.50 16.50
lfANDYA NO. 488 13 12 381 108 ~02 99 501 z 97.41 2. 59 2. 40 76.05 21.56 80. 2~ 19.76
lfYSOR£ NO. 489 12 44 372 85 401 100 501 I 97. bO 2. 40 8. 78 74.25 16.97 80.04 19.96
SHIIIOGA NO. ~65 35 34 389 77 461 39 500 % 93.00 7. 00 6.80 77.80 15.40 92.20 7. 80
DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 502 12 24 255 235 506 8 514 % 97.67 2. 33 4.67 49.61 45.72 98.44 1. 56
BELGAUH NO. 482 18 176 217 107 393 107 500 % 96.40 3. 60 35.20 43.40 21.40 78.60 21.40 ·J
BELLARY NO. 478 22 265 122 113 484 16 500 % 95.60 4. 40 53.00 24. 40 22.60 96.80 3. 20
RAICHUR HO. 492 9 291 145 65 438 63 501 % 98.20 1. 80 58.08 28.94 12.97 87.43 12.57
GULBARGA NO. 488 14 240 180 82 370 132 502 % 97.21 2. 79 47.81 35.86 16.33 73.71 26.29
BIDAR NO. 496 4 205 159 136 312 188 500 % 99.20 o. 80 41.00 31.80 27.20 62.40 37.60
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS NO. 4840 182 1305 2594 1123 4187 835 5022
z 96.38 3.62 25.99. 51.65 22.36 83.37 16.63 ' . .. :
---------------------------------------------·-------~---------------------------·--------------------
P=PUCCA; SP=SEIII PUCCA; K=KATCHA; S=SINGLE; lf=lfULTIPLE;
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
TABLE3:CASTE/RELIGIONWISE TYPE OF HOUSE OF SAIIPLE HOUSEHOLDS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------CASTE/RELIGION PUCCA z SEIUPUCCA z I::UTCHA % TOTAL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------BRAHIIINS 40 35.40 56 49.56 17 15.04 113 YOKKALIGA & OTHER FAR/liNG COIIIIUNITIES 483 48.79 404 40.81 103 10.40 990 UHGAYATS 264 20.35 78b b0.60 247 19. 04 1297 ARTISANS 34 15.53 141 b4. 38 44 20.09 219 OTHERS 148 26.81 216 39.13 188 34.06 552 SCHEDULE CASTE 138 15.90 416 47.93 314 36.18 8b8 SCHEDULE TRIBE 14 7. 91 95 53. b7 b8 38.42 177 JAI~S 30 35.29 44 51. 7b 11 12. 94 85 IIUSLII'IS 150 21.28 426 60.43 129 18.30 705 CHRISTIANS ~ 4 25.00 10 62.50 2 12.50 16 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOHL 1305 25.99 2594 51.65 1123 22.36 5022 ---··-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/.:1
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
TABLE 4 : DISTRICTWISE NO. OF SAftPLE HOUSEHOLDS BY CASTE/RELIGION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CASTE/RELIGION
DISTRICT UNIT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE CRURAll NO. 2 18 182 7 30 42 3 0 219 0 503
I 0.40 3.58 36.18 1.39 5. 96 8.35 0. 60 0. 00 I 43,54 o. 00 100.00 lfAHDYA NO. 11 31 256 40 50 100 0 0 13 0 501
I 2. 20 6.19 51.10 7.98 9. 98 19.96 o.oo o.oo 2.59 o.oo 100.00 lfYSORE HO. 6 106 215 61 32 81 0 0 0 0 501
I 1. 20 21.16 42. 91 12.18 6. 39 16.17 0.00 o. 00 0.00 o.oo 100. 00 SHJI'IOGA NO. 24 108 80 36 35 107 24 0 Bb 0 500
I 4. 80 21.60 16.00 7. 20 7. 00 21.40 4. so 0. 00 17. 20 o. 00 100.00 DnKSHIHA KAHNADA NO. 23 5 117 29 84 97 66 1 87 5 514
z 4. 47 o. 97 22. 76 5.64 16.34 18.87 12.84 0.19 16. 93 0. 97 100.00 S£lGIIU/f NO. 18 172 59 13 2 85 30 83 38 0 500
I 3.60 34.40 11.80 2.60 o. 40 17. 00 6.00 16.60 7.60 o.oo 100. 00 BELLilRY NO. 2 145 57 b 115 121 2 0 52 0 500
z 0. 40 29.00 11.40 1. 20 23.00 24.20 0. 40 o. 00 10~ 40 0. 00 100. 00 RtHCH:JR NO. 11 117 99 7 79 98 2 0 78 10 501
I 2. 20 23.35 19. 76 1. 40 15.77 19.56 o. 40 o. 00 15.57 2. 00 100.~0 C<.:UA!\~ri NO. 12 144 81 14 97 44 28 1 81 0. 5~)2
I 2.39 28.69 16.14 2. 79 19.32 8. 76 5.58 0.20 16.H o. 00 100. ~.0 $;DAR NO. 4 144 151 6 28 93 22 0 51 1 500
% o. so 28.80 30.20 1. 20 5.60 18.60 4.40 0.00 10.20 0.20 100.00 ------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DlSTRICTS NO. 113 990 1297 219 552 868 177 85 705 16 5022
% 2. 25 19.71 25.83 4. 36 10.99 17.28 3. 52 1. 69 14.04 o. 32 100.00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LEGEND: Ciste/Relisien Group: 1 = Brahaias; 2 = Linsayat; 3 = Vokkalisa and other Agricultural caste; 4 =Artisan;
5 =Other coaaunities; 6- Scheduled Castes; 7 =Scheduled Tribes; S = Jains 9 = Husli•si 10, = Christians.
