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Workshop on SDGs and Sustainable LDC Graduation of Bangladesh

New Delhi, 20-21 June 2019

Session 1: Bangladesh: Challenges associated with graduation

Dr Rajan Sudesh Ratna

Ms. Huidan Xue

UNESCAP-SSWA, Delhi

Presentation Structure

General overview of Bangladesh’s economy and trade

Bangladesh in WTO and RTAs

Status of Duty-free and quota-free scheme utilization in EU and USThe European Union

The United States

Way forward

Rajan Sudesh Ratna 2

Introduction

Least developed Countries (LDCs)The Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA): “double the

share of LDCs exports in global exports by 2020 and thecommitment to ensure timely implementation of duty-free,quota-free (DFQF) market access, on a lasting basis, for allLDCs”.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory

and equitable multilateral trading system under the World TradeOrganization, including through the conclusion of negotiationsunder its Doha Development Agenda.

17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries,in particular with a view to doubling the least developedcountries’ (LDCs) share of global exports by 2020.

17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-freemarket access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries,consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including byensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to importsfrom least developed countries are transparent and simple, andcontribute to facilitating market access


Graduation Indices and Status of Bangladesh from the 2018 triennial review

GNI HAI EVI

Value 1274 73.2 25.2

Graduation threshold 1230 66 32

Average of developing countries 7064 76.4 34.7

Source: United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-

glance.html. Date of access: 06/03/2019.

• Bangladesh fulfilled the eligibility criteria to graduate for the first time in 2018


https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html

GDP growth and export growth as a share of GDP in Bangladesh, 2000-2017 (per cent)

Source: ESCAP, based on WDI database, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators. Date of

access: 01/24/2019.

Significant and stable economic growth

― GDP increased fivefold

― GDP growth stable at a level of over 5%

― Exports play an important role in economic growth: almost 15% share of GDP and declining since 2012


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

5

10

15

20

25

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

Exports of goods and services (% of GDP, left axis)

GDP growth (annual %, left axis)

GDP (Current billion US$, right axis)

http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators

Exports and imports of goods and services in Bangladesh, 2000-2017 (billion US dollars)

Source: ESCAP, based on WDI database, available at http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators. Date

of access: 09.01.2018.

The exports and imports increasing

A relatively small and stable trade deficit

Exports share of global exports as well as total exports value doubled from 2007 to 2017

might meet the SDG Target 17.11?

2010: 0.0975%2017: 0.1628%1.6 times higher


0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

Exports of goods and services (current billion US$)

Imports of goods and services (current billion US$)

Banlance of trade

Exports share of global exports (right axis)


Bangladesh’s goods exports and imports, 2000-2017 (billion US dollars)

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

5020

00

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Goods exports (BoP, current billion US$)

Goods imports (BoP, current billion US$)

Balance of trade (billion US dollars)

Source: ESCAP, based on WDI database, available at http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators. Date of

access: 01/24/2019.

Goods trade accounting for 94.02 and 93.96 per cent of exports and imports respectively in 2017

Trade deficit is slightly lower than total international trade


2017

• Agriculture:13.41%• Industry: 27.75%• Services:53.48%


Rajan Sudesh Ratna

8

Food and live

animals,

3.61%

Beverages

and tobacco,

0.36%

Crude

materials,

inedible,

except fuels,

1.87%

Mineral fuels,

lubricants and

related materials,

0.52%

Animal and

vegetable

oils, fats and

waxes, 0.02%

Chemicals

and related

products,

n.e.s, 0.54%

Manufacture

d goods

classified

chiefly by

material,

7.82%

Machinery

and transport

equipment,

0.79%Miscellaneous

manufactured

articles, 84.37%

Commodities

and

transactions

not

classified,

0.11%

2010

Food and live animals,

1.38%

Beverages and tobacco,

0.14%

Crude materials, inedible,

except fuels, 0.19%

Mineral fuels, lubricants and

related materials,

0.00%

Animal and vegetable

oils, fats and waxes, 0.00%

Chemicals and related

products, n.e.s, 0.03%

Manufactured goods

classified chiefly by material,

2.12%

Machinery and transport equipment,

0.81%

Miscellaneous manufactured

articles, 95.24%

2018Source: ESCAP, based on UNCOMTRADE available from WITS database. Categories are listed according to SITC revision 4 classification (mirror data; using 1-digit section clusters). Available at https://wits.worldbank.org/. Date of access: 06/03/2019.

