working paper 127 the nile basin water resources: overview
TRANSCRIPT
WORKING PAPER 127 The Nile Basin WaterResources: Overview ofKey Research QuestionsPertinent to the Nile BasinInitiative
Yasir Mohamed and Makonnen Loulseged
I n t e r n a t i o n a lWater ManagementI n s t i t u t e
Working Paper 127
The Nile Basin Water Resources: Overview ofKey Research Questions Pertinent to
the Nile Basin Initiative
Yasir Mohamedand
Makonnen Loulseged
International Water Management Institute
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The authors: Yasir A. Mohamed is a Senior Researcher specializing in hydrology and waterresources at the IWMI Nile Basin and EAST Africa office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. He also worksas a part time lecturer at UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands; Makonnen Loulseged is aResearcher specializing in water resources at the IWMI Nile Basin and EAST Africa office in AddisAbaba, Ethiopia.
Acknowledgments: This paper is the outcome of a research project conducted with the participationof several partners: Initial participants were: The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), Association forStrengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA), International FoodPolicy Research Institute (IFPRI), World Agro-forestry Research (ICRAF), WorldFish and theChallenge Program for Water and Food (CPWF). However, several other research partners joinedduring the project implementation stage. The research is funded by the International DevelopmentResearch Center (IDRC) with a matching fund from the International Water Management Institute(IWMI). The authors wish to acknowledge the support provided by the NBI and the researchorganizations, in particular, those who participated in the final workshop at Entebbe, Uganda inFebruary 2007. The authors are highly indebted to individuals and organizations who have willinglysupplied information and data directly or indirectly adding value to the outputs of this project.
Mohamed, Y.A.; Loulseged, M. 2008. The Nile Basin Water Resources: Overview of key researchquestions pertinent to the Nile Basin Initiative. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International WaterManagement Institute. 34p. (IWMI Working Paper 127)
water resources / research institutes / research projects / river basin development /partnerships / Africa / Nile Basin
ISBN 978-92-9090-689-6
Copyright © 2008, by IWMI. All rights reserved.
Please direct inquiries and comments to: [email protected]
IWMI receives its principal funding from 58 governments, private foundations, andinternational and regional organizations known as the Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Support is also given by the Governmentsof Ghana, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
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Contents
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ iv
Summary ........................................................................................................................... vii
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
The Nile Basin Initiative ............................................................................................................. 3
Research Areas Pertinent to the NBI Program ........................................................................... 5
Ongoing Research Projects and Institutions Working in the Nile .............................................. 7
Available Databases and Bibliography Pertinent to the NBI ................................................... 10
Discussions ........................................................................................................................... 12
References ........................................................................................................................... 13
Appendix 1: The Nile Basin Initiative ...................................................................................... 14
Appendix 2: Research Topics Pertinent to the NBI Projects ................................................... 18
Appendix 3: National Water-related Research Institutions ....................................................... 22
Appendix 4: Ongoing Research Projects Relevant to the NBI ................................................. 23
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Acronyms
ALTERRA Is part of the Wageningen University and Research Center concernASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central AfricaATP Applied Training ProjectAWM Agricultural Water ManagementCBO Community Based OrganizationCBSI Confidence Building and Stakeholder InvolvementCGIAR Consultative Group of International Agricultural ResearchCIDA Canadian International Development AgencyCPWF Challenge Program for Water and FoodEAC East African CommunityEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentENSAP Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action ProgramENTRO Eastern Nile Technical Regional OfficeESA Eastern and Southern AfricaEWUA Efficient Water Use for AgricultureFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFEWS Flood Early Warning SystemGWP Global Water PartnershipGWP-Ena Global Water Partnership for Eastern AfricaHYDROMET Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and
Environmental Protection of the Nile BasinIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyIDEN Integrated Development of Eastern NileIDRC International Development Research CenterICRAF World Agroforestry CenterIFPRI International Food Policy Research InstituteILRI International Livestock Research InstituteILRI-GIS International Livestock Research Institute-Geographic Information SystemIMAWESA Improved Management of Agricultural Water in Eastern and Southern AfricaITC International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth ObservationIWMI International Water Management InstituteIWMI-DSP International Water Management Institute -IWMI-NBEA International Water Management Institute for Nile Basin and Eastern AfricaIWRM Integrated Water Resources ManagementNTEAP Nile Transboundary Environmental Action ProjectMDG Millennium Development GoalsMoU Memorandum of UnderstandingNBI Nile Basin InitiativeNBRP Nile Basin Research ProgramNBTF Nile Basin Trust FundNELSAP-CU Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program-Coordination UnitPMU Project Management Unit
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RPT Regional Power TradeSC Steering CommitteeSDBS Socioeconomic Development and Benefit SharingSVP Shared Vision ProjectSWMNet Soil and Water Management NetworkTAC Technical Advisory CommitteeTECCONILE Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and
Environmental Protection of the Nile BasinUNESCO-IHE Institute for Water EducationWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWRPM Water Resources Planning and Management
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Summary
The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), inaugurated in 1999, is a remarkable achievement towards thecooperative development and management of the common Nile water resources. The NBI reflectsa strategic shared vision defined by all riparian states for sustainable socioeconomic developmentthrough the equitable utilization of, and benefit from the common Nile water resources. At present(2007), the NBI has numerous ongoing programs, and projects on the ground. These are based ona Shared Vision Program (SVP) and a Subsidiary Action Programs (SAP). The SAPs areimplemented in the two subbasins: The Nile Equatorial Lakes Region and the Eastern Nile Region.In general, all programs and projects seek sharing benefits from the common Nile water resources.
It has been recognized that, successful implementation of the NBI projects is challenged by anumber of issues: The size and complexity of the basin (over 3 million Km2, shared by 10 countries);high population pressure; food insecurity; extreme poverty; political instabilities; limitedunderstanding of the biophysical resources; among other factors. These challenges, clearly recallfor research to complement the NBI endeavors, to ensure that policies, investments, and basinmanagement strategies are informed and equipped by the best available scientific knowledge. Whilemany researchable questions are already part of the NBI projects, apparently clear gaps still existand need parallel investigation.
IWMI, together with other five CGIAR centers (ILRI, IFPRI, WorldFish Center and ICRAF)the CPWF (Challenge Program for Water and Food) and ASARECA (Association for StrengtheningAgricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa) worked together with the NBI projects in along consultation process to identify knowledge gaps, and assess opportunities to foster synergiesand information sharing for the support of the NBI mission. Extensive consultative discussionshave been conducted separately with (almost) all the NBI, SVP and SAP projects. The objectivehas been to identify research gaps of direct support to the given projects. Research areas wereprioritized during the large workshop held in Entebbe, in February 2007, which was attended byresearchers, NBI staff and, donors.
This paper presents the main findings on: (i) Identified and prioritized research questions relatedto the Nile water resources; (ii) pertinent research projects ongoing and the implementing institutions;and (iii) the available databases hosted by different centers and a bibliography of relevant Nileresearch. Possibilities to enhance synergies and support future research in the Nile have beendiscussed at the end of the paper. Key research areas identified among a number of topics include:
1. Generation and provision of data on the Nile Basin natural resources (mainly land andwater resources), and the status of their use. The objective is to fill in the noticeable datagaps, in particular in the upper catchments.
2. Climate change, climate variability, impacts and adaptation. A cross cutting topic pertainingto several NBI projects.
3. Conjunctive use of ground and surface water resources. A topic not sufficiently revealedwithin the NBI projects.
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4. Land use change, impacts and feedbacks: Identifying main derivers of land use change;valuation of different ecosystem resources; implications on water resources, and thesocioeconomics of the Nile people.
5. Agricultural water productivity. Measures (research, extension and/or training) requiredto increase agricultural water productivity. Trade offs on sustainable livelihood andenvironmental stability.
6. Benefits and beneficiaries: What types of benefits pertinent to NBI projects? Who are thebeneficiaries? Identifying criteria for benefit sharing at various scales.
7. Institutional and legal issues for managing multi-country projects.
8. Harmonization of policies and legislations among countries and across sectors.
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INTRODUCTION
The Nile Basin
The Nile Basin, having the world’s longest river (6,700 km) is shared among ten countries. Thecatchment area of the basin is about 3.3 million km2. It stretches over different geographical, cli-matological and topographical regions. The climate and vegetation cover in the basin are closelycorrelated with the amount of precipitation, which decreases from above 1,000 mm/yr in the southernpart to virtually zero in the northern part crossing the Sahara Desert.
The precipitation and river-flow also encompasses sharp seasonal variability. The Spatialvariability of evapotranspiration shows opposite trends to precipitation, i.e., increases in northwarddirection. The relative contribution to the mean annual Nile flow at Aswan of 84 billion m3 isapproximately 4/7 from the Blue Nile, 2/7 from the White Nile (of which 1/7 is from the Sobat),and 1/7 from the Atbara River, i.e., the Ethiopian catchments (Sobat, Blue Nile and Atbara River)contribute to about 6/7 of the Nile water resources at Aswan.
Despite the fact that, the Nile Basin is endowed with extraordinary natural resources, itsinhabitants face considerable challenges. The region is considered as one of the poorest regionsof the world. More than 70% of the Nile population depends directly or indirectly on farming fortheir incomes and livelihoods. Water scarcity is a major challenge for the already closed basin.The challenge is further exacerbated by incidence of climate variability and natural shocks suchas droughts and floods. Environmental degradation, high population growth and unstable politicalconditions are overreaching issues in the basin. Theses challenges pose significant threats for foodsecurity and the social welfare of the Nile inhabitants.
It has been increasingly recognized among the riparian states that, cooperation on developmentand management of the Nile water resources can yield major benefits from the river on food andenergy production, and will underpin many other benefits for the welfare of the basin inhabitants.The Nile Basin Initiative, established in 1999, is an exceptional collective basin-wide initiative bynine of the ten states that share the Nile River, namely, Burundi, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya,Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. It envisages a new path for achieving poverty eradicationand prosperity, peace and cooperation, sustainable development and environmental protection withinthe basin. To realize this shared vision of the NBI, the countries have devised a Strategic ActionProgram that promotes a Shared Vision Program and two investment Subsidiary Action Programs(SAPs). Additional description of the NBI is given in the section on ‘The Nile Basin Initiative’.
The NBI devotes significant efforts and resources for the implementation of their projects.However, mandated with project management and overall control, the NBI staff usually contractinternational and regional firms to execute the technical assignments of these projects. The questionis, in such a set up, why, and how can research be of support to the NBI? Earlier discussionsamong research centers and the NBI recognized that research is still required to complement bestpossible execution of the projects. Additionally, there are lots of objectives shared between researchorganizations and NBI, which gives credence to the efforts on synergism and share results for thebenefit of all programs.
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Research in the Nile Basin
There are a number of ongoing and planned research projects in the Nile Basin that are pertinentto the NBI, which are being executed by several research organizations,. IWMI has a Nile Basinand East Africa office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which undertake a number of research projectson land and water management. Two CGIAR centers have their headquarters in Nile Basin coun-tries: World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and the International Livestock Research Center (ILRI), andmost other centers, like IFPRI, WorldFish Center, ICRAF working in areas of food policy, fisher-ies, forestry, are active in one or more of these countries. The Nile is one of the nine ‘BenchmarkBasins’ of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). ASARECA, its headquarter located in Entebbe, Uganda, operates in nine out of ten riparian countries aiming to sup-port agricultural research that adds value to national programs.