,,
ANNEXURE- VII (Contd.))
TABLE S : DISTRICTWISE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPUWIOH BY GENDER
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICTS <--------------------------' ' A G E ~- I S T R I B U T I 0 N ---------------------------------->>
UNIT UPTO 5 YEftRS 5 TO 10 YEARS 10 TO 15 YEARS 15 TO 25 YEARS 25 TO 35 YEARS 35 TO SO YEARS 50 TO b5 YEARS OVER 65 mRS rom GRAND !!ALE FEll ALE KALE mALE 111\l£ FE HALE !!ALE mm MLE FEllAtE 111\LE FEMlE MLE FEll ALE mr FEll ALE MLE mm TOTAl
·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51\LORE I RURALI NO. 171 178 344 279 337 332 224 294 174 144 111 106 112 57 57 29 1530 1419 2949
1 s. 80 b.04 11.66 9. 46 11.43 11.26 7. bO 9. 97 5. 90 4. 88 3. 76 3. 59 3. 80 1.93 1. 93 o. 98 51.88 48.12 100. 00 m NO. 159 135 269 300 328 310 235 19b 167 159 134 121 127 100 7b 63 1495 1384 2879
z 5.52 4. 69 9. 34 10.42 11.39 10.77 8.16 6. 81 5. 80 5. 52 4.65 4.20 4.41 3. 47 2. 64 2.19 51.93 48.07 100. 00 JRE HO. 151 133 320 335 329 260 m 2H 177 160 139 96 116 86 74 48 1485 1332 2817
I 5. 36 4. 72 11.36 11.89 11.68 9. 23 6.35 7. 60 6.28 5. 68 4. 93 3. 41 4.12 3. 05 2.63 1. 70 52.72 47.28 100. 00 lOG A · NO. 155 155 303 298 370 386 276 222 192 151 134 140 13b 121 70 37 163b 1510 3146
I 4.93 4. 93 9.b3 9. 47 11. 76 12.27 8. 77 7. 06 b.10 uo 4. 26 4. 45 4. 32 3. 85 2. 23 1.18 52.00 48.00 100. 00 >Hm K~HHADA HO. m m 350 315 - 406 404 247 254 150 1b4 137 133 120 104 42 36 1b08 1575 3183
I 4. 90 5.18 11.00 9. 90 12.76 12.69 1. n 7. 98 4. 71 5.15 4. 30 4.18 3. 77 3.27 1. 32 1.13 50.52 49.48 100. 00 i~UII NO. 155 15b 314 323 364 344 28b .251 211 169 135 137 144 131 72 52 1681 1563 3144
I 4. 78 4.81 9. 68 ?.96 11.22 10.60 8.82 7. 74 6. 50 5. 21 4.16 4. 22 4.44 4.04 2.22 1. 60 51.82 48.18 100. 00 ARY uo. 246 227 439 410 323 2b8 248 m 170 HS 120 124 107 128 53 38 1706 1586 3292
1 7. 47 6.90 13.34 12.45 9. 81 8.14 7. 53 7. 38 5.16 4. 50 3. 65 3. 77 3. 25 3.89 1. 61 1.15 51.82 48.18 100. 00 :HUR NO. 237 211 385 428 358 324 2b8 241 181 177 142 16b 140 . 121 49 52 1760 1720 3480
X &. 81 6. 06 11.06 12.30 10.29 9. 31 7. 70 6.93 5.20 5.09 4. 08 4. 77 4.02 3. 48 1. 41 1. 49 50.57 4?. 43 100. 00 "RGA NO. 238 255 m 38b 358 256 248 234 189 173 134 134 120 125 43 43 1782 U06 3388
I 7. 02 7. 53 13.34 11.39 10.57 7. 56 7. 32 b. 91 5. 58 5.11 3.96 3. 96 3.54 3.69 . 1. 27 1.27 52.60 47.40 100. 00 R NO. 230 229 406 414 ".· 325 2b6 252 214 173 150 136 141 137 . 102 64 42 1723 1558 3281
I 7.01 6. 98 12.37 12.62 9. 91 8.11 7.b8 6. 52 5, 27 4. 57 4.15 4.30 4.18 3.11 1.95 1. 28 52.51 47.49 100.00 ' -----------------------------------------------------------~-----------------------------------------------------------------------------~------------------------------------------------------------i
DISTRICTS NO. 1898.00 1844.00 3582.00 3488.00 3498.00 3150.00 2463.00 2363.00 1784.00 1595.00 1322.00 1298.00 1259.00 1075.00 600.00 m.oo 16406.00 1sm.oo Jtm.oo % b. 00 5. 82 11.31 11.02 11.05 9. 9S 7. 78 7. 46 5. 64 5. 04 4.18 4.10 3. 98 3. 40 1. 90 1. 39 51.82 48.18 100. 00
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 3 ()
g f: 0 ~
r::;;:.
