world bank - caf marco kamiya 6sep13 20130906

7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906

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Ecosystem, Entrepreneurship

and Innovation: (Bad)

Equilibrium

Marco Kamiya

WorkshopWBCAF

WashingtonDC,World Bank,September 6,2013

Direccin de Polticas Pblicas y Competitividad

Vicepresidencia de Estrategias de Desarrollo y Polticas Pblicas


2/23

SilVal Israel Sing Bra Chi Mex Colo

Innovation Patents

Universities

Overseasnetworks

Entrepreneurial

Talent

(Managerial/Labor)

Teachingtechniques

Trainingfor

Business

plans,etc.

TechTransfer Centers

Finance AngelInvestors/Seed

Venture Capital

EquityInvestment

EnterpriseDevelopmentEcosystems

Developed Incipient Inexistent


3/23

Entrepreneurial

Ecosystems

Entrepreneurs andPolicies

for

Ecosystem

StartUps

Entrepreneurs

Dynamic

Sectors


4/23

1. Whytherearesofewnewdynamicfirms?

2. Isitculturaltraitsthatprevententrepreneursto

appear?

3. Whyfirms

dont

grow

or

stay

in

low

productivitysegments?

4. Isthere

abad

equilibrium

preventing

firms

to

grow?

Entrepreneurship


5/23

FirmDistribution by

Size

Asalariados Desocupados

EstadosUnidos Mxico Per


6/23

FirmDistribution by

Number

of

Employees

Asalariados Desocupados

EstadosUnidos Mxico Per


7/23

Distribution ofLabor

Force


8/23

Entrepreneurs:Similar

Attributes


9/23

Distribution ofAttributesinSelectedLAC

Citiesand

in

Los

Angeles


10/23

LAand

LAC:

Tolerance

to

Risk


11/23

MicroenterprisesandSelfEmployed:Escaping

fromUnemployment

Similarto

salaried

workers(Formaland

informal)

75%

Similarto

Employers

25%

Traits

Education

Family environment

Features proentrepreneurship

Preference for salary jobs

Previous job/background


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Panel A: Total Employment

Cohort: Establishment's initial year of operation

Year before 1970 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1984 1985 to 1989 1990 to 1994 1995 to 1997 1998 to 2003 2004 to 2009 Total

1994 316,612 139,428 80,396 73,248 26,377 - - - 636,061

1997 279,372 124,205 75,739 74,119 44,811 17,114 - - 615,360

2009 203,989 98,969 67,484 73,960 72,750 39,525 57,008 29,813 643,498

2009-1994 -112,623 -40,459 -12,912 712 46,373 39,525 57,008 29,813 7,437

Panel B: Number of establishments

1994 1,756 1,931 1,500 1,484 593 - - - 7,264

1997 1,643 1,891 1,511 1,585 1,032 375 - - 8,037

2009 1,029 1,114 968 1,235 1,286 740 1,487 969 8,828

2009-1994 -727 -817 -532 -249 693 740 1,487 969 1,564

Panel C: Mean of Employment

1994 180.3 72.2 53.6 49.4 44.5 87.61997 170 65.7 50.1 46.8 43.4 45.6 76.6

2009 198.2 88.8 69.7 59.9 56.6 53.4 76 63 72.9

2009-1994 17.94 16.64 16.12 10.53 12.09 53.41 76 63 -14.67

Younger firms not small firmscreates the jobs

Source:Haltiwanger andEslava(2012)


13/23

40years later

US

Mexico

Lack ofDynamism inFormalFirms

8times

Double


14/23

What explains

lack ofdynamism in

large firms?


15/23

The Four Elements of

the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem


16/23

InnovationisnotEverything

Science

Theory

R+D

(Researchand

Development)

ScalingUp/

Commercialization

Theoretical

progressin

science

Patentable/

registered

proprietary

research

Innovation

Processes

Intheabsenceofstronguniversityprivatealliances

TechnologyTransferCentersandmechanismtoshare

networks(PP

dialogues)

are

important.

Advancesin

basicscience


17/23

Entrepreneurship

Innovation

FinanceAngel

Investors

Seed

Capital

Venture

Capital

Universities

LaboratoriesResearch

CentersCorporations

TechTransfer

Centersat

Universitiesand

Laboratories

Educationand

Entrepreneurial

Talent

Private

Equity

InnovationandEntrepreneurship:

MissingLink


18/23

NationalSystemsofInnovation

Japan USSR

1970R&D/GDP2.5% 1970R&D/GDP4.0%

MilitaryorspaceR&Dlessthan

2%

Militaryorspace R&Dmorethan

70%

EnterpriselevelR&D67% Enterpriselevel lessthan10%

Stronglinkagebetweenproducer

andsubcontractor

Strong cooperationmanagement

andworkforce

Freeman(1995)

QualityControlandMng Techniques

Vocationaltrainingbyfirms

R&Dpublicandprivateatfirmlevel

Intrapreneurship

Japan60s

70s

Korea,

Taiwan,

70s80s

ASEAN

Countries,

China

90s


19/23

Distribucindelfinanciamientopblicoal

ecosistemacomo

porcentaje

del

PIB


20/23

Mapadepolticas:distribucindelapoyo

financieropor

tamao

de

firma


21/23

Policiesfor

Entrepreneurship

Policiesshould identifytransformationalanddynamicfirmsas

wellas

strengthening

employability

of

subsistence

micro

entrepreneurs.

Challenge: howtoreachthe25%ofcapablemicroentrepreneursthatareinthebottomofthepyramid?

HowtodesigninnovationpoliciesthatavoidcrowdingoutandsupportprivateR&Dwithtechnicalenhancement.


22/23

IdeasforCooperationWBCAFfor

Entrepreneurship

DesignofPublicPrivatedialoguesforEntrepreneurship

Employabilityofsubsistenceworkers,managerialcapacitiesofmanagers,qualitytraining.

Institutionalcapacity

for

policy

design

Spinoffpromotionmechanisms

Cluster/Value

Chain

based

entrepreneurship


23/23

MarcoKamiya

DireccindePolticasPblicasyCompetitividad

Vicepresidencia

de

Estrategias

de

Desarrollo

y

Polticas

Pblicas

world bank - caf marco kamiya 6sep13 20130906

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