Therefore, both NBI and the CGIAR centers, including IWMI and ASARECA recognize thecommon shared objectives, and that creating an effective partnership could make a major contributionto the achievement of the Shared Vision of the NBI. Accordingly, a project entitled ‘CreatingSynergies and a Partnership among the CGIAR, Nile Basin Initiative and ASARECA:Consultations to Identify Opportunities to Support NBI through Research and CapacityBuilding’ was commenced in early 2006 and completed in April 2007. This project seeks consultationto jointly provide, a strategic demand-driven research program, and to create a long-term partnershipof key players in knowledge generation and management for developing and managing land andwater resources in the Nile Basin. Though this project was completed in April 2007, it has forwardedsome thoughts for follow up, which are mentioned in the section on ‘Discussions’. The formalpartners that initiated the project, in addition to the NBI, IWMI and ASARECA-SWMNet are:ILRI, IFPRI, ICRAF, WorldFish Center, and the CPWF. Other research partners, e.g., Food andAgricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Alterra, UNESCO-IHE, ITC, and IAEAjoined along the course of the project. Attempts are being made to bring new research partners towork in the Nile Basin. A final project workshop was held to prioritize researchable areas duringFebruary 9–10, 2007, in Entebbe, Uganda. This workshop was attended by more than 35 participantsfrom the NBI projects and from various other research centers in the region and overseas (allinvolved or interested in the Nile Basin research). http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/africa/East/Workshop/CGIAR-NBI%20strategies_WORKSHOP.htm
This paper presents the main findings of the technical part of the research, i.e., identificationof research gaps with regard to the Nile Basin water resources, inventory of available databasesand ongoing research programs, and a brief review of the basin’s main stakeholders. The sectionon ‘The Nile Basin Initiative’ gives a brief description of the NBI projects as an introduction tothe following section— ‘Research Areas Pertinent to the NBI Program’, which discusses theresearch areas. The section titled ‘Ongoing Research Projects and Institutions Working in the Nile’presents a summary of ongoing research projects and institutions involved in the Nile Basin research.Databases currently built by different organizations are listed in the section on ‘Available Databasesand Bibliography Pertinent to the NBI’, together with a bibliography of the Nile literature. Lastly,the section on ‘Discussions’ discusses the future prospect of synergies and partnerships for researchof the Nile.
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THE NILE BASIN INITIATIVE
This chapter aims to present a pithy review of the NBI and its associated projects. The countriessharing the Nile Basin are: Burundi, Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tan-zania, and Uganda. Demands for the Nile water resources for food security and development hasbeen increasing among different uses as well as among the countries. This poses increasing pres-sure on the already closed basin, and results in increasing environmental degradation within thebasin. However, the Nile is also endowed with rich natural resources and hold huge opportunitiesfor win-win development that could enhance food production, energy generation, and other relateddevelopment openings. As clearly acknowledged by many stakeholders, this can be attained onlythrough cooperative management and development of the shared river among the riparian states.The Nile Basin initiative provides a unique forum for the countries of the Nile to move towardsthe cooperative process to realize tangible benefits in the basin and build a solid foundation of trustand confidence.
Prior to the emergence of the NBI, collective cooperation and development in the basin hadbeen constrained by disagreements as to the supervision and management of the Nile water resource.Historically, there were initiatives and treaties for joint cooperation, mostly bilateral and trilateral(Waterbury 1979; Okidi 1990). Recent cooperative initiatives (after obtaining independence)includes: the HYDROMET project from 1967 to 1992, in the Equatorial Lakes. The TECCONILE(Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and EnvironmentalProtection of the Nile Basin) was started in 1993, focusing on a development agenda. The seriesof the ‘Nile 2002 conferences’ also started in 1993 and continued up to 2002. It provided goodforum for scientific discussions and (informal) dialogues on Nile issues.
These cooperative efforts, with the support of the international community, paved the way forthe Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) established in 1999. It is the first collective basin-wide initiative bynine of the ten states that share the Nile River (Eritrea holds an observer status). After an intensivedialogue and consultation, the Nile Basin countries have agreed on a ‘Shared Vision’ that seeks“to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development through the equitable utilization of, andbenefit from, the common Nile Basin water resources.” The objectives of the NBI are:
1. To develop the water resources of the Nile Basin in a sustainable and equitable way toensure prosperity, security and peace for all its peoples;
2. To ensure efficient water management and optimal use of the resources;
3. To ensure cooperation and joint action among the riparian countries, seeking win-win gains;
4. To target poverty eradication and promote economic integration; and
5. To ensure that the program results in a move from planning to action.
To realize these objectives, the countries have devised a Strategic Action Program (SAP) thatpromotes a Shared Vision Program (SVP) and two investment Subsidiary Action Programs. TheSVP is designed to build the institutional capacity, relationships and technical skills needed to supportthe NBI’s two investment programs: the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program(NELSAP) and the Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENSAP).
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Shared Vision Program (SVP)
The components (portfolios) of the SVP projects include the following eight projects. Moreparticulars on the SVP projects’ objectives and description are given in Appendix A1.1; thisinformation is also available on http://www.nilebasin.org.
1. The Applied Training Project (ATP);
2. The Nile Transboundary Environmental Action Project (NTEAP);
3. The Nile Basin Regional Power Trade Project (RPTP);
4. The Efficient Water Use for Agriculture Project (EWUAP);
5. The Water Resources Planning and Management Project (WRPMP);
6. The Confidence-Building and Stakeholder Involvement Project (CBSIP);
7. The Socioeconomic Development and Benefit Sharing Project (SDBSP); and
8. The SVP Execution and Coordination Project.
The Subsidiary Action Program (SAP)
In parallel to the SVP, groups of countries have initiated Subsidiary Action Programs (SAPs) tocooperatively identify and implement investment projects that confer mutual benefits. To date, theNile riparian states have formed two Subsidiary Action Programs—one on the Eastern Nile re-gion and the other in the Equatorial Lakes region based on wide consultation at the political andtechnical levels.
Eastern Nile
ENSAP (The Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program): The ENSAP currently includes Egypt,Ethiopia, and Sudan. The primary objectives of ENSAP are to: (a) ensure efficient watermanagement and optimal use of resources through equitable utilization and causing no significantharm; (b) ensure cooperation and joint action between the Eastern Nile countries seeking win-wingains; (c) target poverty eradication and promote economic integration; and (d) ensure that ENSAPresults in a move from planning to action. Consequently, consensus was reached that the objectiveof a first ENSAP project, referred to as the ‘Integrated Development of the Eastern Nile (IDEN)Project’, will be to “initiate a regional, integrated, multipurpose development project through a firstset of investments that confer tangible, win-win gains and demonstrate joint action between theEastern Nile countries.” Further information on the ENSAP is given in Appendix A1.2.
NELSAP (The Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program): The Nile Equatorial Lakesregion includes the six countries in the southern portion of the Nile Basin: Burundi, Democratic Republicof Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, as well as the downstream riparian states Egyptand Sudan. The water resources of the Nile Equatorial Lakes region include one of the world’s great
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complexes of lakes, wetlands, and rivers. The region’s economies are characterized by rain-fedagriculture, subsistence farming, low industrialization, and poor infrastructure development. Theobjectives of the Nile Equatorial Lakes Region Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP) are to contributeto the eradication of poverty, promote economic growth, and reverse environmental degradation.Twelve NELSAP projects have been identified by the Nile Equatorial Lakes riparian in a consultativemanner, targeting investments in water resources management of shared-sub-basins, hydropowerdevelopment and transmission interconnection, fisheries development and lakes management, waterresources management, agriculture development, and water hyacinth control. More information onthese projects is given in Appendix A1.3.
RESEARCH AREAS PERTINENT TO THE NBI PROGRAM
Identification of knowledge gaps and researchable areas to support the NBI program is not self-evident and automatic. The NBI is an extensive program, although encircled around the Nile Basinwater resources, it is addressing almost every aspect: socioeconomic (food security and livelihood),technology (management and development), politics (benefits and transboundary relations), amongothers. How all these are interlinked to national, subbasin and basin scales, and stakeholders inter-ests is also very complex. Through confining objectives of the proposed research topics to supportNBI projects, we clearly define a focussed goal and a domain of activities. However, the chal-lenge—in order to avoid duplicating NBI work—is how to create clear distinction between re-search and actual NBI project activities. Next, what is the best possible research path; should itinclude holistic research programs; or a demand driven research for specific NBI project(s); orseparate research topics? Are we going to first redefine the NBI project problem tree, and iden-tify a research that omit elements covered by the NBI project, and work on the absent parts?Who is going to do the research? How are we going to create the integration among differentresearch projects, and the synergies with the NBI projects? How to get funding for the researchprojects? These have been evolving questions, from the start of this project up to the final work-shop, partly resolved, and partly suggested for future discussion.
Although it is difficult (occasionally) to find a clear cut between research and NBI projects,the proposed research questions given above are supposedly not duplicating NBI’s projects. A clearexample of not being a research question, though a well-known research tool is the modelling task.NBI devotes substantial efforts and resources for modelling projects, e.g., the Nile Decision SupportSystem DSS, or the several planning and forecasting models. Are we going to suggest modellingas a research assignment? Of course, not, but we can target research gaps that exist within specificmodel(s), e.g., knowing that the Nile is a data scarce region, what is the best possible input data(boundary conditions) for a given model(s). A second example, what is the most suitable (locallyadapted) reservoir sedimentation algorithm to be imbedded in a river simulation model? Is therealso a research gap in river simulation models? Therefore, right from the start, two conditions wereset to identify researchable areas of support to the NBI projects:
1. The identified question(s) should not duplicate project work, at least the obvious projectparts.
2. The output of the research question(s) should directly be valued by a one or more NBIprojects.
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The procedure adopted along the course of this synergy project to identify research questionsfollowed the three steps given below:
First, research questions were extracted from literature reviews. Normally, address prominent(known) problems in the Nile Basin such as land degradation (soil erosion, deforestation andsedimentation), climate change, low agricultural productivity, etc.
Second, research gaps for an NBI project were identified through mini workshops andconsultation with the NBI staff. The NBI project staff was requested to provide research gapswithin their project, or comment on research questions suggested from step one above. This is toexclude research questions already addressed by the given NBI project.
Third, to assemble research questions from different projects and address cross cutting areas,a final workshop had been conducted, whereby both NBI projects and scientists from researchcenters have discussed and prioritized research areas. The workshop included presentations onknowledge gaps given by all NBI SVP projects (except RPT and CBSI), NELSAP, and ENSAP.Presentations on relevant research were made by most of research centers working in the NileBasin, including: IWMI, ILRI, CPWF, IFPRI, FAONile, UNESCO-IHE, ITC, IAEA, ALTERA,and ASRECA-SWMNet. Sufficient time had been devoted for group discussion to prioritize andclassify research questions into four thematic areas: (1) Water Resources; (2) Agriculture;(3) Environment; and (4) Socioeconomic Development and Benefit Sharing. The workshop material(presentations, discussions, etc.) is available at http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/africa/East/PROJECTS/CGIAR-NBI%20strategies.htm.
The workshop discussions showed that many topics were cross cutting over several projects,and that some of the questions raised by the NBI projects were not exactly research questions. Infact, they were more like a combination of problems that include research, consultancy (informationprovision) and project activities. For example, some of the raised questions can be resolved directlyby the NBI projects, or by consultants, others, were actually implementation problems and notresearch-related. The ample time allotted for group discussion during the workshop, allowedsufficient debates to refine and prioritize the relevant research areas. The summary of a consolidatedlist of cross cutting topics is given below and additional details on the research problem, objectives,and relevancy to NBI projects are presented in Appendix 2. One may notice that, strong divisionof NBI project activities and research questions in some cases is still not crystally clear. Researchquestions related to the NBI projects: RPT and CBSI are not included in the list. The identifiedmain research areas, pertinent to the NBI projects include:
1. Data: Provision of data on the natural resources system and uses to fill in (noticeable)data gaps within the basin, in particular in the upper parts, including data on actual useand performance.
2. Hydroclimatology: Improve understanding of climate change and climate variability. Improveassessment of vulnerability of resource and use systems (land and water). Improveassessment of impacts on those systems. Provide recommendation to enhance adaptationand coping strategies.
3. Watershed Management: Improve understanding of available watershed resources, andthe existing practices and needs for better utilization. Identify best possible watershedmanagement interventions and their impacts.
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4. Agriculture: Assessment of agricultural water potential, use, and productivity, and how toimprove.
5. Environment: Environmental resource assessment, status of use, and how to reversedegradation.
6. Socioeconomics: Improve understanding of available Nile resources, potential developmentand their impact on socioeconomics of the Nile people, benefits, and benefit sharing.
7. Water Resources:
a) integrating groundwater into surface water management;
b) assessment of the spatio-temporal variability of water resources, and how should theybe managed to enhance economic development and reduce inequities sustainably;
c) research to improve understanding of river morphology, and reservoir sedimentation;
d) research on options and modalities of water resources institutions and associated policiesat subbasin (national) and basin (trans-regional) levels; and
e) research on water resource development/management and their health impacts.