B. (j"
'-.../
~ a
~~i:~~:~~-;i~~~~~;i;;:;;;;;;~;;~~ii:::~l:A:Tk~=w::r:-~ -,;;,~i~:;:~~-~jjjq~.~~-:-ijf:'·fir:-;~{ir~.~i~&ii£ am • u Mrw ; " a&w
0 3 () g
TABLE 6 : DISTRJCTWISE LITERACY lEVElS OF SAKPLE POPULATION ~ ::::;:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0
DISTRICTS Ill ITERATES % JNFORKAl % FOR HAL % TOTAL % NO. OF CHILDREN :J
% TOTAL iir EDUCATION EDUCATION LITERATES UPTO 5 YRS. PERSONS r.::::-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. BANGALORE CRURAL) 1157 39.23 157 5. 32 1286 .3. 61 1H3 48.93 349 11.83 2949 a·
'---"' -o
HANDY II 1212 42.10 89 3. 09 1284 44.60 1373 47.69 294 10.21 2879 s. !:;
flY SORE 1644 58.36 6. 2. 27 825 29.29 889 31.56 284 10.08 2817 a.
SHIKOG/1 996 31.66 168 5. 34 1672 53.15 1840 58.49 310 9.85 3146
DAKSHINII KIINNIIDII 1233 38.74 178 5. 59 1451 •s. 59 1629 51.18 321 10.08 3183
BElGAUrt 1093 33.69 163 5.02 1677 51.70 1840 56.72 311 9. 59 3244
BELLIIRY 1645 49.97 i27 3.86 1047 31.80 1174 35.66 473 14.37 3292 g; z tx1
RAICHUR 1802 51.78 118 3.39 1112 31.95 1230 35.34 448 12.87 3480 >< §3 tx1
GULBARGII 1750 51.65 111 3.28 1034 30.52 1145 33.80 .93 14.55 3388 I
< BlDAR 1432 43.65 113 3.44 1277 38. 92 1390 .2. 37 459 13.99 3281 H
H ,...., ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ()
All DISTRICTS 13964 44.11 1288 4.07 12665 40.00 13953 44.07 3742 11.82 31659 0 ::l
-------------------------------------------------~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rt 0.. . . '--'
,, i). C".r'
c
Om Consultants (India) Pv1 Ud
ANNEXURE - VII(Contd .. )
/
:I
Q
{:J TABLE 7 : DISTRICTWISE OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICT UNIT AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL ARTISANS BUSINESS l SERVICES HOUSEHOLD OTHERS TOTAL
LABOUR TRADE WORK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BANGALORE IRURALI NO. 289 73 7 7 16 bb 45 503 I . 57. 4b 14.51 1. 39 1. 39 3.18 13.12 8. 95 100.00
MNDYA NO. 233 b3 10 5 2b 75 89 501 % 4b. 51 12.57 2. 00 1. 00 5.19 14.97 17. 7b 100. 00
IIYSORE NO. 30b 7b 7 5 13 b8 2b 501 % b1.08 15.17 1. 40 1. 00 2.59 13.57 5.19 100.00
SHIIIOGA NO. 190 70 20 14 45 97 b4 500 I 38.00 14.00 4. 00 2. 80 9. 00 19. 40 12.80 100.00
DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 12b 220 18 3 22 47 78 514 % 24.51 42.80 3. 50 0. 58 4. 28 9.14 15.18 100.00
B£LGAUK NO. 222 42 23 7 32 102 72 500 I 44.40 8. 40 4. bO 1. 40 6. 40 20. 40 14.40 100.00
,1 i£l~A~Y NO. 212 116 4 3 55 47 b3 500 I 42. 40 23.20 0. 80 0. bO 11. 00 9. 40 12. bO 100.00
K~lCH\J.R NO. 263 93 18 b 27 42 52 501 I 52.50 18.56 3.59 1. 20 5. 39 8.38 10.38 100.00
G..i~SAi..iJA NO. 255 120 23 4 30 2b H 502 I 50.80 23.90 4. 58 0.80 5. 98 5.18 8. 76 100.00
