1

Grading requirements

Passing the final test (last two lectures 11.06

– first term and 18.06 – second term)

Alternative: grading by activity

Three small tests – for passing you need a half of

points

Few homeworks

Group works

Answers / questions

Information about activity grading 4.06

1

After the course you’ll get to know:

basic principles of physics with emphasis on

the work environment factors

the effects of some environmental factors

on the human body work and workload

basic ergonomic principles, tools and

methods for the assessment of workload

legal and normative basis for occupational

safety and ergonomics

2

Main goals for today

1. Definition of ergonomics

2. Basic issues of ergonomics

3. Relation between man and the

environmental factors

34

Work Environment Physics

= Ergonomics

Work Environment Physics =

Ergonomics

Ergonomic design

Work environment factors

Microclimate

Noise

Lighting

Ergonomic workload

Accessibility, usability ….

5 6

Outline

Work Environment Physics – what is this?

History

Ergonomic design

2

7

Ergonomics

Nazwiskiem Ergonomji, wziętemod wyrazu greckiego ergon – pracai nomos – prawo, zasada,oznaczamy Naukę o Pracy czyli oużywaniu nadanych człowiekowiod Stwórcy siły i zdolności.

Wojciech Bogumił Jastrzębowski, 1857, Rys

ergonomji czyli nauki o pracy, opartej na

prawdach poczerpniętych z Nauki Przyrody

(The Outline of Ergonomics, i.e. Science of

Work, Based on the Truths Taken from the

Natural Science).

8

History of ergonomics

Australopitec’s tools

Paleolit tools

Contemprorary tools

History of ergonomics

Ancient Greece (5th

century BC) used

ergonomic principles

in the design of their

tools, jobs, and

workplaces

Hippocrates –

description of how a

surgeon's workplace

should be designed

and how the tools he

uses should be

arranged

9

History of ergonomics

Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) was

aware of repetitive movement injuries to

workers.

Clerks

Cobblers and tailors

Porters

Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) Research for work

capability

Work time measurement

Scientific method of work organizing

Scientific management 1903 – Shop Management

1911 – Scientific Management

12

The research of shoveling

Purpose:

Load optimization

Shovel shape optimization

Method: searching for the best relation

between load weight and workers’ capacity

3

13

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth „Time and

Motion Studies".

Improving efficiency by eliminating unnecessary

steps and actions

Chronocyclography

Example: bricklaying

14

Therblig – classification of work

activities

15

Motion analysis

reduction the number

of motions in

bricklaying from 18 to

4.5, allowing

bricklayers to increase

their productivity from

120 to 350 bricks per

hour

16

History of ergonomics

World War II: development of new and complex

machines and weaponry

New demands on operators' cognition

Key success factors:

hand-eye coordination of the machine's operator

decision-making

attention

situational awareness

Pilot error reduction

17

Systematic investigations of toleration limits of

physical, mental and environment overload

Rational principles of device design

International organisations:

1949 – Ergonomic Society (Great Britain)

1977 – Polish Ergonomic Society - Polskie

Towarzystwo Ergonomiczne (PTErg)

History of ergonomics

18

Ergonomics

Science about relation between human beings

and their work environment.

/Kenneth Frank Hywel Murrell 1949/

4

Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the science of designing the

workplace environment to fit the user

19

Ergonomics

Human Machine

Work Environment

Utmost Goal: “Humanization” of Work

The Basics of Ergonomics

22

Ergon – work

Nomos – law

Ergonomics = laws of work

Science of fitting workplace conditions and

job demands to the capabilities of the

working population

Ergonomic study areas

WORKERS - what they bring to the job

TOOLS - what they bring to the worker

TASKS - what the worker must do

ENVIRONMENT- the conditions

surrounding the worker and the tool

The ToolThe Task

The Work

Station and

Environment

The User

/Operator

Ergonomic focus

5

25

Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the science of improving

employee performance and well-being in relation

to the

job tasks

equipment,

the environment.

Ergonomics is a continuous improvement effort

to design the workplace for what people do well,

and design against what people don’t do well.

26

Ergonomics

Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific

discipline concerned with the understanding

of interactions among humans and other

elements of a system, and the profession that

applies theory, principles, data and methods

to design in order to optimize human well-

being and overall system performance.