ONGOING RESEARCH PROJECTS AND INSTITUTIONS WORKINGIN THE NILE
As part of stakeholders mapping, and to review ongoing research projects pertinent to the NBI,this section presents a brief overview of national, regional, and international research centers cur-rently involved in research projects relevant to the NBI program. Some of these are initial projectpartners (IWMI, ASARECA-SWMNet, ILRI, CPWF, IFPRI, WorldFish Center, ICRAF), othersparticipated in the project’s final workshop (ALTERRA, FAONile, UNESCO-IHE, ITC, IAEA),and the rest too are equally involved/interested in the Nile Basin research. A brief summary isgiven in this section, while additional information about institutions and their projects is presentedin Appendix 4.
National Research Institutions
Except for Egypt, and to a limited extent Sudan, there are few national centers specialized in water-related research. Usually such research is carried out by universities and academic institutions. Ingeneral, the capacity of water professionals and institutions in the Nile region is weak, let alonenational research centers and their cadre. These have been clearly revealed by the need assess-ment reports of the Applied Training Project ATP, namely, (a) lack of capacity on integrated waterresources management; (b) uneven distribution of capacity between basin countries; and (c) littleinteraction among water professionals within the basin.
The list of national training institutions prepared by the ATP is amended in Appendix 3 as potentialresearch centers from the riparian countries. The corresponding column gives potential areas ofspecialization of each institute.
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CGIAR Centers
All main partners of the project except ASARECA are members of the Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is a strategic alliance of countries,international and regional organizations, and private foundations supporting 15 international agri-cultural centers that work with national agricultural research systems and civil society organiza-tions including the private sector. The alliance mobilizes agricultural science to reduce poverty, fosterhuman well-being, promote agricultural growth and protect the environment. The CGIAR gener-ates global public goods that are available to all. The CGIAR’s Regional Plan for Collective Ac-tion in Eastern and Southern Africa is a very recent institutional innovation of the CG Centers andis aimed at fostering greater cohesiveness, economies of scale and scope and regional impact.
IWMI NBEA http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Africa/East/: Nile Basin and East Africa Office of IWMIlocated in Addis Ababa. It is the lead partner of this project, and implements numerous researchprojects on water resources, hydrology, and irrigation management. Please refer Table A 4.1 forongoing projects.
CPWF http://www.waterandfood.org/basins/nile-river-basin.html : The Challenge Program on Waterand Food (CPWF) is a CGIAR program. The Nile is one of the CPWF’s benchmark basins forbasin focal studies.
ILRI http://www.ilri.org/: The International Livestock Research Centre, having its Head Quarterin Nairobi, Kenya is actively engaged in most Nile Basin countries. ILRI works on livestock-relatedprojects, see Table A 4.2 for more information on ILRI research programs.
IFPRI http://www.ifpri.org/: The International Food Policy Research Institute has several ongoingresearch projects in some of the Nile countries that focus on main research themes: food systemfunctioning, food system governance, and food system innovations. Please refer Table A 4.3 formore information on these research programs.
WorldFish http://www.worldfishcenter.org/ WorldFish Center having a regional office in CairoEgypt, specializes in research of living aquatic resources. Please refer Table A 4.4 for moreinformation on these research programs.
ICRAF http://www.worldagroforestry.org/: The World Agroforestry Centre has its headquartersin Nairobi-Kenya and its research is organized around the four themes: (1) Trees and Markets;(2) Strengthening Institutions; (3) Land and People; and (4) Environmental Services.
ASARECA-SWMnet http://www.asareca.org/: The Association for Strengthening Agricultural Re-search in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) is an organization of the National AgriculturalResearch Institutes (NARIs) in Madagascar and the Nile Basin Countries except Egypt. The Soiland Water Management Research Network (SWMnet) for East and Central Africa was startedin 1998 to respond to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on poverty eradication, hunger;and environmental sustainability. Please refer Table A 4.5 for more information on these researchprojects.
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Other Research Institutions
The following are other research organizations involved in research work within the Nile Basin.Although these are not initial partners of the project, their inclusion aims at further expandingsynergies and partnerships in the future.
FAONile http://www.faonile.org: The Information Products for Nile Basin Water ResourcesManagement Project is intended to strengthen the abilities of the Nile Basin states to take informeddecisions with regard to water resources policy and management. Supported by the Governmentof Italy, the FAONile project is carried out under the umbrella of the NBI. It is implemented bythe ten Nile riparian states with technical and operational assistance of the Food and AgricultureOrganization FAO. Please refer Table A4.6 for more information on the ongoing projects.
GWP-EnA http://www.gwpena.org/: The Global Water Partnership is a working partnership amongall those involved in water resources management. The Eastern Africa Global Water Partnershipwas launched in November 2002 and is now hosted by the NBI Secretariat at Entebbe in Uganda.
UNESCO-IHE http://www.unesco-ihe.org/about/intro.htm: Is the International Institute for WaterEducation, Delft, The Netherlands. Large numbers of the Nile water professionals have completedtheir post graduate or are currently studying at UNESCO-IHE. The knowledge networks projectfor the Nile Basin (Cairo, Egypt) is run by the UNESCO-IHE to create networks and Communitiesof Practice on the basis of the ongoing project (NBCBN-River Engineering), http://nbcbn.com/Home.asp
ITC http://www.itc.nl/research/default.asp: The International Institute for GeoinformationScience and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands, is similar to IHE. Many waterprofessionals from the Nile region who specialize in remote sensing and GIS applications havegraduated or are currently studying at the ITC. The institute carries out multidisciplinary andproblem-oriented research in support of its education and project services.
University of Bergen https://nile.uib.no/: The UiB hosts the Nile Basin Research Program NBRP.The program is associated with the Applied Training Program (ATP) of the NBI. The NBRP focusesthematically on contested resources, climate dynamics, health and socioeconomic aspects.
ALTERRA http://www.alterra.wur.nl/UK/: Alterra is the research institute of the WageningenUniversity. Their ongoing project in the Nile Basin entitled ‘New Water Adaptive WaterManagement Research in the Nile Basin’ focuses on integrated water management, and effectsof climate. The project aims at developing adaptive water management systems, both forinfrastructure (storage and buffering capacity), and management (regime and institutions).
IAEA http://www.iaea.org/: The International Atomic Energy Agency is a United Nations Agencythat works on the peaceful uses of nuclear technology. The objective relevant to NBI is to improvethe management of water resources through use of isotope technologies. Please refer Table A 4.7for more information on the ongoing projects in the region.
FRIEND NILE http://62.193.88.134/fn/: The FRIEND (Flow Regimes from InternationalExperimental and Network Data). The FRIEND/Nile Project aims at improving the river basinmanagement of the Nile through promoting cooperation in the field of water resources managementand regional-scale analysis of hydrological regimes.
10
Nile Basin Discourse http://www.nilebasindiscourse.org/index_EN.php: It is a network of civilsociety organizations from the ten countries of the Nile Basin which seeks positive influence overthe development of projects and programs under the NBI and other Nile-related programs.
AVAILABLE DATABASES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY PERTINENT TO THE NBI
The discussion on research needs to support the NBI projects’ emphasise on the need for goodquality data by almost all the NBI projects. Availability of the data in the basin has been a chal-lenge for planning, development, management and research projects. In addition to national data-bases built by riparian states, a number of organizations have been active in building databases ofdifferent types within the Nile Basin. The section titled ‘Pertinent Databases to the NBI’, whichis given below presents a list of temporal and spatial databases currently being built by severalpartners/organizations. And the section titled ‘Bibliography on the Nile Research’ gives a list ofsome of the literature citations on Nile Basin research.
Pertinent Databases to the NBI
FAONile Databases: http://www.faonile.org/whatwedo/database.htm: This is a part of theFAONile projects. It includes scattered databases from a host of different institutions organized atnational level in a comprehensive georeferenced Nile Basin database. A large set of hydrologicand meteorological data has been quality controlled and transferred into an electronic format. Pleaserefer Table A4.5 for further information on the databases.
IWMI-IDIS http://dw.iwmi.org/dataplatform/home.aspx: The Integrated Database InformationSystem (IDIS) is an on-line data sharing platform that provides access to water, agriculture andenvironment data on several basins, including the Nile.
IWMI-DSP http://www.iwmidsp.org/iwmi/info/main.asp: The Data Storehouse Pathways of IWMIcontains large volumes of multi-temporal data from multiple satellite sensors, which were used inseveral IWMI research projects, including: Global Irrigated Area Mapping GIAM.
FAO Land and Water http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/lwris.stm: The Land and Water DevelopmentDivision of FAO operates a number of databases, e.g., :AQUASTAT — Global Information Systemof Water and Agriculture; CLIMWAT — Climatic Database to be used with CROPWAT; DigitalSoil Map of the World; Land Degradation Assessment for Dry lands (LADA); Land-water Linkagesin Rural Watersheds; among others.
ILRI-GIS www.ilri.cgiar.org/gis/igis.asp: Is a database related to livestock distribution, health andproduction. Other layers, however, cover more general topics such as human population density,climate and infrastructure. Some of the datasets cover only a specific project, while others arecounty-wide, regional, continental or even global.
TIGER http://www.tiger.esa.int/EOdata.asp: Is an initiative by the European Satellite Agency—toassist African countries on collection, analysis and dissemination of water related geo-informationdata. The project offers numerous spatial data on different sources.
11
FEWS NET http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/: The Famine Early Warning System Network(FEWS NET) produces information for disaster and crisis prediction. The program monitorsnumerous data and information—including remotely sensed as well as ground-based data onmeteorological, crop, and rangeland conditions.
IFPRI http://www.ifpri.org/data/data_menu.asp: Includes databases on: Geospatial Datasets ofAgro-MAPS; Global Rural-Urban Mapping (GRUMP); Agroecosystems Dataset, among others.
CGIAR-CSI http://www.csi.cgiar.org/index.asp: The Consortium for Spatial Information links allof the CGIAR’s GIS/RS laboratories, and many geospatial scientists and researchers. It includesdatabases on population, poverty, climate, soil, crops, livestock, transportation, biodiversity and othergeospatial Global Public Goods.
FishBase http://www.worldfishcenter.org/cms/list_article.aspx?catID=42&ddlID=65: WorldFishCenter is having the FishBase database, which provides detailed information on most of the knownworld fish species.
There are many other databases that include valuable data on the Nile that have not beencovered as above, e.g., University of East Anglia, Global Runoff Data Centre, Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission, Earth Observing System Data Gateway of NASA, among others.
Bibliography on the Nile Research
This section aims at reviewing some of the popular bibliography on the Nile. The list cannot beclaimed complete. The idea is to present main bibliography information, and famous books on theNile. These may include references to a wide range of literature and research on the Nile.
The River Nile and Its Economic, Political, Social and Cultural Role. An AnnotatedBibliography by Terje Tvedt: The book includes an extensive, multidisciplinary bibliography onthe Nile of 3,490 entries. It is organized in eight categories: (1) Political and Cultural History;(2) Fisheries; (3) Flora and Fauna; (4) Health; (5) Physical Characteristics; (6) Projects and Reports;(7) Travel and Exploration; and (8) Water Use and Water Management.http://www.global.uib.no/home/index.php?module=article&view=36&page_num=4
Cornell Blue Nile: Is a website recently developed by the Cornel University to organize informationabout hydrological modeling in the Nile River Basin. It includes a reference list of journal articleson the Nile hydrology, sediment, and other aspects. The site is protected by a user name andpassword. http://nile.cornell.drfuka.net/
Nile Hydrology by J.V. Sutcliffe and Y.P Parks: IAHS Special Publication No. 5, 1999: Thisbook describes the Nile Basin in its historical setting and the hydrology. The book also includesmean hydrological data on key variables at key locations in the basin. http://cerf-jcr.org/Books/Nile.htm
The Nile: Sharing A Scarce Resource by P.P. Howell, Published by Cambridge UniversityPress in1994: This is a historical and technical review of water management and of economicaland legal issues.http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521450403
12
The Nile Basin Volumes: These are the first series of literature on the Nile. It includes volumesfrom I to XI containing data series and description of the hydrological characteristics of the Nilebasin and subbasins including general information on meteorology, topography, conservationprojects etc.