Commodity structure of Bangladesh’s exports to the world, 2010 and 2018

Rajan Sudesh Ratna9

https://wits.worldbank.org/

Top 10 commodities of Bangladesh’s exports to the world, 2017

Articles of apparel

and clothing

accessories, 86.32%

Textile

yarn,fabrics,made

up articles,etc.,

4.65%

Footwear, 2.39%

Fish and fish

preparations, 1.51%

Travel

goods,handbags

and

sim.containers,

0.62%

Textile fibres

and their

wastes, 0.61%

Miscellaneous

manufactured articles,n.e.s.,

0.59%

Leather,dressed

fur,etc., 0.37% Medicinal and pharmaceutical

products, 0.26%

Tobacco and tobacco manufactures, 0.25%

Rest Products, 2.43%


Commodity structure of Bangladesh’s imports from the world, 2018

Food and live animals,

53.40%

Beverages and tobacco,

0.07%

Crude materials, inedible, except fuels,

13.36%

Mineral fuels, lubricants and related

materials, 0.09%

Animal and vegetable oils,

fats and waxes, 13.44%

Chemicals and related products,

n.e.s, 2.68%

Manufactured goods classified chiefly by

material, 0.82%

Machinery and transport equipment, 13.81%

Miscellaneous

manufactured articles,

2.28%Commodities and transactions not

classified, 0.06%


Australia,

1.67%

Canada,

3.19%

China, 2.19%Hong Kong, China, 0.41%

India, 1.48%Japan, 2.93%

Korea, Rep.,

0.72%

New Zealand,

0.19%

Singapore,

0.68%

United

States,

14.77%

Vietnam,

0.14%

EU28,

60.23%

Rest of world,

11.40%

DESTINATIONS OF EXPORTS

Australia,

1.97%

Canada, 1.19%

China,

32.71%

Hong Kong,

China, 3.25%

India,

15.55%Japan, 3.76%Korea, Rep.,

2.75%

New Zealand,

0.47%

Singapore,

6.21%

United States,

3.11%

Vietnam, 1.87%

EU28, 7.44%

Rest of world,

19.71%

ORIGINS OF IMPORTS

Source: ESCAP, based on WITS UN Comtrade. Available at https://wits.worldbank.org/. Date of access: 03/06/2019.

Destinations of exports from Bangladesh and Origins of imports to Bangladesh, 2017

Rajan Sudesh Ratna12

https://wits.worldbank.org/

Bangladesh’s export diversification (number of markets and products) 2010-2017

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number of Markets Number of Products

The products and markets numbers stay stable over years


Source: WITS, Trade Outcomes Indicators

Bangladesh’s ad-valorem trade costs with major partners from 2007 to 2015

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

EU28 China India Korea Japan United States APLDCs

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2007 2013 2014 2015


Note: Trade costs with aggregated EU 28 and APLDCs were calculated using simple average

Source: ESCAP-World Bank Trade Cost Database available from ARTNeT

Major trading partners and duties faced, 2016Major markets MFN AVG of traded TL Pref.

margin

Duty-free imports

Simple Weighted Weighted TL in % Value in

%

Agricultural productsSaudi Arabia, Kingdom of 3.8 4.2 0.0 23.7 15.7

European Union 14.1 10.2 10.2 100 100

India 28.5 25.1 25.1 98.7 99.9

United States 7.4 21.6 0.0 31.1 48.6

Nepal 19.9 20.4 0.4 7.3 4.2

Non-agricultural productsEuropean Union 5.8 11.7 11.7 100 100

United States 9.0 15.1 15.1 19.9 4.0

Canada 9.0 16.7 16.7 100 100

Japan 9.7 11.4 11.4 98.1 99.2

Turkey 9.6 9.2 9.2 100 100


Source: ESCAP, based on World Tariff Profiles 2018, WTO, ITC and UNCTAD.