SlDAR HO. 231 138 8 8 31 17 b7 500 I 46.20 27. bO 1. bO 1. bO b. 20 3. 40 13.40 100.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS NO. 2327 1011 138 b2 297 587 bOO 5022
% 4b. 34 20.13 2. 75 1. 23 5. 91 11.b9 11.95 100.00
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
()
TABLE 8 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF WORKERS IN THE SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------KALE % FEKALE % CHILDREN % TOTAL % TOTAL
WORKERS POPULATION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BAHGALORE (RURALJ 7b4 25. 91 195 b.61 2b 0. 88 985 33. 40 2949
KAHDYA 836 29. 04 367 .12. 75 15 o. 52 1218 42.31 2879
KYSOR£ 744 26.H 259 9.19 19 0.67 1022 36.28 2817
SHIIIOGA 863 27.43 240 7.63 8 o. 25 1111 35.31 3146
DAKSHIHA KANNADA 794 24. 95 482 15.14 29 o. 91 1305 41.00 3183
B£LGAUK 913 ?8,14 304 9.37 47 1.45 1264 38.96 32H
BELLARY 880 26. 73 no 23. 09 87 2. 64 1727 52. 46 3292 0
RAICHUR 915 26.29 755 21. 70 86 2.47 1756 50.46 3480 r
GULBARGA 870 25.68 677 19.98 99 2. 92 1646 48.58 3388
BIDAR 823 25. OS 636 19.38 26 0. 79 1485 45.26 3281 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS 8402 26.54 4675 14.77 442 1. 40 13519 42. 70 31659 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) .
Q
TABLE 9 : DISTRICTWISE NU~BER OF SA~PLE HOUSEHOLDS BY AVERAGE ~OHTHLY INCOl'fE GROUPS
u•--------------------------------------------------------------------------------KONTHLY INCOl'fE!RSl
DISTRICTS UNIT UPTO 100 101-350 351-600 601-100 1000+ TOTAL --·---------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE !RURAL) HO. 18 41 111 161 172 503
% 3. 58 8.15 22.07 32.01 34.19 100.00 l'fMIDYA NO. 9 14 68 158 252 501
I 1. so 2. 79 13. 57 31.54 50.30 100. 00 l'fYSORE NO. 7 32 124 183 155 501
I 1. 40 b. 39 24.75 36.53 30.94 100. 00 SHIIIOGA NO. 21 46 109 118 206 500
I 4. 20 9.20 21.80 23.60 41.20 100.00 DAKSHIHA KANNADA NO. 6 33 189 167 119 514
I 1.17 6.42 36.77 32.49 23.15 100.00 BELGAUii NO. 31 60 123 97 189 500
I 6.20 12.00 24.60 19. 40 37.80 100.00 f BELLARY NO. 17 102 153 122 106 500
% 3.40 20.40 30.60 24. 40 21.20 100. 00 I i Rri!CHUR NO. 25 111 124 131 110 501 "'"1,
4. 99 22.16 24. 75 21.96 100.00 z 26.15 f GU'-BARGA NO. 24 94 162 115 107 502 I'
I 4. 78 18.73 32.27 22.91 21. 31 100. 00 t
SIDAR NO. 64 111 134 94 97 500 % 12.80 22.20 26.80 18.80 19.40 100.00
--·~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALL DISTRICTS uo. 222 644 1297 1346 1513 5022 I 4. 42 12.82 25.83 2b. 80 30.13 100. 00
--··--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ud
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
0
TABLE 10 : DISTRICTWIS£ AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURE OF SA"PL£ HOUSEHOLDS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UNIT FOOD CLOTHING EDUCATION TRANSPORT OTHERS TOTAL TOTAL NO.