HYDROMET (http://www.nilebasin.org//library.htm): The HYDROMET project was initiated byWMO in 1968 to collect information related to hydro-meteorological data linked to the White Nile.Reports and other outputs of the project are available in the NBI Nile-Sec library, Entebbe, Uganda.
TECCONILE Atlas (http://www.nilebasin.org//library.htm): The Technical Cooperation Committeefor the Promotion of the Development and Environmental has participated in the preparation of anatlas of the Nile Basin, which includes different types of data.
Nile 2002 Conference Series (http://www.nilebasin.org//library.htm): A series of conferences thatwas started in 1993 and concluded in 2002. The proceedings encompassed a wealth of informationon Nile technical issues.
DISCUSSIONS
It has been increasingly recognized that the Nile Basin Initiative program needs research tocomplement optimal implementation of the Shared Vision and Subsidiary Action projects. Similarly,research organizations working in the region acknowledge the many shared objectives they holdwith the NBI program. These, actually initiated the notion of creating synergies and partnershipsamong research institutions and the NBI to ensure that the best available knowledge is made useof when making policies, investment and strategies.
An intensive consultation has been completed with all NBI, SVP and SAP projects (exceptRegional Power Trade and CBSI). The discussion focused on exploring research questions directlyimpacting NBI projects. This has been further refined in a larger workshop attended by NBI projectsas well as research organizations actively working in the Nile research.
Many topics have been raised for research, and prioritized through group discussions on fourthematic areas: (1) Water Resources; (2) Agriculture; (3) Environment; and SocioeconomicDevelopment; and (4) Benefit Sharing. Research topics of high relevance have been summarizedin Appendix 2, including research on data availability, climate, agriculture, water resources, landuse, socioeconomics (benefits and benefits sharing), policies and institutions.
The discussion on how to support the NBI through research and capacity building was startedin September 2004 at a workshop in Entebbe, whereby NBI and research centers including IWMIdiscussed on how to collaborate in research and capacity building. The project on creatingsynergies on research among research centers and the NBI, which started early 2006 wascompleted early 2007.
What is next, after identifying research topics pertinent to the NBI projects, has been animportant question right from the start. The list of questions is available to the research communityand anyone can make use of it. In fact, as we have seen, a lot is already undergoing with regardto land and water resources research in the Nile. However, it is strongly recognized that creating
13
synergies and partnerships among research community and the NBI would optimally benefit theNBI program, as well as the research community. A suggestion has been made and discussedduring the project workshop that was held in February 2007, to enforce a ‘Steering Committee(SC)’, as a governance body to continue coordinating research efforts that support the NBI projects.The SC is chaired by the Nile-SEC, while IWMI provides the secretariat. Potential members ofthe SC would be ASARECA-SWMnet, FAONile, relevant SVP project managers, ENSAP,NELSAP, and Civil Society representatives. The main role of the SC is to provide strategic guidanceand coordination on research activities directly pertinent to NBI. In sum, efforts should continueto support the SC, as well as for research projects to ensure coordination/collaboration isstrengthened among partners, and also mobilize partnerships to further use the research results.
REFERENCES
Moustafa, M.; Gichuki, F. 2003. Draft edition. The Nile Basin profile: Strategic research for enhancing agriculturalwater productivity. Challenge Program on Water and Food.
Mohamed, Y.A.; van den Hurk, B.J.J.M.; Savenije, H.H.G.; Bastiaanssenb, W.G.M. 2005, The Nile Hydro-climatology:Results from a regional climate model, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9: 263–278.
NBI project reports; http://www.nilebasin.org/resources.htm
Okidi, C.O. 1990. History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties, in The Nile: Resource evaluation,resource management, hydropolitics and legal issues, edited by P.P. Howell and J.A. Allan.
Smith, M. 1993. CLIMWAT for CROPWAT - A climatic database for irrigation planning and management, FAOIrrigation and Drainage Paper No. 49, Rome, Italy: FAO. p. 113.
Waterbury, J. 1979. Hydropolitics of the Nile Valley. Syracuse, USA: Syracuse University Press. p. 301.
14
App
endi
x 1.
The
Nil
e B
asin
Ini
tiat
ive
AP
PE
ND
IX A
1.1:
Sum
mar
y of
the
SV
P P
roje
ct P
ortfo
lio.
Pro
ject
Obj
ecti
veD
escr
ipti
onS
tatu
s
Nil
e T
rans
boun
dary
Pro
vide
a s
trat
egic
fra
mew
ork
for
Iden
tify
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l an
d de
velo
pmen
t sy
nerg
ies
cont
ribu
ting
Bei
ng t
he f
irst
has
mad
e
Env
iron
men
tal
Act
ion
envi
ronm
enta
lly
sust
aina
ble
to s
usta
inab
le d
evel
opm
ent
oppo
rtun
itie
s w
ill
be a
n im
port
ant
task
.si
gnif
ican
t pr
ogre
ss i
n
deve
lopm
ent
of t
he N
ile
Riv
er B
asin
Impr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
rel
atio
nshi
ps o
f w
ater
res
ourc
esim
plem
enti
ng t
he p
lann
ed
deve
lopm
ent
and
the
envi
ronm
ent
in t
he b
asin
acti
viti
es
Nil
e B
asin
Reg
iona
lE
stab
lish
the
ins
titu
tion
al m
eans
The
pre
sent
lim
ited
dev
elop
men
t of
nat
iona
l po
wer
sys
tem
sS
igni
fica
nt p
rogr
ess
has
been
Pow
er T
rade
to c
oord
inat
e th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
in t
he b
asin
im
pose
s a
cons
trai
nt o
n th
e ex
ploi
tati
on o
f th
ese
mad
e in
eac
h of
the
regi
onal
pow
er m
arke
ts a
mon
gre
sour
ces
at a
ffor
dabl
e co
sts
at t
he n
atio
nal
leve
l. T
hese
con
stra
ints
com
pone
nts
the
Nil
e B
asin
cou
ntri
eson
sup
plyi
ng a
ffor
dabl
e po
wer
cou
ld b
e ov
erco
me
by e
xpan
ding
the
mar
ket
for
thes
e re
sour
ces
by d
evel
opin
g po
wer
tra
de a
mon
g
Nil
e B
asin
cou
ntri
es
Eff
icie
nt W
ater
Use
Pro
vide
a s
ound
con
cept
ual
and
Irri
gati
on i
s th
e do
min
ant
hum
an u
se o
f w
ater
in
the
basi
n an
d th
atB
eing
the
las
t, p
roje
ct
for
Agr
icul
tura
lpr
acti
cal
basi
s to
inc
reas
eag
ricu
ltur
e is
an
impo
rtan
t el
emen
t of
the
eco
nom
ies
of a
ll r
ipar
ian
pers
onne
l ar
e in
pla
ce
Pro
duct
ion
avai
labi
lity
and
eff
icie
nt u
se o
fco
untr
ies
in t
erm
s of
em
ploy
men
t, e
xpor
ts,
and
cont
ribu
tion
to
and
proj
ect
acti
viti
es
wat
er f
or a
gric
ultu
ral
prod
ucti
onG
DP
. H
ence
, th
e ju
dici
ous
use
of t
his
reso
urce
in
the
sect
or i
s cr
itic
alar
e pi
ckin
g up
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Enh
ance
the
ana
lyti
cal
capa
city
Com
pone
nts
of w
ater
res
ourc
es m
anag
emen
t th
at h
elp
in f
urth
erin
gA
ll t
he s
taff
bei
ng
Pla
nnin
g an
dfo
r ba
sin
wid
e pe
rspe
ctiv
e to
sup
port
coop
erat
ion
incl
ude
effe
ctiv
e po
lici
es a
nd i
mpl
emen
tati
on s
trat
egie
s,in
pla
ce t
he p
roje
ct i
s
Man
agem
ent
the
deve
lopm
ent,
man
agem
ent,
proj
ect
plan
ning
and
man
agem
ent
skil
ls,
and
com
mun
icat
ion
and
oper
atin
g at
ful
l ca
paci
ty
and
prot
ecti
on o
f N
ile
Bas
in w
ater
sde
cisi
on m
akin
g to
ols
Con
fide
nce
Bui
ldin
gD
evel
op c
onfi
denc
e in
reg
iona
l co
oper
atio
nC
onfi
denc
e in
reg
iona
l co
oper
atio
n an
d fu
ll s
take
hold
er i
nvol
vem
ent
Var
ious
typ
es o
f w
orks
hops
and
and
Sta
keho
lder
unde
r th
e N
BI,
bot
h at
bas
in a
nd l
ocal
lev
els,
are
prer
equi
site
s to
sus
tain
able
soc
ioec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
and
trai
ning
are
bei
ng c
ondu
cted
by
Invo
lvem
ent
and
ensu
re f
ull
stak
ehol
der
invo
lvem
ent
pove
rty
redu
ctio
nth
e pr
ojec
t
in t
he N
BI
and
its
proj
ects
App
lied
Tra
inin
gS
tren
gthe
n ca
paci
ty i
n se
lect
ed s
ubje
ctM
ost
of t
he b
asin
cou
ntri
es a
re b
urde
ned
by w
eak
hum
an a
ndA
num
ber
of t
rain
ing
cour
ses,
area
s of
IW
RM
, st
reng
then
cen
ters
wit
hin
stit
utio
nal
capa
city
to
man
age
wat
er r
esou
rces
in
an i
nteg
rate
dse
min
ars,
lon
g-te
rm t
rain
ing,
capa
city
to
deve
lop
and
deli
ver
prog
ram
sm
anne
r. T
his
situ
atio
n ap
plie
s no
t on
ly t
o th
e m
anag
emen
t of
curr
icul
um d
evel
opm
ent
are
on a
con
tinu
ing
basi
sin
tern
atio
nal
wat
ers
but
also
to
man
agem
ent
of n
atio
nal
wat
ers
bein
g co
nduc
ted
Soc
ioec
onom
icS
tren
gthe
n N
ile
Riv
er b
asin
wid
eB
road
er c
oope
rati
on c
ould
ena
ble
enha
nced
int
ra-r
egio
nal
trad
e an
dA
ltho
ugh
the
proj
ect
star
ted
Dev
elop
men
t an
dso
cioe
cono
mic
coo
pera
tion
and
prom
ote
inve
stm
ent
in t
he r
egio
n’s
infr
astr
uctu
re,
such
as
road
s,la
te a
ctiv
itie
s of
the
pro
ject
are
Ben
efit
Sha
ring
inte
grat
ion
rail
, an
d te
leco
m l
inks
tha
t co
uld
incr
ease
the
pro
duct
ivit
y of
pick
ing
up
all
coun
trie
s w
ithi
n th
e re
gion
and
all
ow t
hem
to
deve
lop
mor
e
rapi
dly
and
trad
e m
ore
effe
ctiv
ely
both
wit
hin
and
beyo
nd t
he r
egio
n
15
AP
PE
ND
IX A
1.2:
EN
SA
P P
roje
cts
Por
tfolio
.