/IEA - International Ergonomics Association (2000)/

27

Human – Millieu system

Human

Physical features

•Anatomy

•Body measures

•Physiology

•Stamina

Psychological

features

•memory

•perception

•attention

Millieu

Material

environment

•microclimate

• lighting

•noise

Technical devices

•Work tools

•Transport

•Supporting

equipment

28

Sources or ergonomic knowledge

Human Being

Anthropometry

Anatomy

Biomechanics

Kinesiology

Physiology

Psychology

Sociology

Organisation

Work organisation

Quality management

Marketing

Technics

Mechanical engineering

Industrial design

Steering

Benefits of Ergonomics

Decreased injury risk

Decreased

mistakes/rework

Decreased turnover

Decreased lost work

days (absence)

Increased efficiency

Increased

productivity

Improved morale

30

Costs

Economical

Direct

Indirect

Moral loss

Biological – ability of sustaining different

kind of load (physical, psychical and

environmental)

6

34

35 36

7

Percentage share of factors related to

working environment (Polish Central

Statistical Office, 2012)

37

Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the science of designing the

workplace environment to fit the user

38

Ergonomics

Human Machine

Work Environment

Utmost Goal: “Humanization” of Work

40

Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the science of improving

employee performance and well-being in relation

to the

job tasks

equipment,

the environment.

Ergonomics is a continuous improvement effort

to design the workplace for what people do well,

and design against what people don’t do well.

41

The division of ergonomics

Mikroergonomics

perception

antropometrics

human – device systems

cognitive and decision making

processes

Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

Macroergonomics – organizations as

complex systems

II generation

I generation

III generation

42

The division of ergonomics

Physical ergonomics - human anatomical,

anthropometric, physiological and bio mechanical

characteristics as they relate to physical activity

Cognitive ergonomics - mental processes, such as

perception, memory, reasoning, and motor

response, as they affect interactions among

humans and other elements of a system

Organizational ergonomics - optimization of socio

technical systems, including their organizational

structures, policies, and processes

8

Physical ergonomics

Biomechanical overload

Layout design

Steering and control design

Workstation design

Work environment

43

Cognitive ergonomics

mental workload

decision-making

human-computer interaction

human reliability

work stress

Work training

44

Organizational ergonomics

Communication

Crew resource management

Work design

Teamwork

Community ergonomics

Cooperative work

Virtual organizations

Quality management

45 46

The division of ergonomics

Corrective ergonomics – the improvement of

the existing state

Conceptive ergonomics – proper design

47

Corrective ergonomics efects

24% efficiency increase among users of ergonomic

workstations

Research of Marvin Daindoff dla NIOSH (The National

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)

20% efficiency increase after buying the ergonomic

furniture

Illinois University,1990

Personnel turnover decrease from 35% to 2%

Regional Bell Operating Company

48

Ergonomic design

9

49

Human – Millieu system

Human

Physical features

•Anatomy

•Body measures

•Physiology

•Stamina

Psychological

features

•memory

•perception

•attention

Millieu

Material

environment

•microclimate

• lighting

•noise

Technical devices

•Work tools

•Transport

•Supporting

equipment

50

Stages of ergonomic design

1. Body measures

2. Biomechanical activity

3. User – workstation relations

51

1. Body measures

52

Body measures

Most important for design

Human body is the main part of every workstation

Variety of body measures

In population

Purpose: designing for everyone

53

Standard distribution

54

Restraining values – 5 and 95 percentile

Mode

MedianMean

Men

Women

Average

Adult

90% of population

10

Height Probability Distribution

for US men and women

55

National Health Statistics Reports, Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and

Adults: United States, 2003–2006

56

57

Centile models

58

Phantoms

59

Phantoms

60

Simplex limitations

Minimal - reach

Maximal

Heights (headroom)

Safety measures

11

61

Duplex limitations

User population

Adjustment

Main aim Design examplesExamples of

measurements

Users should

accommodate

Easy reach Vehicle dashboards,

Shelving

Arm length,

Shoulder height

Smallest user: 5th

percentile

Adequate

clearance to avoid

contact or trapping

Manholes,

Cinema seats

Shoulder or hip width,

Thigh length

Largest user: 95th

percentile

A good match

between the user

and product

Seats,

Cycle helmets,

Pushchairs

Knee-floor height, Head

circumference, Weight

Maximum range: 5th

to 95th percentile

A comfortable and

safe posture

Lawnmowers,

Monitor positions,

Worksurface heights

Elbow height,

Sitting eye height,

Elbow height (sitting or

standing?)

Maximum range: 5th

to 95th percentile

Easy operation Screw bottle tops,

Door handles,

Light switches

Grip strength,

Hand width,

Height

Smallest or weakest

user: 5th percentile

To ensure that an

item can't be

reached or

operated

Machine guarding mesh,

Distance of railings from

hazard

Finger width

Arm length

Smallest user: 5th

percentile

Largest user: 95th

percentile62

Three approaches

1. Design for adjustable ranges – particularly

when health and safety issues are involved

(driving a car, computer workstation)

2. Design for extremes – maximum or

minimum values

3. Design for average users – 50 percentile

figures

63

Universal Design

Designing products, buildings and exterior

spaced to be usable by all people to the

greatest extend possible

64

7 UD principles

1. Equitable use – avoid segregating or stigmatizing

2. Flexibility in use - i.e.right and left hand

3. Simple and intuitive use – consistent with expectation

4. Perceptible information – redundant, contrast and

compatible

5. Tollerance for errors – warnings and restricted access

to most hasardous elements

6. Low physical effort – fatigue minimizing

7. Size and space for approach and use – good approach,

reach and manipulation regardless to user body size,

posture or mobility

6566

2. Biomechanical and

physiological features

Give me a place to stand

on, and I will move the

Earth.