OF HHS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALOR£ !RURAL) HO. 7710 2120 ~22 927 855 12038 503
% 64.05 17.61 3. 51 7. 70 7.10 100.00 "ANDY A NO. 9011 1921 617 1034 1881 14467 501
z 62.29 13.28 4. 26 7.15 13.00 100.00 KYSOR£ NO. 7352 1634 394 712 1259 11354 501
I 64.75 it 39 3.47 6. 27 11.09 100.00 SHIIWGA NO. 6580 2121 777 1096 1525 12102 500
I 54.37 17.53 b. 42 9. Ob 12.60 100. 00 DAKSHIHA KANNADA NO. 5865 1428 342 706 899 9243 514
% 63.45 15.45 3. 70 7. 64 9. 73 100.00 BELGAU" NO. 5923 2449 727 1024 1837 11964 500
% 49.51 20.47 6.08 8.56 15.35 100.00 BELLARY NO. 6751 2158 492 569 1174 11147 500
% 60.56 19. 36 4. 41 5.10 10.53 100. 00 RAJCHUR NO. 6526 2350 471 624 1343 11316 501
j
I 57.67 20. 77 4.16 5.51 11.87 100. 00 r.
GULBARGA NO. 6274 2545 629 771 1981 12203 502 % 51.41 20.86 5.15 6.32 16. 23 100.00
BlDAR NO. 4764 2137 852 539 1420 9714 500 z H.04 22.00 8. 77 5.55 14.62 100.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS HO. 6674 2085 572 800 1416 11547 5022
X 57.80 18. Ob 4. 95 b. 93 12.26 100. 00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
" TABLE 11 : DISTRICTWISE NUI'IBER OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY OWNED
IN SAI!PLE HOUSEHOLDS
---------··-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO.OF HHS TOTAL
DISTftiCTS UNIT CATTLE BUFFALOE SHEEP POULTRY OTHERS TOTAL no. per OUHIHG z HHS hh LIVESTOCK
l
----------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------BANGALORE (RURAL! HO. 568.00 261. 00 195. 00 1323.00 311.00 2658.00 9.33 285.00 Sb.bb 503.00
z 21.37 9. 82 7. 34 49.77 11.70 100.00 /!ANDY A HO. 684.00 170.00 393.00 273. 00 72.00 1592.00 5.19 307. 00 61. 28 501. 00
I 42.96 10.68 24.69 17.15 4. 52 100.00 I!YSORE NO. 860.00 206.00 812.00 335.00 29.00 2242.00 b. 04 371. 00 74. OS 501. 00
z 38.36 9.19 36.22 14.94 1. 29 100. 00 SHII'IOGA HO. 930.00 251. 00 100.00 406.00 27.00 1714. 00 5.83 294.00 58.80 500.00
% 54. 26 14.64 5.83 23.69 i. 58 100.00 DAKSHIHA KANHADA NO. 890. 00 119. 00 58. 00 1395. 00 3t 00 2496. 00 6. 88 363.00 70. 62 514. 00
% 35.66 4.77 2. 32 55.89 1.36 100.00 £ELGAUI! NO. 395. 00 314. 00 454. 00 16. 00 10. 00 1189. 00 4. 54 262.00 52.40 500.00
% 33.22 26.41 38.18 1. 35 o. 84 100.00 HUM:Y NO. 783. 00 259.00 415.00 90.00 5.00 1552.00 5. 06 307. 00 61. 40 500.00
z 50.45 16.69 26. 74 5.80 0.32 100.00 , ... '·,..., ,; :..l'L./-!\ HO. 1204.00 220.00 755.00 182.00 40.00 2401. 00 7. 55 318.00 63. 47 501. 00
z 50.15 9.16 31.45 7.58 1. 67 100. 00 ~ . : ""'A ,.. ,_ • iJ .. ' .... t.d·.on HO. 1201. 00 235.00 560. 00 303.00 345.00 2644.00 7. 75 341. 00 67. 93 502.00
z 45.42 8.89 21.18 11. 46 13.05 100. 00 S!DAR NO. 734.00 407.00 352.00• 138. 00 26.(10 1657.00 4. 90 338.00 67.60 500.00
I 44.30 24.56 21.24 8.33 1. 57 100.00 ----------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS NO. 8249.00 2442.00 4094. 00 4461.00 899.00 20145.00 6. 32 3186.00 63.44 5022.00
I 40.95 12.12 20.32 22.14 4. 46 100. 00 ----------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
c
TABLE 12.1: DISTRICTWISE HUMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS USING DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES - DRINKING AND COOKING
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRifTS UNIT TRADITIONAL SOURCE HAND TOTAL NO.