Pro
ject
Obj
ecti
veD
escr
ipti
onS
tatu
s
Eas
tern
Nil
eT
o id
enti
fy,
prep
are,
and
im
plem
ent
Pro
vide
s a
com
mon
ana
lyti
cal
basi
s fo
r id
enti
fyin
g an
d as
sess
ing
Ong
oing
at
full
pac
e
Pla
nnin
g M
odel
coop
erat
ive
deve
lopm
ent
proj
ects
tha
top
tion
s, q
uant
ifyi
ng b
enef
its
and
impa
cts,
eva
luat
ing
trad
eoff
s,
Sub
-Pro
ject
prov
ide
mut
ual
bene
fits
in
the
Eas
tern
Nil
ean
d an
alyz
ing
and
man
agin
g in
form
atio
n
Flo
od P
repa
redn
ess
To
redu
ce d
amag
e fr
om m
ajor
flo
ods,
The
pro
ject
inc
lude
s: a
sses
smen
t of
flo
od r
isk
and
vuln
erab
ilit
y,P
roje
ct p
repa
rati
on i
s in
and
Ear
ly W
arni
ngan
d to
inc
reas
e th
e be
nefi
ts f
rom
exc
ess
deve
lop
a fl
ood
fore
cast
ing
syst
em,
iden
tify
opt
ions
for
enh
anci
ngpr
ogre
ss,
pre-
appr
aisa
l re
port
Sub
-Pro
ject
floo
d w
ater
s, i
n th
e E
N c
ount
ries
floo
d m
itig
atio
n.p
rep
ared
Bar
o-A
ko
bo
The
Bar
o-A
kobo
Bas
in p
roje
ct p
rovi
des
aT
he m
ulti
-pur
pose
pro
ject
int
ends
to
prov
ide:
hyd
ropo
wer
gen
erat
ion,
Dis
cuss
ion
wit
h fu
ndin
g ag
ency
Mul
ti-p
urpo
se W
ater
pote
ntia
l op
port
unit
y to
dev
elop
a m
ulti
-pur
pose
irri
gati
on d
evel
opm
ent,
flo
od m
anag
emen
t, i
ncre
ased
wat
er y
ield
,is
goi
ng o
n, r
evis
ed T
OR
is
Res
ourc
es D
evel
opm
ent
wat
er r
esou
rces
pro
ject
, w
hich
may
pro
vide
env
iron
men
tal
prot
ecti
on a
nd e
nhan
ced
wat
ersh
ed m
anag
emen
tp
rep
ared
Sub
-Pro
ject
win
-win
ben
efit
s to
the
Eas
tern
Nil
e co
untr
ies
Eth
iopi
a-S
udan
To
prom
ote
regi
onal
pow
er t
rade
thr
ough
Con
stru
ctio
n of
a t
rans
mis
sion
int
erco
nnec
tion
bet
wee
n E
thio
pia
Upd
atin
g of
the
fea
sibi
lity
stu
dy
Tra
nsm
issi
onco
ordi
nate
d pl
anni
ng a
nd d
evel
opm
ent
of p
ower
and
Sud
an,
taki
ng i
nto
cons
ider
atio
n fu
ture
pow
er t
rade
wit
h
Inte
rcon
nect
ion
proj
ects
and
tra
nsm
issi
on i
nter
conn
ecti
onE
gypt
and
pos
sibl
y ot
her
coun
trie
s
Sub
-Pro
ject
*
Eas
tern
Nil
eT
o in
itia
te t
he d
evel
opm
ent
of a
reg
iona
lT
o in
itia
te a
n in
vest
men
t pr
ogra
m t
hat
prio
riti
zes
hydr
opow
erC
onsu
ltan
t hi
ring
is
in p
rogr
ess
Pow
er T
rade
pow
er t
rade
gen
erat
ion
and
deve
lopm
ent
and
tran
smis
sion
int
erco
nnec
tion
inv
estm
ents
for
proj
ect
prep
arat
ion
Inve
stm
ent
Pro
gram
inve
stm
ent
prog
ram
in t
he E
aste
rn N
ile
regi
on
Irri
gati
on a
ndT
o in
crea
se a
gric
ultu
ral
prod
ucti
vity
To
supp
ort
the
deve
lopm
ent
and
expa
nsio
n of
irr
igat
ed a
gric
ultu
re,
Con
sult
ant
hiri
ng f
or p
roje
ct
Dra
inag
eth
roug
h ir
riga
tion
dev
elop
men
tas
wel
l as
to
impr
ove
the
prod
ucti
vity
of
larg
e-sc
ale
prep
arat
ion
is i
n pr
ogre
ss
Sub
-Pro
ject
agri
cult
ure
thro
ugh
impr
oved
agr
icul
tura
l w
ater
use
Wat
ersh
edT
o es
tabl
ish
a fr
amew
ork
for
the
The
pro
ject
is
expe
cted
to
lead
to:
inc
reas
ed l
and
prod
ucti
vity
,D
raft
rep
ort
prep
ared
Man
agem
ent
man
agem
ent
of
sele
cted
wat
ersh
eds
redu
ced
sedi
men
t lo
ad,
pove
rty
alle
viat
ion
Sub
-Pro
ject
on t
he E
aste
rn N
ile
(EN
)
Join
t M
ulti
-pur
pose
Lau
nch
the
firs
t ph
ase
of i
dent
ific
atio
nA
‘sc
opin
g st
udy’
has
bee
n in
itia
ted
to s
uppo
rt t
he p
roce
ss b
yIm
prov
emen
t of
the
kno
wle
dge-
Pro
ject
of a
maj
or p
rogr
am o
f m
ulti
-pur
pose
prov
idin
g in
form
atio
n on
key
mul
ti-p
urpo
se o
ppor
tuni
ties
in
the
base
and
ref
inem
ent
of t
he
join
t de
velo
pmen
t of
the
Eas
tern
Nil
eE
aste
rn N
ile
that
cou
ld f
orm
par
t of
a J
oint
Mul
ti-p
urpo
se P
roje
ctm
od
els
Eth
iopi
a-S
udan
To
prom
ote
regi
onal
pow
er t
rade
Con
stru
ctio
n of
a t
rans
mis
sion
int
erco
nnec
tion
bet
wee
n E
thio
pia
Upd
atin
g of
the
fea
sibi
lity
Tra
nsm
issi
onth
roug
h co
ordi
nate
d pl
anni
ng a
ndan
d S
udan
, ta
king
int
o co
nsid
erat
ion
futu
re p
ower
tra
de w
ith
Egy
ptst
udy
Inte
rcon
nect
ion
deve
lopm
ent
of p
ower
pro
ject
s an
dan
d po
ssib
ly o
ther
cou
ntri
es
Sub
-Pro
ject
*tr
ansm
issi
on i
nter
conn
ecti
on
16
AP
PE
ND
IX A
1.3:
NE
LSA
P P
roje
ct P
ortfo
lio.
NE
L-C
OM
Pri
orit
y A
rea
Pro
ject
Cou
ntri
esD
escr
ipti
on
1.
Wat
er U
se i
n A
gric
ultu
reE
nhan
ced
Agr
icul
ture
Bur
undi
, D
R C
ongo
The
reg
iona
l ag
ricu
ltur
e pr
ogra
m,
whi
ch i
s un
der
prep
arat
ion,
wil
l pr
omot
e op
port
unit
ies
Pro
duct
ivit
y P
roje
ctK
enya
for
coop
erat
ion
in t
he N
ile
Bas
in t
hrou
gh p
riva
te i
nves
tmen
t, p
ubli
c-pr
ivat
e pa
rtne
rshi
psR
wan
daan
d en
hanc
ed t
rade
thr
ough
inc
reas
ed i
nves
tmen
t, i
ncom
e ge
nera
tion
and
pro
-poo
rT
anza
nia
grow
th.
Fin
anci
ng f
or t
his
proj
ect
is n
ot y
et s
ecur
edU
gan
da
2.
Sus
tain
able
Man
agem
ent
Fis
heri
es P
roje
ct f
or L
ake
DR
Con
goT
he o
bjec
tive
of
the
proj
ect
is t
o es
tabl
ish
a su
stai
nabl
e fr
amew
ork
for
the
join
tan
d C
onse
rvat
ion
ofA
lber
t an
d L
ake
Edw
ard
Ug
and
am
anag
emen
t of
the
fis
heri
es i
n L
ake
Alb
ert
and
Lak
e E
dwar
d to
im
prov
e th
e li
ving
Lak
es a
nd W
etla
nds
Eg
yp
tco
ndit
ion
of t
he p
eopl
e an
d to
pro
tect
the
env
iron
men
tS
udan
3.
Wat
ersh
ed M
anag
emen
tD
evel
opm
ent
of a
Fra
mew
ork
Ken
yaT
he o
bjec
tive
of
the
proj
ect
is t
o es
tabl
ish
a su
stai
nabl
e fr
amew
ork
for
the
join
tfo
r C
o-op
erat
ive
Man
agem
ent
Tan
zani
am
anag
emen
t of
the
wat
er r
esou
rces
of
the
Mar
a R
iver
Bas
in,
in o
rder
to
prep
are
for
of t
he M
ara
Riv
er B
asin
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
orie
nted
inv
estm
ents
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Kag
era
Riv
er B
asin
Bu
run
di
The
obj
ecti
ve o
f th
e pr
ojec
t is
to
deve
lop
tool
s an
d a
perm
anen
t in
stit
utio
n fo
r th
e jo
int,
Inte
grat
ed W
ater
Res
ourc
esR
wan
dasu
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t of
the
wat
er r
esou
rces
in
the
Kag
era
Riv
er B
asin
.M
anag
emen
tT
anza
niaU
gand
a
Dev
elop
men
t of
a F
ram
ewor
kK
enya
The
obj
ecti
ve o
f th
e pr
ojec
t is
to
reve
rse
the
envi
ronm
enta
l de
grad
atio
n tr
ends
in
the
for
Co-
oper
ativ
e M
anag
emen
tU
gan
da
catc
hmen
ts b
y su
ppor
ting
the
rur
al c
omm
unit
ies
in a
dopt
ing
appr
opri
ate
tech
nolo
gies
in
of t
he M
alak
isi-
Mal
aba-
Sio
catc
hmen
t m
anag
emen
tR
iver
Bas
in W
ater
Res
ourc
es
4.
Wat
er H
yaci
nth
and
Wat
er H
yaci
nth
Aba
tem
ent
Bu
run
di
The
obj
ecti
ve o
f th
e pr
ojec
t is
to
elim
inat
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s on
env
iron
men
t, h
ealt
h an
dW
ater
Wee
d C
ontr
olin
the
Kag
era
Riv
er B
asin
Rw
anda
soci
oeco
nom
ic a
ctiv
itie
s th
at a
re c
ause
d by
wat
er h
yaci
nth
infe
stat
ion,
by
redu
cing
to
Tan
zani
a U
gand
am
anag
eabl
e le
vels
the
inf
esta
tion
of
wat
er h
yaci
nth
in t
he K
ager
a R
iver
bas
inS
udan
Eg
yp
t
5.
Hy
dro
po
wer
A R
usum
o F
alls
Bu
run
di
The
obj
ecti
ve o
f th
e pr
ojec
t is
to
supp
ly n
ew e
nerg
y an
d ca
paci
ty t
o th
e ex
isti
ng p
ower
Sub
-pro
gram
1H
ydro
-Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Rw
anda
grid
bas
ed o
n re
new
able
hyd
ropo
wer
ene
rgy,
to
fost
er i
nter
nati
onal
coo
pera
tion
in
Hyd
ropo
wer
Dev
elop
men
tD
evel
opm
ent,
HE
PT
anza
nia
hydr
opow
er p
roje
ct d
evel
opm
ent,
and
to
elec
trif
y ne
w a
reas
and
im
prov
e re
gion
al p
ower
supp
ly r
elia
bili
ty b
y in
terc
onne
ctin
g th
e po
wer
net
wor
ks o
f D
RC
-Eas
t/ B
urun
di/
Rw
anda
and
the
nati
onal
net
wor
k of
Tan
zani
a
Sub
-pro
gram
2R
egio
nal
Tra
nsm
issi
onB
uru
nd
iA
fea
sibi
lity
and
des
ign
stud
y fo
r si
x po
wer
tra
nsm
issi
on l
ines
bet
wee
n B
urun
di,
DR
C,
Tra
nsm
issi
onF
easi
bili
ty I
nter
conn
ecti
onR
wan
daK
enya
, R
wan
da a
nd U
gand
a is
bei
ng c
arri
ed o
ut f
or f
utur
e st
reng
then
ing
of t
he e
xist
ing
Inte
rcon
nect
ion
Stu
dyT
anza
nia
Uga
nda
and
new
int
erco
nnec
tion
s be
twee
n th
e N
EL
cou
ntri
es a
nd t
o ot
her
regi
onal
gri
dsS
udan
Eg
yp
t
Con
tinue
d
17
AP
PE
ND
IX A
1.3:
NE
LSA
P P
roje
ct P
ortfo
lio.
(con
tinue
d)
NE
L-C
OM
Pri
orit
y A
rea
Pro
ject
Cou
ntri
esD
escr
ipti
on
Str
ateg
ic S
ecto
ral
Soc
ial
and
Bu
run
di
The
obj
ecti
ve i
s to
pre
pare
an
indi
cati
ve N
EL
SA
P P
ower
Mas
ter
Pla
n to
ass
ist
the
NE
LS
AP
Env
iron
men
tal
Ass
essm
ent
ofR
wan
dari
pari
an c
ount
ries
in
sele
ctin
g be
st p
ower
sup
ply
opti
ons
and
regi
onal
tra
nsm
issi
on i
nter
Pow
er D
evel
opm
ent
opti
ons
Tan
zani
a U
gand
aco
nnec
tion
Sud
anE
gy
pt
6.