WTO and LDCs


WTO and LDCs• Among the 47 LDCs designated by the United Nations currently, 34 have

become WTO members, while another nine are negotiating to join theWTO.

• Preamble: Secure a share in the growth of international trade that iscommensurate with their economic development needs.

• Committee on Trade and Development (Article IV.7).

• LDCs are only required to undertake commitments and concessions to anextent consistent with their individual development, financial and tradeneeds or their administrative and institutional capabilities (Article XI:2).

• Longer implementation period.


WTO and LDCs• Market access commitments (Binding: Not obligatory in Doha Round)

• Agriculture

• NAMA

• Services

• Preferential market access:• DFQF

• Preferential rules of origin

• Services waiver

• TRIPS

• Flexibility on ASCM, DSM, TRIMs, SG etc.

• Flexibility on notification procedures (SPS, TBT, ADD etc.)

• Technical assistance


9th WTO Ministerial Conference, Bali, 2013

Development and least-developed country (LDC) issues:

• Preferential Rules of Origin for Least developed countries,Ministerial Decision (WT/MIN(13)/42 or WT/L/917

• Operationalization of the Waiver Concerning Preferential Treatmentto Services and Service Suppliers of Least developed countries,Ministerial Decision (WT/MIN(13)/43 or WT/L/918

• Duty-Free and Quota-Free Market Access for Least developedcountries, Ministerial Decision (WT/MIN(13)/44 or WT/L/919

• Monitoring Mechanism on Special and Differential Treatment,Ministerial Decision, (WT/MIN(13)/45 or WT/L/920


10th WTO Ministerial Conference, Nairobi, 2015

LDC issues•Preferential Rules of Origin for Least Developed

Countries (WT/MIN(15)/47 — WT/L/917/Add.1

• Implementation of Preferential Treatment in Favourof Services and Service Suppliers of Least DevelopedCountries and Increasing LDC Participation inServices Trade (WT/MIN(15)/48 — WT/L/982)


Services

•Market access • Mode 1• Mode 2 (is it export market or domestic market?)• Mode 3• Mode 4

•MRAs

• Liberalizing sectors for investments – attract FDIs

• Technical assistance and capacity building.

21Rajan Ratna

WTO LDCs Services Waiver

• 17 December 2011, Geneva: 8th WTO Ministerial Conferencedeclaration on “Preferential treatment to services andservices suppliers of least-developed countries”.

• Article II:1 of the GATS may be waived to help LDCs increasetheir services exports.

• Members who want to grant preferential access to LDCs willnotify WTO Services Council.

• LDCs will submit a collective request specifying sectors andmodes to be affected by the waiver.

Rajan Ratna 22

The LDCs collective request to the WTO

• 21 July 2014: LDC Group submits a request to obtainpreferential treatment of their services exports.

• Request: waive Article XVI, Market Access and Article XVII,National Treatment Restrictions on LDC Services Suppliers.

• Sectors included: travel and tourism; banking and insurance;transport and logistics; education and training; IT andbusiness outsourcing; artistic production.

• Other restrictions to be waived: visa and work permit;recognition of LDCs educational certificates

Rajan Ratna 23

Trade in services waiver: sectors addressed

• Transport Services:

Australia; Brazil; Canada; Chile; China; EU; Hong Kong, China; Iceland; India; Japan;Republic of Korea; Mexico; New Zealand; Norway; Panama; South Africa;Switzerland; Taiwan, POC; US

• Travel Services:Australia; Brazil; Canada; Chile; China; EU; Hong Kong, China; Iceland; India; Japan; Republic of Korea; Liechtenstein; Mexico; Panama; South Africa

• Other Commercial services:

Australia; Brazil; Canada; Chile; China; EU; Hong Kong, China; Iceland; India; Japan;Republic of Korea; Liechtenstein; Mexico; New Zealand; Norway; Panama; Singapore;South Africa; Switzerland; Taiwan, POC; Turkey; US; Uruguay

Source: Derived by ESCAP from WTO Council for Trade in Services, S/C/N Notifications (accessed on 17.07.2017)Rajan Ratna 24

Entry modes addressed for the sectors offered

LIBERALISATION MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3 MODE 4

Fully liberalised

Australia; Canada; Chile;

HK, China; Iceland; Japan;

Republic of Korea;

Liechtenstein; Mexico; New

Zealand; Norway; South Africa; Switzerland;

Panama; Taiwan, POC; Turkey; USA

Australia; Chile; HK, China; Iceland; India; Japan;

Republic of Korea;Liechtenstein; Mexico; New

Zealand; Norway; Singapore; South

Africa; Switzerland; Panama; Taiwan, POC; Thailand; Turkey; USA;

Uruguay

Canada; Chile; Iceland; Mexico;

New Zealand; Norway;

Singapore; South Africa;

Switzerland; Panama; Taiwan,

POC; Turkey; Uruguay

Partially liberalised

EU; India; Uruguay

EU Australia; China; Brazil; HK, China;

India; Japan; Republic of Korea;

Liechtenstein; USA

Canada; Chile; Iceland; India;

Republic of Korea; Mexico; New

Zealand; Norway; Turkey; USA

Source: Derived by ESCAP from WTO Council for Trade in Services, S/C/N Notifications (accessed on 17.07.2017)Rajan Ratna 25

RTAs


Title Members Status Scope TypeAsia-Pacific Trade

Agreement (APTA)

Bangladesh; China; India; Republic of Korea; Lao

People's Democrratic Republic; Sri Lanka;Entry into

Force

Plurilateral Partial Scope

AgreementGlobal System of

Trade Preferences

(GSTP)

Algeria; Argentina; Bangladesh; Benin; Bolivia; Brazil;

Cameroon; Chile; Colombia; Cuba; Ecuador; Egypt;

Ghana; Guinea; Guyana; India; Indonesia; Iran (Islamic

Republic of); Iraq; Democratic People's Republic of

Korea; Republic of Korea; Libya; Malaysia; Mexico;

Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nicaragua; Nigeria;

Pakistan; Peru; Philippines; Romania; Singapore; Sri

Lanka; Sudan; Tanzania; Thailand; Trinidad and

Tobago; Tunisia; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Zimbabwe

Entry into

Force


Agreement

Group of 8

Preferential Trade

Agreement (D-8 PTA)

Bangladesh; Egypt; Indonesia; Iran (Islamic Republic

of); Malaysia; Nigeria; Pakistan; TurkeyEntry into

Force


Agreement

Protocol on Trade

Negotiations (PTN)

Bangladesh; Brazil; Chile; Egypt; Israel; Korea, Rep.of;

Mexico; Pakistan; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Serbia;

Tunisia; Turkey; Uruguay;

Entry into

Force


Agreement

South Asian Free

Trade Area (SAFTA)

and SAARC Agreement

on Trade in Services

(SATIS)

Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives;

Nepal; Pakistan; Sri LankaEntry into

Force

Plurilateral FTA & EIA

Trade agreements of Bangladesh in force and under consideration



Title Members Status Scope TypeBangladesh-Pakistan Bangladesh; Pakistan Under

Negotiation

Bilateral Free Trade

Agreement

Bangladesh-Sri Lanka Bangladesh; Sri Lanka Under

Negotiation

Bilateral

Bay of Bengal Initiative

for Multi-Sectoral

Technical and

Economic Cooperation

(BIMSTEC)

Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Myanmar; Nepal; Sri

Lanka; Thailand

Under

Negotiation

Plurilateral FTA & EIA

Trade Preferential

System among the

Organisation of the

Islamic Conference

(TPS/OIC)

Bahrein; Bangladesh; Iran, Islamic Rep; Jordan;

Kuwait; Malaysia; Morocco; Oman; Pakistan;

Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syria; Turkey; UAE

Under

Negotiation


Agreement

Trade agreements of Bangladesh in force and under consideration

FTA trade share


S&D in RTAs• Long tariff liberalisation time

• Bigger size of sensitive/negative list

• Extra items liberalized by other trade partners for LDCs

• Relaxed rules of origin

• Technical assistance

• Revenue compensation - SAFTA

Rajan Ratna 30

SAFTA

Member State Number of Products in the Sensitive Lists (Phase-I TLP)

Afghanistan 1072

Bangladesh1233 (LDCs)1241 (NLDCs)

Bhutan 150

India480 (LDCs)868 (NLDCs)

Maldives 681

Nepal1257 (LDCs)1295 (NLDCs)

Pakistan 1169

Sri Lanka 1042

Rajan Ratna 31

Phase-I of the Trade Liberalization Programme (TLP) under SAFTAimplemented with effect from 01st July 2006 and scheduled to be completedby 31st December 2015.The negative lists of member states under Tde Liberalization Programme(Phase I) is as follows

SAFTA Phase II

Rajan Ratna 32

Member StateNumber of Products in the Revised Sensitive Lists as Per HS 2007(Phase-II TLP)

Afghanistan 858

Bangladesh987 (LDCs)993 (NLDCs)

Bhutan 156

India25(LDCs)614 (NLDCs)

Maldives 154

Nepal998 (LDCs)1036 (NLDCs)

Pakistan 936

Sri Lanka837 (LDCs)963 (LDCs)

The Phase-II of the Trade Liberalization Programme (TLP) under SAFTAimplemented with effect from 1st January 2014 and the revised negativelists of member states are as follows;

APTA

Rajan Ratna 33

Source: The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement: Promoting South-South Regional Integration and Sustainable Development, ESCAP https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Chapter%202_Promoting%20South-South%20trade%20and%20investment%20linkages.pdf

https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Chapter 2_Promoting South-South trade and investment linkages.pdf

SAFTA RoO• CTH + 40%: India and Pakistan

• CTH + 35%: Sri Lanka

• CTH + 30%: LDC members

APTA RoO• 45% VA: Developing members

• 35%: LDCs

• PSRs

Rajan Ratna 34

DFQF


The European Union

1971: EU Generalized System of Preferences for developing countries

2001: The Everything but Arms Initiative (EBA)

2011: Simpler rules of origin for LDCs


Year Total Imports Free Imports Dutiable Imports

Import Covered

by GSP and/or

preferences

Imported Under

GSP and/or

preferences

2005 5129243 63490 5065753 5034893 3316001

2006 6661952 82933 6579018 6530215 4512886

2007 7036427 97236 6939191 6852259 4889388

2008 8032406 80355 7952050 7859805 6176789

2009 8157193 67367 8089827 8011041 6358445

2010 9358871 80053 9278818 9208420 7452623

2011 12613542 159582 12453960 12358740 11692032

2012 12715163 84216 12630947 12254153 11974294

2013 14469982 79912 14390071 14000959 13682085

2014 16415883 85023 16330860 16261189 15624281

2015 16997483 80691 16916792 16847615 16240732

2016 18177946 78075 18099870 18045300 17275242

2017 19112665 82536 19030129 18786675 18194113

EU: Bangladesh’s Utilization and Utility Rate of

preferential market access in the European Union, 2005-

2017 (%)

EU: GSP Imports from Bangladesh and Preferences Utilization, by year, 2005-2017 (in 1,000 dollars)

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Utility rate Utilization rate


EU: GSP Imports from Bangladesh and Preferences

Utilization (by section, 2017).