WELL OTHERS PUMPS PWS KWS OF HHS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE IRURALl NO. 147 21 108 216 157 503
% 29.22 4.17 21. 47 42.94 31. 21 KANDYA - NO. 226 79 146 359 0 501
z 45.11 15.77 29.14 71.66 0. 00 MY SORE NO. 59 79 251 218 0 501
I 11.78 15.77 50.10 43.51 o. 00 SHIIIOGA NO. 129 63 179 265 0 500
I 25.80 12. 60 35.80 53.00 0.00 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 409 59 68 0 0 SH
% 79.57 11. 48 13.23 0.00 o. 00 BELGAUI1 NO. 293 15 37 264 0 500
% 58.60 3. 00 7. 40 52.80 0.00 B£LLARY NO. 238 9b 62 317 83 500
"" I 47.60 19.20 12.40 63.40 16.60 lc::
RAICHUR NO. 179 355 100 206 0 501 I 35. 73 70.86 19.96 41.12 o. 00
GULBARGA NO. 205 75 80 281 60 502 z 40.84 14.94 15. 94 55. 98 11. 95
BIDAR NO. 325 60 146 302 0 500 % 65.00 12. 00 29.20 60.40 0.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------All DISTRICTS NO. 2210 902 1177 2428 300 5022
4 44.01 17. 96 23.44 48.35 5. 97 ----------------------------------------------------------~------------------------
um c.onsultants (India) Pvt Ud
ANNEXURE - VII(Contd .. )
c
TABLE 12. 2: DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS USING DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES - OTHER PURPOSE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISTRICTS UNIT TRADITIONAL SOURCE HAND TOTAL NO.
WELL OTHERS PUKPS PWS I!WS OF HHS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------BANGALORE (RURAL) NO. 170 64 122 1b5 143 503
% 33.80 12.72 24.25 32.80 28.43 I!AI~DYA NO. 209 377 112 243 0 501
t 41.72 75.25 22.36 48.50 0.00 IIYSORE NO. 64 136 232 169 0 501
I 12.77 27.15 46. 31 33. 73 0. 00 SHII!OGA NO. 148 284 192 193 0 500 't
% 29. 60 56. 80 38.40 38.60 0. 00 C,J 'l ~
DAI:SHINA KANNADA NO. 361 126 82 0 0 514 ,J ,, % 70.23 24.51 15.95 o. 00 0.00
:j BEL GAUl! NO. 307 297 49 101 0 500 " t,!
% 61.40 59. 40 9. 80 20.20 0. 00 ' BHLARY NO. 271 189 93 297 77 500
II % 54. 20 37.80 18.60 59. 40 15.40 RAJ:CHUR NO. 233 125 154 367 0 501
% 46.51 24.95 30. 74 73.25 o. 00 'l
GULBARGA NO. 343 126 111 212 37 502 :! z 68.33 25.10 22.11 42.23 7. 37
B I LIAR NO. 422 137 135 231 0 500 % 84.40 27.40 27. 00 46.20 0. 00
--··--------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS NO. 2528 1861 1282 1978 257 5022
%
---·--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd
ANNEXURE - VII (Contd .. )
"
TABLE 13 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING WATER SOURCES
-----------------------------------------------------------------WATER SOURCE TOTAl NO ..
DISTRICTS WELl z PWS z OF HHS ----------------------------------------------------------------
BANGALORE IRURALl 0 o. 00 30 5. 96 503
KAHDYA 7 1. 40 4b 9.18 501
IIYSORE 0 o. 00 3b 7.19 501
SHIIIOGA 12 2. 40 38 7. bO 500
DAKSHINA KANNADA 31 b. 03 0 0. 00 514
BELGAUI1 0 0. 00 96 19. 20 500
BELLARY 2 o. 40 59 11. so 500 [,
RAICHUR 4 o.so b2 12.38 501 c
GULBARGA 10 1. 99 37 7. 37 502
BIDt1R 77 15.40 102 20. 40 500 -----------------------------------------------------------------
All DISTRICTS 143 2.85 506 10.08 5022 -----------------------------------------------------------------
Om Consultants (Indio: Pvt Ltd
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
;,
TI\BLE H : DISTRICTWISE NU"BER OF SI\IIPLE HOUSEHOLDS COLLECTING WATER AND AVERAGE HUMBER OF TRIPS PER HOUSEHOLD
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF TOTAL NO. AVERAGE
DISTRICTS HHS HORNING HHS AFTERNOON HHS EVENING OF HHS PER DAY --·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81\i~GALORE fRURAll 439 6 38 3 276 5 503 8
111\I~DYA 449 9 35 4 276 7 501 12
"YSORE 429 6 31 6 366 7 501 11
SHIIIOGI\ 404 13 19 8 380 12 500 19
DhKSHINA KA/1111\D/\ 510 16 41 12 475 15 5H 31
BELGAUII 419 9 33 4 179 4 500 9
BEl.li\RY 463 10 15 3 327 6 500 13
RAJCHUR 478 9 12 2 322 5 501 13
GUlBARGn 489 13 7 3 328 b 502 16
BIDAR 463 13 4 4 156 5 500 13 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALL DISTRICTS 4543 11 235 5 3085 8 5022 15 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.· ]!'
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
TABLE15:DJSTRICTWISE PERCAPITA DAILY CONSUMPTION FROH ALL SOURCES(LITRESl
c
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CASTE/RELIGION GROUP ALL TOTAL NO.