NE
L-C
oord
inat
ion
Uni
tC
oord
inat
ion
Bu
run
di
The
pro
ject
pro
vide
s in
stit
utio
n an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
fund
s to
NE
LS
AP
-CU
. T
he m
embe
r(N
EL
-CU
)R
wan
daco
untr
ies
are
curr
entl
y se
ekin
g fu
nds
for
a fo
llow
-up
on r
efin
emen
t N
EL
SA
P-C
UT
anza
nia
Uga
nda
inst
itut
iona
l su
ppor
t pr
ojec
t fo
r th
e ne
xt 4
yea
rs t
o su
ppor
t th
e N
EL
SA
P S
cali
ng U
p S
trat
egy
Sud
anE
gy
pt
18
Ap
pen
dix
2.
Res
earc
h T
opic
s P
erti
nen
t to
th
e N
BI
Pro
ject
s
No
.R
esea
rch
Pro
blem
Res
earc
h A
rea
and
Pos
sibl
e R
esea
rch
Que
stio
ns a
nd O
utpu
tsR
elev
ance
to
NB
I P
roje
cts
Obj
ecti
ves
Sca
rcit
y of
dat
a in
the
Dat
a P
rovi
sion
of
data
1.
Wha
t to
ols
and
met
hods
are
ava
ilab
le f
or f
illi
ng i
n da
ta g
aps
and
how
can
the
yT
he d
ata
on n
atur
alN
ile
Bas
in:
on t
he n
atur
al r
esou
rces
be e
ffec
tive
ly u
tili
zed
to a
llev
iate
dat
a co
nstr
aint
s in
im
plem
enti
ng N
BI
proj
ects
?re
sour
ces
syst
em1
.D
ata
on b
ioph
ysic
alsy
stem
and
use
s to
fil
l in
-T
ools
and
met
hods
for
cos
t-ef
fect
ive
data
col
lect
ion
of w
ater
qua
lity
and
(e.g
., hy
dro-
met
eoro
logi
cal
reso
urce
s (l
ands
, w
ater
,(n
otic
eabl
e) d
ata
gaps
quan
tity
, fo
r ex
ampl
e, s
impl
e m
etho
ds o
f sa
mpl
ing
the
mai
n w
ater
qua
lity
data
) ar
e ba
sic
inpu
t fo
rhy
drom
eteo
rolo
gy,
etc.
)w
ithi
n th
e ba
sin,
in
para
met
ers
usin
g bi
o-in
dica
tors
all
catc
hmen
t an
d ri
ver
2.
Dat
a on
part
icul
ar i
n th
e up
per
-U
tili
zati
on o
f m
oder
n te
chni
ques
suc
h as
sat
elli
te,
rada
r, m
odel
s, a
nd d
ata
mod
els
used
by
diff
eren
t1
.so
cioe
cono
mic
act
ivit
ies
part
s, i
nclu
ding
dat
a on
assi
mil
atio
n te
chni
ques
to
fill
in
data
gap
sN
BI
proj
ects
: W
ater
shed
,(p
opul
atio
n,ac
tual
use
and
-U
se o
f is
otop
e hy
drol
ogy
to g
ener
ate
and
veri
fy h
ydro
met
eoro
logi
cal
DS
S,
agri
cult
ure,
live
liho
od,
land
use
,pe
rfor
man
cein
form
atio
nfl
ood
fore
cast
ing,
etc
.w
ater
use
, et
c.)
Dat
a on
soc
ioec
onom
ics
2.
How
can
the
dat
a ge
nera
ted
usin
g th
e ab
ove
tool
s be
mad
e pa
rt o
f an
int
egra
ted
data
(pop
ulat
ion,
lan
d an
d w
ater
and
info
rmat
ion
syst
em a
nd u
sed
to v
alid
ate
hydr
olog
ical
and
wat
er q
uali
ty p
roce
sses
?us
es,
prod
ucti
vity
,pe
rfor
man
ce,
etc)
are
3.
How
can
we
ensu
re t
hat
the
info
rmat
ion
user
s ha
ve c
onfi
denc
e in
the
dat
a us
ed,
need
ed b
y pl
anni
ngth
e an
alys
is,
and
that
the
ana
lyti
cal
tool
s ai
d in
pro
duci
ng c
redi
ble
info
rmat
ion?
mod
els
SD
BS
, C
BS
I, e
tc.
Cli
mat
e ch
ange
, cl
imat
eH
ydro
clim
atol
ogy:
1.
How
are
dif
fere
nt p
arts
of
the
rive
r ba
sin
affe
cted
by
clim
ate
vari
abil
ity
and
chan
ge?
The
out
put
of t
hese
vari
abil
ity,
vul
nera
bili
ty,
Impr
ove
asse
ssm
ent
ofA
nd w
hat
inst
itut
iona
l se
t up
(po
licy
, le
gal
and
orga
niza
tion
s),
prog
ram
s an
d pr
ojec
tsre
sear
ches
is
esse
ntia
lim
pact
s, a
nd a
dapt
atio
ncl
imat
e ch
ange
and
wou
ld b
e re
quir
ed t
o re
duce
vul
nera
bili
ty,
nega
tive
im
pact
s an
d bu
ild
loca
l an
din
form
atio
n th
at i
s re
quir
edre
quir
emen
tscl
imat
e va
riab
ilit
y.ba
sins
cap
acit
ies
to a
dapt
?by
alm
ost
all
the
NB
IIm
prov
e as
sess
men
t of
-A
sses
smen
t of
cli
mat
e ch
ange
and
cli
mat
e va
riab
ilit
y to
red
uce
unce
rtai
nty
proj
ects
, in
par
ticu
lar,
by
vuln
erab
ilit
y of
res
ourc
e(e
.g.,
cc
com
puta
tion
s, f
requ
ency
ana
lysi
s of
flo
ods
and
drou
ghts
, et
c.)
the
wat
er r
esou
rces
and
use
syst
ems
(lan
d an
d-
Ass
essm
ent
of i
mpa
cts
of c
lim
ate
chan
ge a
nd c
lim
ate
vari
abil
ity
onpr
ojec
ts:
agri
cult
ure,
SD
BS
,w
ater
)na
tura
l re
sour
ces
(e.g
., w
ater
res
ourc
es s
uppl
y an
d de
man
d, e
cosy
stem
s,an
d m
any
of t
he E
NS
AP
Impr
ove
asse
ssm
ent
ofag
ricu
ltur
al p
rodu
ctiv
ity,
etc
.).
and
NE
LS
AP
pro
ject
sim
pact
s on
tho
se s
yste
ms
-U
nder
stan
d vu
lner
abil
ity
of t
he d
iffe
rent
pro
duct
ion
syst
ems
2.
Rec
omm
enda
tion
to
-P
rovi
de g
uide
line
s an
d re
com
men
dati
ons
for
enha
nced
ada
ptiv
e ca
paci
ty a
nden
hanc
e ad
apta
tion
and
resi
lien
ce o
f so
cioe
cono
mic
s an
d m
anag
emen
t pr
acti
ces
to c
lim
ate
chan
ge a
ndco
ping
str
ateg
ies
clim
ate
vari
abil
ity
2.
Wha
t is
the
soc
ial,
eco
nom
ic a
nd e
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
of
floo
ds a
nd d
roug
hts
and
how
can
sho
rt-,
med
ium
- an
d lo
ng-t
erm
for
ecas
ting
con
trib
ute
to r
educ
ing
thei
rne
gati
ve i
mpa
cts?
3.
Wha
t is
the
im
pact
of
land
use
cha
nge
on t
he N
ile
regi
onal
cli
mat
e? H
ow d
oes
clim
ate
chan
ge a
ffec
t la
nd u
se?
How
doe
s cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
lan
d us
e af
fect
the
avai
labi
lity
and
qua
lity
of
surf
ace
and
grou
ndw
ater
res
ourc
es?
4.
Wha
t is
hyd
rocl
imat
olog
ical
lin
kage
of
the
diff
eren
t su
bbas
ins,
e.g
., t
he W
hite
and
Blu
e N
ile
rive
rs?
19
Con
tinue
d
Lim
ited
und
erst
andi
ng o
fW
ater
shed
Man
agem
ent
1.
Wha
t w
ater
shed
man
agem
ent
inte
rven
tion
s w
ould
red
uce
the
nega
tive
hyd
rolo
gic
and
The
kno
wle
dge
onbe
st p
ossi
ble
wat
ersh
edIm
prov
e un
ders
tand
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s on
dow
nstr
eam
par
ts o
f th
e ca
tchm
ents
/bas
in?
Wha
t ar
e th
eim
prov
ed w
ater
shed
man
agem
ent
and
the
of a
vail
able
wat
ersh
edtr
ade-
offs
and
how
can
the
y be
add
ress
ed?
man
agem
ent
is r
equi
red
inte
rlin
ked
impl
icat
ions
reso
urce
s-
Und
erst
andi
ng o
f th
e ro
ot c
ause
s of
lan
d de
grad
atio
n an
d ho
w t
o ad
dres
s th
emby
a n
umbe
r of
NB
IIm
prov
e un
ders
tand
ing
appr
opri
atel
ypr
ojec
ts.
Spe
cifi
call
yof
exi
stin
g pr
acti
ces
and
-H
ow t
o in
tegr
ate
mul
ti-s
ecto
r, m
ulti
-dis
cipl
inar
y is
sues
in
land
deg
rada
tion
rele
vant
to
wat
ersh
edne
eds
for
bett
er u
tili
zati
on.
anal
ysis
, e.
g.,
live
liho
od v
s. l
and
degr
adat
ion,
int
erac
tion
dom
esti
c-ag
ricu
ltur
alm
anag
emen
t pr
ojec
ts o
fId
enti
fy b
est
poss
ible
wat
er s
ecto
rs,
etc.
EN
SA
P a
nd N
EL
SA
P;
tow
ater
shed
man
agem
ent
-Im
prov
e as
sess
men
t of
lan
d de
grad
atio
n an
d it
s im
pact
s, e
.g.,
com
puta
tion
of
soil
EW
UA
on
agri
cult
ure
inte
rven
tion
s an
der
osio
n, a
nd t
he d
owns
trea
m i
mpl
icat
ions
of
rese
rvoi
r an
d ca
nal
sedi
men
tati
onsy
stem
s; a
nd o
n th
e3
.th
eir
impa
cts
-Im
prov
e un
ders
tand
ing
of h
ow t
o re
duce
/sto
p la
nd d
egra
dati
on,
and
its
nega
tive
im
pact
sec
osys
tem
par
t it
is
-R
esea
rch
on w
ater
har
vest
ing
rele
vant
to
NT
EA
P.
On
wat
er r
esou
rces
and
2.
Wha
t li
veli
hood
opt
ions
exi
st?
How
are
the
y af
fect
ed d
ue t
o la
nd a
nd w
ater
deg
rada
tion
?do
wns
trea
m i
mpl
icat
ion
it3
.W
hat
are
valu
es a
nd r
easo
ns f
or l
ow w
ater
pro
duct
ivit
y of
dif
fere
nt s
yste
ms:
far
min
g,is
rel
ated
to
the
WR
PM
live
stoc
k, e
tc?
How
can
wat
er p
rodu
ctiv
ity
be i
ncre
ased
? W
hat
are
the
trad
e-of
fs?
proj
ect
4.
Wha
t is
the
ena
blin
g en
viro
nmen
t (p
olic
ies,
ins
titu
tion
s, e
tc)
for
a su
cces
sful
wat
ersh
edpr
ojec
t?5
.W
hat
are
the
impr
oved
IW
RM
tec
hnol
ogie
s, a
naly
tica
l m
etho
ds a
nd t
ools
to
fost
erin
tegr
ated
wat
ersh
ed m
anag
emen
t fo
r pr
oduc
tivi
ty a
nd c
onse
rvat
ion
of a
gro-
ecos
yste
ms?
6.