HS Section Values (in 1000 US dollars)

Section DescriptionTotal

Imports

Free

Imports

Dutiable

Imports

Import Covered

by GSP and/or

preferences

Imported Under

GSP and/or

preferences

1 Live animals & products 374768 101 374667 374755 373451

2 Vegetable products 9576 2312 7263 7444 7270

3 Fats and oils 934 1 933 944 932

4Prepared foodstuffs;

beverages, etc.66545 193 66352 63453 62706

5 Mineral products 49 107 -58 27 0

6 Chemical products 5172 5044 127 392 2

7 Plastics and rubber 24794 25 24769 24848 22683

8Raw hides and skins,

leather, etc.103775 3104 100671 99217 95896

9Wood and articles of

wood8716 140 8576 8582 8028

10Pulp of wood, paper,

books, etc.1520 1511 9 0 0

11Textiles and textile

articles

178355

2750117

1778541

017553355 16994387

12Footwear, headgear,

umbrellas, etc.487452 722 486730 485932 472317

13Articles of stone,

plaster, cement, etc.30358 5 30353 30310 28805

14Precious metals and

stones, etc.72 27 45 46 8

15Base metals and

products14341 13477 865 1022 772

16Machinery & electrical

equipment5193 1621 3573 4063 754

17 Transport equipment 74048 77 73972 73573 72209

18Optical & precision

instruments8503 2216 6287 6421 4245

20Miscellaneous

manufactured articles53961 1685 52277 52291 49649

21Works of art, collectors'

pieces and antiques6628 52 6576 0 0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Chemical products

Precious metals and stones, etc.

Machinery & electrical equipment

Optical & precision instruments

Base metals and products

Plastics and rubber

Wood and articles of wood

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Articles of stone, plaster, cement, etc.

Raw hides and skins, leather, etc.

Textiles and textile articles

Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, etc.

Vegetable products

Transport equipment

Fats and oils

Prepared foodstuffs; beverages, etc.

Live animals & products

Utilization rate Utility rate

EU: Bangladesh’s Utilization and Utility Rate of preferential

market access in the European Union by sector, 2017 (%)


Top ten import products from Bangladesh to the European Union, chapter-wise (at HS-2-digit level), 2017

Rating HS Code

(HS-2)

Description (HS-2) Values in 1000

US dollars

% of total

imports

Utility Rate Utilization Rate

1 61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories,

knitted or crocheted.

10105039 52.87% 95.8% 97.0%

2 62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not


7259552 37.98% 95.3% 96.7%

3 64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such

articles

436242 2.28% 97.8% 97.8%

4 63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing

and worn textile articles; rags

409593 2.14% 94.9% 95.2%

5 3 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic

invertebrates

374669 1.96% 99.7% 99.7%

6 87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-

stock, and parts and accessories

73889 0.39% 97.7% 98.2%

7 42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel

goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of

animal gut

64663 0.34% 93.3% 95.1%

8 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 48771 0.26% 0.0% 0.0%

9 65 Headgear and parts thereof 47170 0.25% 92.1% 93.2%

10 53 Other vegetable textile fibres; paper yarn and

woven fabrics of paper yarn

43257 0.23% 97.5% 97.2%


The United States

1976: a non-reciprocal preferentialtariff treatment to imports fromdeveloping countries under GSPscheme

June 2013: Bangladesh wassuspended from GSP and still beingdenied to GSP by the U.S.


US: GSP Imports from Bangladesh and Utility Rate by year, 2005-2018 (in 1,000 dollars)

Year Total Imports Free Imports Dutiable Imports

Imported

Under GSP

and/or

preferences Utility Rate

2005 2692775 228490 2464284 20855 0.85%

2006 3270038 262350 3007688 20999 0.70%

2007 3433231 238446 3194785 23895 0.75%

2008 3748325 205692 3542634 22213 0.63%

2009 3700015 171145 3528870 23280 0.66%

2010 4293920 261221 4032699 27865 0.69%

2011 4877105 265468 4611637 25755 0.56%

2012 4915570 492390 4423179 35272 0.80%

2013 5351936 687541 4664395 23461 0.50%

2014 5276760 894625 4382134 0 0.00%

2015 5990467 1139560 4850907 0 0.00%

2016 5910823 971253 4939570 0 0.00%

2017 5687414 1044222 4643193 0 0.00%

2018 6104120 1129553 4974567 0 0.00%


USA GSP Imports from Bangladesh and Utility Rate (by section, 2013 and 2018)