DlSTRI:TS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CASTES OF HHs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BMM.LGRE (RURALl 86 37 48 59 46 46 26 0 42 0 H 503 M.ii!Dtf. 73 60 60 54 37 34 0 0 58 0 52 50.i r, YSOF:: 67 57 46 51 51 42 0 0 0 0 49 501 3H 1 !lCC.i 52 38 58 40 40 34 39 0 38 0 42 500 GAKSH I h?1 KnNNADA 79 59 63 47 53 46 72 38 55 ~9 58 51~
2ELG.iU.~ 42 34 25 30 36 23 20 34 20 0 29 500 2EL L .;p y 60 43 34 31 31 29 27 0 31 0
,,, 500 .:>,
1A!Cfi~F 72 45 37 37 34 29 23 0 32 17 36 501 GULBARG~i 43 41 36 41 37 29 30 44 32 0 36 502 2IDA~ 66 44 64 42 29 39 31 0 35 32 47 500 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~~L ri STRICTS 62 52 51
,, 1b 38 35 13 35 38 32 45 5022
-f~;~::CASTE/RELIGION:1=BRAHHINS;2=LINGAYATS;3=VOKKALIGA & OTHER AGRICULTURAL CASTE;4=ARTISAN; 5=0THER CASTES;6=SCHEDULED CASTE;?=SCHEDULED TRIBE;S=JAINSi9=KUSLIHSi10=CHRISTIANS;
Om Consultants (ind10/ Pvl Ltd
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .• )
TABLE 16 : DISTRICTWISE ~UMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS HAVING LATRINE AMONG DIFFERENT CASTE/RELIGION GROUPS
------------·~-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASTE/RELIGION GROUP TOTAL NO. DISTRICTS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL OF HHS
------------··-----·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------f:ANGALORE (R!JRALJ 0 " 7 ~ 2 0 0 0 25 0 39 so~: ,) L
0. 00 0. 60 1. 39 0. 40 0. 40 0.00 0. 00 o. 00 4. 97 o. 00 7. 75 ll/111[1\'fl 4 6 43 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 60 501
0. 80 1. 20 8.58 0. 40 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 o. 00 1. 00 0. 00 ii. 98 HYSORE 2 10 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 501
o. 40 2. 00 0.80 o. 00 0. 20 0. 20 0. 00 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 3. 59 SHJr,OGA 0 12 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 19 500
0. 00 2. 40 0. 20 0. 60 0. 20 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 o. 40 o. 00 3. 80 DhKSHINA KANNADA 10 0 13 1 1 0 1 1 3 0 30 514
1. 95 0. 00 2.53 0.19 0.19 0. 00 0.19 0.19 0.58 o. 00 s. 84 £ElGAUM 6 38 0 2 1 1 0 12 1 0 62 500
1. 20 7. 60 0. 00 0. 40 0. 20 0. 20 o. 00 2.40 0. 20 o. 00 12. 40 iE~LAF:Y 0 10 4 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 17 500
') 0.00 2.00 0. 80 0. 00 o. 20 o. 20 0. 00 o. 00 0. 20 0. 00 3. 40 RAICHliF: '· 10 2 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 21 501 J
0.60 2. 00 o. 40 0. 00 o. 20 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 1. 00 0. 00 4. 19 GULBnRGA 2 6 1 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 15 502
0. 40 1. 20 0. 20 o.oo 0. 60 o. 20 0.00 o. 00 0. 40 0. 00 2. 99 £!DAR 1 9 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 18 500
0.20 1. so 1. 00 0. 00 0.00 0. bO 0. 00 o. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 60 -------------·---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------till DISTRICTS 28 104 80 10 11 7 1 13 45 0 299 5022
0.56 2.07 1.59 0.20 0.22 o. 14 o. 02 0.26 o. 90 o. 00 5. 95 --------------------------------------------------~---~-----------------------~-~------------------------------------------------
LEGEND: CASTE/RELIGION GROUP: 1=BRAHniNSi2=LINGAYATS;3=VOKKALIGA & OTHER CASTE; 4=ARTISANSi5=0THER CASTES;6=SCHEDULED CASTE;7=SCHEDULED TRIBE;8=JAINS; 9=nUSLIXS;10=CHRISTIANS;
Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd
TYPE
SINGLE PIT POUR FLUSH
BUCKET
TOTAL
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) -
TABLE 17 : NUMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING LATRINE BY TYPE A~D COST OF INVESTMENT
COST IRS! {1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-3000 TOTAL
195 65.22
195 b5. 22
61 20.40
bi 20. 40
30 10.03
30 10.03
13 104 4.35 34.78
195 65.22
13 299 4.35 100.00
Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud
ANNEXURE~- VII(Contd .. )
TABlE 18 : NUKBER OF SAKPlE HOUSEHOlDS OWNING lATRINE BY TYPE AND SOURCE OF INVESTKENT
SOURCE TYPE 01 G S TOTAL
------------------------------------------------SINGLE PIT POUR FLUSH
BUCKET
TOTAL
99 33.11
193 64.55
292 97.66
5 1.67
2 0. 67
7 2. 34
104 34.78