How
to
up-s
cale
res
ults
der
ived
fro
m w
ater
shed
pil
ot s
ites
?7
.W
hat
are
the
best
tec
hnic
al,
poli
cy,
inst
itut
iona
l, m
anag
emen
t in
terv
enti
ons
that
coul
d be
use
d in
var
ious
pro
duct
ion
syst
ems?
8.
Wha
t is
the
im
pact
of
upst
ream
dev
elop
men
t on
aqu
atic
eco
syst
ems
and
the
good
san
d se
rvic
es t
hat
they
pro
vide
?
Low
wat
er p
rodu
ctiv
ity
Ass
essm
ent
of a
gric
ultu
ral
1.
How
can
we
bett
er m
anag
e w
ater
and
lan
d re
sour
ces
in t
he b
asin
to
enha
nce
econ
omic
Per
tine
nt t
o E
WU
Afr
om a
gric
ultu
re s
yste
ms
wat
er p
oten
tial
, us
e, a
ndde
velo
pmen
t, r
educ
e in
equi
ties
and
env
iron
men
tal
degr
adat
ion?
proj
ect,
and
to
wat
ersh
edpr
oduc
tivi
ty:
and
how
to
-M
appi
ng o
f ex
isti
ng/p
oten
tial
agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
tion
sys
tem
s (i
rrig
ated
, ra
in-f
ed,
man
agem
ent
proj
ects
, an
dim
prov
e th
e us
eli
vest
ock,
fis
heri
es,
etc.
)in
dire
ctly
to
NT
EA
P a
nd-
Ass
essm
ent
of w
ater
pro
duct
ivit
y of
the
dif
fere
nt s
yste
ms
(irr
igat
ion,
rai
n-fe
d,W
RP
M p
roje
cts
live
stoc
k, f
ishe
ries
, et
c),
and
anal
ysis
of
the
dete
rmin
ing
fact
ors
(tec
hnic
al,
poli
cies
, su
ppor
t co
ndit
ions
, ex
tern
alit
ies,
etc
.)-
Impa
ct a
sses
smen
t of
im
prov
ed w
ater
pro
duct
ivit
y on
liv
elih
ood
and
envi
ronm
ent
4.
(inc
ludi
ng h
ealt
h)-
Gui
deli
nes
and
fram
ewor
ks f
or i
mpr
oved
pro
duct
ivit
y, e
ffic
ienc
y, a
dequ
acy,
etc
.-
Iden
tify
ing
fact
ors
(env
iron
men
tal
and
soci
oeco
nom
ic)
infl
uenc
e fa
rmer
’sad
opti
on o
f im
prov
ed t
echn
olog
ies
and
man
agem
ent
prac
tice
s-
Rec
omm
end
syne
rgie
s be
twee
n di
ffer
ent
wat
er u
ses
to e
nhan
ce p
rodu
ctiv
ity,
whi
lst
mai
ntai
ning
or
impr
ovin
g en
viro
nmen
tal
secu
rity
2.
Are
the
re a
ny b
ette
r op
tion
s or
man
agem
ent
arra
ngem
ents
in
term
s of
sav
ing
and
effi
cien
tly
usin
g w
ater
and
lan
d re
sour
ces?
3.
How
do
we
reve
rse
adve
rse
effe
cts
such
as
sali
nity
, po
llut
ion,
env
iron
men
tal
and
heal
th i
mpa
cts
(pla
nnin
g, d
esig
n, p
olic
ies,
etc
.,)?
20
App
endi
x 2.
Res
earc
h T
opic
s P
erti
nent
to
the
NB
I P
roje
cts
(Con
tin
ued
)
No
.R
esea
rch
Pro
blem
Res
earc
h A
rea
and
Pos
sibl
e R
esea
rch
Que
stio
ns a
nd O
utpu
tsR
elev
ance
to
NB
I P
roje
cts
Obj
ecti
ves
Env
iron
men
tal
degr
adat
ion
En
vir
on
men
t1
.H
ow d
oes
chan
ges
in t
he s
tatu
s of
: fo
rest
, w
oodl
ands
, gr
assl
ands
, cr
opla
nds
and
Rel
evan
t to
SV
of
diff
eren
t ec
osys
tem
s,E
nvir
onm
enta
l re
sour
cew
etla
nds
affe
ct g
oods
and
ser
vice
s av
aila
ble
to l
ocal
and
dow
nstr
eam
com
mun
itie
sE
nvir
onm
ent,
and
wat
erin
clud
ing
wet
land
s,as
sess
men
t, s
tatu
s of
use
,2
.W
hat
tech
nica
l an
d in
stit
utio
nal
inte
rven
tion
s w
ould
be
requ
ired
to
atta
in a
ccep
tabl
ere
sour
ces
proj
ects
;ri
vers
, et
c.an
d ho
w t
o re
vers
ele
vels
of
envi
ronm
enta
l st
atus
?N
EL
SA
P L
akes
and
degr
adat
ion
3.
Wha
t is
the
sta
tus
of o
ur w
etla
nd r
esou
rces
and
how
can
the
y be
opt
imal
ly a
ndw
etla
nds
proj
ects
; E
NS
AP
sust
aina
bly
util
ized
:m
ulti
-pur
pose
pro
ject
s, e
tc.
-R
apid
ass
essm
ent
of t
he r
iver
eco
syst
em h
ealt
h-
Thr
eats
and
opp
ortu
niti
es o
f al
ien
aqua
tic
spec
ies
(fis
h an
d w
eeds
)-
Val
uati
on o
f la
kes
and
wet
land
s ec
osys
tem
res
ourc
es-
Ass
essm
ents
of
lake
s an
d w
etla
nds
for
mul
tipl
e us
es:
pove
rty
redu
ctio
n, a
ndec
osys
tem
ser
vice
s; H
ow t
o co
nsid
er e
nvir
onm
ent
cons
erva
tion
in
acco
rdan
cew
ith
sust
aina
ble
live
liho
od-
Ass
essm
ent
of e
nvir
onm
enta
l fl
ows
at k
ey l
ocat
ions
in
the
basi
n-
Ass
essm
ent
of i
mpa
cts
of i
nter
vent
ions
(ha
rd a
nd s
oft)
on
soci
oeco
nom
ies
(inc
ludi
ng h
ealt
h im
pact
s),
and
on e
cosy
stem
ser
vice
s4
.M
icro
-gra
nt p
roje
cts:
-W
hat
are
the
mos
t ap
prop
riat
e fu
ndin
g m
echa
nism
s fo
r co
mm
unit
y-ba
sed
proj
ects
(mic
ro-g
rant
pro
ject
s) a
nd h
ow c
an t
hey
be e
ffec
tive
ly i
mpl
emen
ted?
5.
-H
ow t
o li
nk m
icro
-gra
nt p
roje
cts
to n
atio
nal
plan
s of
rip
aria
n co
untr
ies,
and
how
to
upsc
ale
rese
arch
out
put
to n
atio
nal
or b
asin
sca
les?
-H
ow d
eepl
y ro
oted
are
the
NG
Os
to h
elp
loca
l co
mm
unit
ies?
Are
the
yre
pres
enta
tive
in
the
give
n lo
cali
ty,
area
, ca
tchm
ent?
5.
Wha
t is
the
env
iron
men
tal
poli
cy a
nd r
egul
ator
y fr
amew
ork
in d
iffe
rent
cou
ntri
es?
How
can
sec
tora
l po
lici
es i
n a
give
n co
untr
y be
bet
ter
inte
grat
ed a
nd h
ow c
an t
hey
be h
arm
oniz
ed b
asin
wid
e to
sup
port
im
plem
enta
tion
of
inte
rven
tion
s th
at a
chie
veN
BI
obje
ctiv
es?
-T
o w
hat
exte
nd i
s la
ck o
f in
form
atio
n af
fect
ing
poli
cym
akin
g in
env
iron
men
tal
issu
es?
-H
ow t
o co
ordi
nate
env
iron
men
tal
poli
cies
am
ong
ripa
rian
cou
ntri
es a
nd h
ow i
tw
ill
be a
t th
e ba
sin
leve
l. W
hat
is t
he i
mpa
ct o
f m
acro
-pol
icie
s on
the
env
iron
men
t?-
How
to
impl
emen
t re
sear
ch o
utpu
t in
rea
l li
fe s
itua
tion
s6
.W
hat
is t
he s
tatu
s of
our
fis
h an
d ot
her
aqua
tic
reso
urce
s an
d ho
w c
an t
hey
besu
stai
ned
and
enha
nced
to
supp
ort
live
liho
ods?
7.
Wha
t ar
e th
e im
pact
s of
poi
nt a
nd n
on-p
oint
pol
luta
nts
on w
ater
bod
ies,
eco
syst
eman
d hu
man
wel
fare
and
liv
elih
oods
and
how
can
neg
ativ
e im
pact
s be
min
imiz
ed?
8.
Com
para
tive
res
earc
h on
nut
riti
onal
, so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic v
alue
s of
aqu
atic
, cr
op a
ndli
vest
ock
for
smal
lhol
ders
9.
EIA
pro
cess
, ga
ps,
reco
mm
enda
tion
s an
d ha
rmon
izat
ion
of p
roce
ss1
0.H
ow t
o li
nk h
uman
and
env
iron
men
tal
heal
th
21
Soc
ioec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
Soc
ioec
onom
ics
1.
Wha
t so
cioe
cono
mic
fac
tors
aff
ect
coop
erat
ion
and
bene
fit
shar
ing?
Rel
evan
t to
SD
BS
, C
BS
Ian
d be
nefi
t sh
arin
gIm
prov
e un
ders
tand
ing
of-
Wha
t ar
e th
e po
tent
ials
and
opp
ortu
niti
espr
ojec
ts,
and
to s
ome
ofav
aila
ble
Nil
e re
sour
ces,
-Im
prov
e po
vert
y m
appi
ng i
n th
e ba
sin,
in
part
icul
ar w
ater
-rel
ated
pov
erty
map
ping
EN
SA
P,
and
NE
LS
AP
pote
ntia
l de
velo
pmen
t an
d-
Wha
t le
vels
of
soci
oeco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
coul
d be
ach
ieve
dpr
ojec
tsth
eir
impa
ct o
n-
Impr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
bas
in’s
opp
ortu
niti
es a
nd r
isks
, at
dif
fere
nt s
cale
sso
cioe
cono
mic
s of
the
(bas
in a
nd s
ubba
sin
leve
ls)
Nil
e pe
ople
-R
esea
rch
on p
olic
y-re
late
d is
sues
to
supp
ort
tran
sbou
ndar
y co
oper
atio
n, e
.g.,
val
uing
and
mon
itor
ing
tran
sbou
ndar
y be
nefi
ts/r
isks
6.
-Id
enti
fy p
rinc
iple
s an
d m
echa
nism
s fo
r be
nefi
t/ri
sk s
hari
ng,
revi
ew o
f su
cces
sful
tran
sbou
ndar
y m
anag
emen
t an
d ag
reem
ents
in
othe
r ri
ver
basi
ns-
How
to
effe
ctiv
ely
invo
lve
stak
ehol
ders
at
diff
eren
t le
vels
in
the
basi
n to
sup
port
opti
mal
coo
pera
tion
?
2.
Wha
t ar
e th
e be
nefi
ts o
btai
ned
thro
ugh
diff
eren
t us
es o
f w
ater
in
the
basi
n an
d w
hat
isth
eir
valu
e? W
hat
is t
he s
cope
(he
alth
, nu
trit
ion,
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent,
env
iron
men
tal
man
agem
ent)
?3
.W
ho a
re t
he b
enef
icia
ries
?4
.H
ow c
an t
hose
ben
efit
s be
sha
red
mor
e eq
uita
bly
and
mor
e ef
fici
entl
y?
Few
pot
enti
al t
opic
s th
at w
ere
high
ligh
ted
duri
ng t
he w
orks
hop
disc
ussi
on b
ut n
ot c
lass
ifie
d or
par
tial
ly c
lass
ifie
d in
the
abo
ve t
able
inc
lude
:1.
Inte
grat
ing
grou
ndw
ater
into
sur
face
wat
er m
anag
emen
t:a.
Und
erst
andi
ng g
roun
dwat
er p
oten
tial
, us
e, a
nd b
ehav
ior.
b.U
nder
stan
ding
wet
land
s-gr
ound
wat
er a
nd s
urfa
ce w
ater
int
erde
pend
enci
es.