HS Section 2013 Values (in 1000 US dollars) 2018 Values (in 1000 US dollars)

Section Description Total Imports Dutiable Imports Total Imports Dutiable Imports

1 Live animals & products 59219 52 25596 472

2 Vegetable products 2148 409 4304 3415

3 Fats and oils 30 11 126 126

4 Prepared foodstuffs; beverages, etc. 19372 3865 16287 7957

6 Chemical products 800 341 10263 1162

7 Plastics and rubber 13990 8107 15684 14173

8 Raw hides and skins, leather, etc. 11171 9366 60612 54160

9 Wood and articles of wood 1044 356 1473 1220

10 Pulp of wood, paper, books, etc. 1248 507

11 Textiles and textile articles 5039084 4492431 5489707 4576570

12 Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, etc. 156285 129253 379122 255151

13 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, etc. 6745 2270 5273 3735

14 Precious metals and stones, etc. 1348 1125 62 60

15 Base metals and products 2671 244 2415 1513

16 Machinery & electrical equipment 466 175 911 443

17 Transport equipment 118 63 32 12

18 Optical & precision instruments 4762 323 12439 1698

20 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 18971 8819 29885 16706

21Works of art, collectors' pieces and

antiques

12463 7184 49423 35995


Top ten import products from Bangladesh to the

United States, chapter-wise (at HS-2-digit level),

2013

Rating

HS

Code

(HS-

2)

Description (HS-2) Values

in 1000

US

dollars

% of

total

imports

Dutiable

Imports

Impoted

under

GSP

Utility

Rate

1 62 Articles of apparel

and clothing

accessories, not


366728

4

68.52% 3236325 14.3 0.00%

2 61 Articles of apparel

and clothing

accessories, knitted or

crocheted.

116791

0

21.82% 1114441 4.8 0.00%

3 63 Other made up textile

articles; sets; worn

clothing and worn

textile articles; rags

185409 3.46% 140601 2090.9 1.49%

4 65 Headgear and parts 109809 2.05% 107645 0.0 0.00%

5 3 Fish and crustaceans,

molluscs and other

aquatic invertebrates

58760 1.10% 0.0 0.0

6 64 Footwear, gaiters 35438 0.66% 21603 28.5 0.13%

7 24 Tobacco and

manufactured

tobacco substitutes

15761 0.29% 3358 4981.8 148.35

%

8 53 Other vegetable

textile fibres; paper

yarn

15037 0.28% 0.0 0.0

9 39 Plastics and articles 13605 0.25% 7723 4321.2 55.95%

10 67 Repared feathers and

down and articles11036 0.21% 4.6 4.1 89.40%

Top ten import products from Bangladesh to the

United States, chapter-wise (at HS-2 digit level),

2018

Rating

HS

Code

(HS-2)

Description (HS-2)

Values in

1000 US

dollars

% of total

imports

1 62Articles of apparel and clothing

accessories, not knitted or

crocheted.

3765108 61.68%

2 61Articles of apparel and clothing

accessories, knitted or crocheted.1477950 24.21%

3 63Other made up textile articles;

sets; worn clothing and worn

textile articles; rags

217968 3.57%

4 65 Headgear and parts thereof 180312 2.95%

5 64Footwear, gaiters and the like;

parts of such articles130243 2.13%

6 67Prepared feathers and down and

articles thereof; artificial flowers;

articles of human hair

68566 1.12%

7 42

Articles of leather; saddlery and

harness; travel goods, handbags

and similar containers; articles of

animal gut

60371 0.99%

8 99Special import reporting

provisions35865 0.59%

9 3Fish and crustaceans, molluscs

and other aquatic invertebrates24875 0.41%

10 53Other vegetable textile fibres;

paper yarn and woven fabrics of

paper yarn

18322 0.30%


Way forward


Understand implications of graduation – beyond trade

Trade related issues:

S&D treatment : case of Maldives in SAFTA

WTO obligations

Transition periodsTechnical assistance needs

Other issues

Thank You


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