195 65.22
299 100.00
lEGEND: OI=OWN INVESTKENT; GS=GOVT SUBSIDY;
0~ Consultants (India) Pvt Ud
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
TABLE19:SOURCEWISE NUKBER Of SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO PAY FOR IKPROVED WATER SYSTEK
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOURCE BIDDINGIRUPEES PER KOHTHI
o. 00 5. 00 8.00 10. 00 15.00 20.00 TOTAL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------PUBLIC HANDPUKP 24 54 10 21 4 1 114
o. 48 1. 08 o. 20 o. 42 o. 08 o. 02 2.27 PUBliC STANDPOINT 373 408 56 79 27 7 950
7. 43 8.12 1.12 1.57 o. 54 0.14 18.92 HOUSE CONNECTION 216 1031 364 819 426 159 3015
4. 30 20.53 7. 25 16.31 8. 48 3.17 60.04 K IJ S 241 '208 68 57 11 4 589
4. 80 4.14 1. 35 1.14 0.22 o. 08 11.73 NONE 354 o. 00 o. 00 o. 00 0. 00 o. 00 354
7. 05 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 o. 00 o. 00 7. OS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tl TOTAL 1208 1701 498 976 468 171 5022
24.05 33.87 9, 92 19.43 9.32 3. 41 100.00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Om Consultants (India) ?vt Ud
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd •. )
TABLE20:HUlfBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO PAY FOR IHPROVED WATER SYSTEM BY INCOME GROUP
-~·--------------~---------------------------------------------------------------I'IOHTHLY RS/I'IONTH INCOI'IE lRS! 0 5 8 10 15 20 TOTAL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------UP TO 100 55 74 18 40 27 10 224
1.10 1. 47 o. 36 o. 80 o. 54 o. 20 4. 46 101 - 350 179 291 46 95 26 7 644
3.56 5. 79 o. 92 1. 89 0.52 0.14 12.82 351 - 600 384 466 122 231 75 18 1296
7. 65 9. 28 2. 43 4.60 1.49 0.36 25.81 601 - 1000 342 433 169 267 111 29 1351
b. 81 s. 62 3.37 5.32 2.21 0.58 26.90 1000 + 248 437 143 343 229 107 1507
4. 94 8. 70 2. 85 b. 83 4. 56 2.13 30.01 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 1208 1701 498 97b 468 171 5022 24.05 33.87 9. 92 19.43 9.32 3. 41 100.00
.\ ------------------------------------------------~--------------~----------------~~
(
. !
ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. )
TABLE 21 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO SHARE THE COST fOR PRIVATE LATRINE
---~-----------~-----------------------------------------~---------------------------UNIT TOTAL NO. HO.OF HHs PERCENT SHARE OF COST
DISTRICTS OF HHs WILLING 100 75 50 25
---------~---------------------------------------------------------------------------BAHGALORE IRURALl NO 503 2H 1 4 23 24b
% o. 36 1. 46 8. 39 89.78 HANDY A NO 501 357 5 b9 283
% o. 00 1. 40 19.33 79.27 HYSORE NO 501 272 2 0 18 252
% o. 74 o. 00 6. 62 92.65 SHHIOGA NO 500 264 0 3 33 228
z o. 00 1.14 12.50 86.36 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO 514 241 0 2 42 197
I o. 00 o. 83 17.43 81.74 BELGAUM NO 500 220 0 0 20 200
% o. 00 o. 00 9. 09 90.91 I
BELLARY NO 500 171 1 28 59 83 :-
% o. 58 16.37 34.50 48.54 RAICHUR NO 501 149 4 33 41 71
% 2. 68 22.15 27.52 47.65 GULBARGA NO 502 191 5 33 55 98
% 2. 62 17.28 28.80 51.31 BlDAR NO 500 247 12 28 83 124
% 4. 86 11.34 33.60 so. 20
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ALL DISTRICTS HO 5022 2386 25 136 443 1782
% 1. 05 s. 70 18.57 74.69
~-----------------------------------------·----------~-------------------------------
()
g ~ 0 :J
TABL
E 22
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5 1.
43
6.67
10
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o. 71
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o 38
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10
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NO
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31
25
1 39
48
97
0
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0
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51
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4 99
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1 56
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76
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20
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16
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