Archimedes

12

67

Biomechanical and physiological

features

Physiological features

Senses activity

Fatigue

Biomechanical agility

Permissible spread of joint mobility

Prompted forces and torques

68

Visual field

1. Often vision without

head and torso

movements

2. Observation and

manipulation with

bend head

3. Rare observations

4. Rare observations

with head and torso

leaned back

69

Arm and forearm surface area

Normal reach

Maximal reach

Elbow level Shoulder level

Approximated data for design

A – normal reach

B – maximal reach

C – two-handed work area

70

Principles of motion economy

1. Two hands should begin and complete motions at

the same time

2. Two hands should not be idle at the same time

3. Upright and forward facing posture

4. Several different natural and safe postures at

work

5. Motions of arms opposite and symmetrical

directions simultaneously

6. Momentum should be used whenever possible

7. Smooth curved motions are better than straight-

line and sharp changes

71

1. Two hands should begin and

complete motions at the same time

Counterbalance to each other

Equal workload

Minimizing total time required

72

13

2. Two hands should not be idle at

the same time

Except: rest

Preferred hand for

more complex

control actions

Allocating the time

between two hands

minimizing the

cycle time

73

3. Upright and forward facing posture

Twisting and bending is

always harmful and need

counterbalance

Worse hand – eye

coordination if people not

directly face the work

74

4. Several different natural and safe

postures at work

Postural freedom

Avoiding stress and

overload by static and

unnatural postures

75

5. Motions of arms opposite and

symmetrical directions simultaneously

Keeping body balance

Motions require less effort

Movement compatibility

76

6. Momentum should be used

whenever possible

Reducing forces and muscular effort

77

7. Smooth curved motions are better

than straight-line and sharp changes

Sharp changes in direction require added

physical force to overcome momentum and

sustain high rates in acceleration

F=ma change in directions takes time,

force and effort

78

14

79

3. Relation analysis

User - device

80

3. Relation analysis

Analysis of all activities

Equipment choice

Working posture choice

Bondable points

81

Equipment choice

Task

Layout criteria by McCormick

Importance

Frequency of use

Sequence of use

Similar functionality

82

Computer aided layout optimalization

83

Working posture choice

Task

84

Consulting the workers

measures

Example: working height for standing

posture

15

85

Factors influencing working height

Worker’s measures

Task features

Precision

Used force

Object size

86

Working height for standing posture

87

Bondable points Six Pillars of Ergonomic Design

1. User Orientation: Design andapplication of tools, procedures, andsystems must be user-oriented, ratherthan just “task” oriented

2. Diversity: Recognition of diversity inhuman capabilities and limitations,rather than “stereotyping”workers/users

3. Effect on Humans: Tools, procedures,and systems influence human behaviourand well-being

88

Six Pillars of Ergonomic Design

4. Objective Data: Empirical information and

evaluation is key in design process, rather

than just use of “common sense”

5. Scientific Method: test and retest

hypothesis with real data, rather than

“anecdotal” evidence or “good estimates”

6. Systems: object, procedures, environments,

and people are interconnected, affect one

another, and do not exist in “isolation”

89

Grandjean layout principles

1. For standing people, the appropriate table

height depends on kind of work

2. For seated people, the appropriate table

height depends on chair height

3. Tools, materials and controls should be

located close to the point of use

4. There should be a definite and fixed place

for all tools and materials

90

16

1. For standing people, the appropriate

table height depends on kind of work

For high precision work, tables should be up to 10

cm higher than elbow height

For heavy work as much as 20 cm below elbow

height

91

2. For seated people, the appropriate

table height depends on chair height

92

3. Tools, materials and controls should

be located close to the point of use

93

4. There should be a definite and

fixed place for all tools and materials

Gravity feed bins

and containers

Materials arranged

in the sequence of

use

5S

94

Design of tools

Basic reference point –

human hand

Dymorphism on size and

forces

95

1. Fit the tool for the body size of

user

Hand tools are frequently designed for the

"average male" hand

Grip diameter = 20% of hand length equals

Modifying handle grip

Use a replacement handle, if available.

If the handle is too small, add a sleeve or

cushion (or duct tape)

If a handle is too large, sand it down to a

smaller diameter if it is made out of wood.96

17

2. Avoid nonneutral hand movements

Push or pull in the

direction of the

forearm

Keep the wrist

straight

97

3. Avoid static overload

Avoid pressure points ans pinch points

Avoid vibrations transmission

98

4. Do not operate tools frequently

and forcefully by hand

Avoid repetitive work

Automatization

99

5. Provide good coupling between

hand and handle

100