2.W
ater
res
ourc
es:
a.H
ow d
o th
e w
ater
res
ourc
es v
ary
spat
iall
y an
d te
mpo
rall
y an
d ho
w s
houl
d th
ey b
e m
anag
ed t
o en
hanc
e ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
and
redu
ce i
n-eq
uiti
es s
usta
inab
ly?
b.R
esea
rch
to i
mpr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
riv
er m
orph
olog
y, a
nd r
eser
voir
sed
imen
tati
on.
c.W
hat
are
the
expe
rien
ces
of o
ther
bas
ins,
pos
sibl
e op
tion
s an
d m
odal
itie
s of
wat
er r
esou
rces
ins
titu
tion
s at
sub
basi
n (n
atio
nal)
and
bas
in(t
rans
-reg
iona
l) l
evel
s th
at c
an b
e ad
opte
d in
the
Nil
e B
asin
?d.
How
are
the
pol
icy
obje
ctiv
es u
pon
whi
ch t
he w
ater
res
ourc
es a
re p
lann
ed,
deve
lope
d, a
lloc
ated
and
uti
lize
d? W
hat
are
the
poli
cy c
onst
rain
tsan
d ho
w c
an t
hey
be a
llev
iate
d?e.
Wha
t ar
e th
e m
ost
appr
opri
ate
DS
S t
echn
ique
s as
app
lica
ble
to l
arge
bas
ins
like
the
Nil
e?
3.H
ealt
h im
pact
s of
wat
er r
esou
rces
dev
elop
men
t: W
hat
are
the
link
s be
twee
n w
ater
res
ourc
e de
velo
pmen
t/m
anag
emen
t an
d he
alth
im
pact
s?
22
Appendix 3. National Water-related Research Institutions
Country Training/Research Institutions Potential Areas of Specialization
Burundi 1. University of Burundi Water Resources Management and2. Institut Des Sciences Agronomiques du Engineering (could collaborate with
Burundi (ISABU) Rwanda), Agriculture
DRC 1. University of Kinshasa Water Quality Management, Environmental2. Centre Regional d’Etudes Nucleares de Management, Sanitary Engineering;
Kinshasa (CREN-K) Surface and Groundwater Hydrology, Soil3. University of Kisangani Conservation; Hydrobiology
Egypt 1. Regional Training Center, Ministry of Water Resources Management andWater Resources and Irrigation Engineering ; Hydraulics Engineering;(Host center for ATP) River Engineering
2. Cairo University3. Hydraulic Research Institute
Ethiopia 1. Arbaminch Water Technology Institute Water Resources Management and2. Addis Ababa University Engineering; Hydraulics, Hydrology,3. Alemya University Water Supply and Sanitation; Irrigation
and Drainage
Kenya 1. University of Nairobi Water Resources Management;2. Institute for Meteorological Training and Meteorology, Hydrology
Research3. Kenya Water Institute
Rwanda 1. National University of Rwanda: Water Resources Management andFaculty of Science Engineering; (Could collaborate with
2. Kigali Institute of Science, Technology and Burundi); Science and TechnologyManagement (KIST) programs; Agricultural Sector, Water and
3. Institute of Agronomic Sciences Soil Conservation
Sudan 1. Institute for Water and Irrigation Water Resources Management and2. University of Khartoum Engineering; Water Sector Assessment;3. The Hydraulic Research Station, Wad Medani Hydrology and Hydrogeology, Irrigation
and Drainage
Tanzania 1. University of Dar-es-Salaam Water Resources Management; Soil and2. Department of Research and Development Water Management; Hydrology; Natural3. Institute of Resources Assessment Resources Management.
Uganda 1. Makerere University: Department of Water Resources Management andCivil Engineering Engineering; Livestock and Fisheries
2. Agricultural Engineering and AppropriateTechnology Research
23
Appendix 4. Ongoing Research Projects Relevant to the NBI
The Nile has been selected by the CPWF as one of the benchmark basins for basin focal studies.A number of CPWF projects have been completed or ongoing in the Nile Basin on ‘Crop WaterProductivity’, ‘Watershed Management’, ‘Aquatic Ecosystem and Fisheries’, and ‘IntegratedRiver Basin Management’. A forthcoming project by CPWF is the ‘Nile Basin Focal Project’.
This Appendix gives additional information on the ongoing projects pertinent to the NBIconducted by different research organizations.
TABLE A 4.1 IWMI-NBEA ongoing projects.
No. Research Project Brief Description
NBI Synergy project Creating ‘Synergies’ and ‘Partnerships’ among the CGIAR, Nile Basin1. Initiative and ASARECA: Consultations to identify opportunities to
support NBI through research and capacity building
Dam Decision Support System The project aims to investigate which DSS are most appropriate for2. the complexity of large dam operation to ensure successful stakeholder
participation
APPIA To improve the capacities of farmers and field level staff in enhancing3. Improving Performance of performance of small- and medium-scale irrigation schemes
Irrigated Agriculture in (French-supported)sub-Saharan Africa
MUS The focus of Multiple Use Systems (MUS) is on developing tested4. Multiple Use Systems tools and guidelines for multiple-use water services delivery as an
effective way to use water for poverty alleviation and gender equityhttp://www.musproject.net
Blue Nile: Upstream To identify major water, land and livestock management constraints,5. Downstream project opportunities, impacts of interventions within the Blue Nile catchment
and downstream
IIPE Research and capacity building project applying new methodologies6. Impact of Irrigation on Poverty for assessing the impacts of irrigation on poverty and environment
and Environment and finding ways to enhance the positive impacts (Austria-supported)
IPMS ILRI led project, IWMI contribution is in relation to small-scale irrigation,7. Improving Productivity and water harvesting and development of training module (CIDA-funded)
Market System for SmallholderFarmers in Ethiopia
RIPARWIN The project studies competition for water in the upper part of the8. Raising Irrigation Productivity Great Ruaha River (Tanzania)
and Releasing Water forIntersectoral Needs
9. POADIUM Application of the POADIUM decision tool for assessing water andfood tradeoffs in Ethiopia and at the river basin level
10. Agricultural Water Management Small-scale irrigation technologies inventory, impact assessment andTechnologies dissemination of best practices
11. Improving Water Productivity The project aims to optimize productive use of water to increaseof Crop-Livestock Systems of incomes and improve the environment, within crop-livestock systemssub-Saharan Africa in the semi-arid areas of southern Africa (Zimbabwe) and the Blue
Nile Basin (Ethiopia). http://www.vslp.org
24
TABLE A 4.2 ILRI ongoing projects.
No . Research Programs Brief Descriptionand Projects
1. Nile Basin The project aims to improve food security and reduce poverty through policiesLivestock Water that promote equitable, productive and sustainable use of water, land andProductivity livestock (funded by the CPWF)
Livestock Systems The objective is to improve understanding of how livestock systems evolve inEvolution order to anticipate where, when, and how to make livestock-related policy and
technological interventions to alleviate poverty, sustain rural livelihoods andprotect the environmenthttp://www.ilri.org/research/Content.asp?CCID=44&SID=7
Targeting Pro-poor The objective is to improve understanding of trends and alternative features ofInterventions livestock sector development used to set priorities and influence resource
allocation decisions. http://www.ilri.org/research/Content.asp?CCID=44&SID=7
Poverty, Sustainable To enhance the livelihoods of livestock-keepers through improved understandingLivelihoods, and of the poverty process and livelihood strategies and role of livestock, strengthenedLivestock research-policy linkages, information sharing, and dissemination of knowledge
http://www.ilri.org/research/Content.asp?CCID=44&SID=7
TABLE A 4.3 IFPRI ongoing programs.
No. Research Project Brief Description
1. Food System Functioning - Global food scenarios- Managing natural resources- Food systems: disaster prevention, relief, and rebuilding after crises
2. Food System Governance - Food and water safety- Enhanced food and diet quality- Sustainable poverty reduction and nutrition improvement- Country and regional food, nutrition, and agricultural strategies
3. Food System Innovations - Pro-poor science and technology policies- The future of smallholder farming
- Capacity strengthening for policy and research
TABLE A 4.4 WorldFish Center ongoing programs.
No. Research Project Brief Description
1. Manage implications of The project activities will be centered on the fisheries of Lake Tanaexpanding markets and trade (Ethiopia), Lake Nasser (Egypt) and Lake Volta (Ghana) where research
will assess current markets and marketing systems as well as the potentialfor increased market integrationwww.worldfishcenter.org/cms/list_article.aspx?catID=38&ddlID=63
2. International Network on The prospects for genetic improvement of tropical finfish, as demonstratedGenetics in Aquaculture by the Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) Project
www.worldfishcenter.org/inga/index.htm
25
TABLE A 4.5 Some of ASARECA-SWMnet ongoing projects.
No. Research Project Brief Description
1. Managing nutrients and water Issues addressed: Commercialization and enterprise orientationtogether in response to markets of smallholder agriculture; soil-fertility recapitalization.
2. Promoting natural resources management Issues include: Product-chains, investment and partnershipthrough effective governance and arrangements that effectively link integrated natural resourcefarmer-market linkages management interventions to markets
3. Efficient use of crop residues: animal Issues addressed include: Nutrient recycling from crop residues;feed versus conservation agriculture Direct incorporation into the soil; Crop residues fed to animals
4. Improved management of agricultural Issues addressed: Improved policy and strategic framework forWater in eastern and southern Africa AWM in the ESA Region(IMAWESA)
5. Spatial mapping, forecasting and - Making the best of climate: adapting agriculture topredicting climate variability trends climate variabilityand associated risks to agricultural - Managing uncertainty: innovation systems for copingproductivity and profitability with climate variability and change
6. Investments necessary for successful - SWMnet Project 8: Proof-of-Concept that the IAR4Dintegrated management of watersheds approach improves delivery and impact of agricultural
research
- task force: Integrated Watershed Management (IWM)
TABLE A 4.6 FAONile ongoing projects.
No. Research Project Brief Description
1. Agricultural Water The project intends to produce: Agricultural production database for a baselineProductivity Case Study year (2000); Analysis of the current agricultural water productivity under
rain-fed and irrigated conditions
2. Basin Wide Survey of The project intends to produce: A baseline survey (for the year 2000)Agricultural Water Use of agricultural water use, includes maps of population, land use, cropping
patterns in irrigation, water use in rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, and anassessment of current water development facilities, together with estimates ofwater use in other sectors
3. Consolidation of the The project intends to produce: Consolidated Nile-DST; updating andNile Decision Support documenting some components of the Nile-DSTTool Nile–DST
4. Development of The project intends to produce: Development of a metadata catalogue listingGeo-referenced web-based data sources for water resources in the Nile BasinNile Basin Database
5. Development of GIS The project intends to produce: Set of specific GIS products integratingInformation Products physical and socioeconomic data. Expanded database, in particular of
basin-wide data layers
6. Development of The project intends to produce: Identification and analysis of the majorScenarios of Demand drivers of future demand of agricultural produce in the Nile Basinfor Agricultural Producein the Nile Basin
7. Legal and Institutional The project intends to produce: Strengthened skills of decision makers inComponent interest-based negotiations; Enhanced understanding of how customary law
could support formal law in local dispute resolution
8. Transboundary The project intends to produce: Limited extension of hydrometric monitoringHydro-meteorological network of a transboundary nature. Establishment and operation of an InternetMonitoring Network forum supporting hydro- meteorological network
26
TABLE A 4.7 IAEA ongoing projects.
No. Research Project Brief Description
1. Improving water This project aimed at addressing the importance and interaction of groundwaterbalances for: and surface water in Nile BasinLake VictoriaBlue Nile BasinHigh Aswan Dam
2. Mainstreaming The objective is to enhance national and regional capacity to add agroundwater ‘groundwater dimension’ to joint management of the Nile Basin. The use ofConsiderations into the isotope hydrology is central to the generation of the necessary data requiredIntegrated Management to understand the role of groundwater in the shared Nile water resourcesof the Nile River Basin
ISBN: 978-92-9090-689-6
SM
IWMI is a Future Harvest Centersupported by the CGIAR
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I n t e r n a t i o n a lWater ManagementI n s t i t u t e