women entrepreneurs may be defined as a women or a group...
TRANSCRIPT
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a women or a group of women
who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise. Women owned business
are highly increasing. Entrepreneurs create economic growth in their
communities by forming new firms.
VALUE OF ENTREPRENEURS TO THE COMMUNITY
Entrepreneurs add great value to local economies. Other entrepreneurs start
firms that will become high-growth businesses.
MEANING AND DEFINITION OF AN ENTREPRENEUR
The origin of the basic word ―Entrepreneurship is from a French word
―Entrepreneurship, where it cradled and originally meant to designate an
organizer of certain musical or other entertainments. The Oxford English
Dictionary (of 1897) defines the term ―Entrepreneur in similar way as the
director or a manager of a public musical institution, one who gets-up
entertainment arranged , especially musical performance. Initially in the early
16th century, it was applied to those who were engaged in military
expeditions. In 17th century. It was extended to cover civil engineering
activities such as construction and fortification. Entrepreneurship refers to the
act of setting up a new business or reviving an existing business so as to take
advantages from new opportunities. Thus, entrepreneurs shape the economy
by creating new wealth and new jobs and by inventing new products and
services. However, an insight study reveals that it is not about making money,
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having the greatest ideas, knowing the best sales pitch, applying the best
marketing strategy. It is in reality an attitude to create something new and an
activity which creates value in the entire social eco-system.
TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS
Entrepreneurs are a unique group of people. Idealist: - The idealist
entrepreneur is the most common type of entrepreneur. Artiste:- These are
creativity oriented entrepreneurs.
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Women were the first humans to taste bondage. On the contrary, the overall
growth of women remained stunted”. Women were denied the benefit of
education. Economically women became completely dependent upon men.
entrepreneurs has emerged. Women entrepreneurs in India have to cope with
various socio-economic problems. Women become entrepreneurs due to
several factors which may be grouped under “Pull factors” and “Push
factors”.
In the Indian context, participation of women as entrepreneurs commenced
from 1970s onwards. In urban India, women, entrepreneurs are found in 4
E‟s- Electricity, Electronics, Energy and Engineering. However, women in
rural India have confined themselves to petty business and tiny cottage
industries. Majorities of rural women entrepreneurs are concentrated in low-
paid, low-skilled, low-technology and low-productivity jobs. Government of
India (1984) has defined woman entrepreneur as “an enterprise owned
and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51
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percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of employment
generated in the enterprise to women”. This definition does not suit to rural
women entrepreneurs in India. Any rural woman or a group of rural women
which innovates, imitates or adapts an economic activity may be referred as a
rural woman entrepreneur. Secondly, rural woman entrepreneur could be
defined as `an adult rural woman who creates, owns, and runs an enterprise
in rural area.
In another words, it can be said that rural women entrepreneur means one
who organizes, owns, manage and assumes the risks of business at
rural level. The rural women, who innovate, imitate or adopt an economic and
commercial activity in rural India can be called rural entrepreneur or
entrepreneurship.
The ILO defined the women‘s enterprise as a small unit where one or more
women entrepreneurs have not less than 50 per cent financial holdings. In
what follows, an attempt is made to analyse the success of such a scheme in
terms of its survival, growth and development of women entrepreneurs and
identify the problems faced by the women entrepreneurs.
“Women Entrepreneurship” means an act of business ownership and
business creation that empowers women economically increases their
economic strength as well as position in society. Women Entrepreneurs
have been making a significant impact in all segments of economy of the
world. The concept of women entrepreneurship is becoming a global
phenomenon playing a vital role in the business community Women
entrepreneurs also contribute to India’s economic prosperity. In terms of skill
development, women are impeded by their lack of mobility, low literacy levels
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and prejudiced attitudes towards women. Skilled women must therefore
become more attracted to entrepreneurship. Woman constitutes the family,
which leads to society and Nation. Social and economic development of
women is necessary for overall economic development of any society or a
country. Social and economic development of women is necessary for overall
economic development of any society or a country. The basic qualities
required for entrepreneurs and the basic characters of Indian women, reveal
that, much potential is available among the Indian women on their
entrepreneurial ability. Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women
or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise.
When we speak about the term “Women Entrepreneurship” we mean, an
act of business ownership and business creation that empowers women
economically, increases their economic strength as well as position in
society.
Women are to be considered as equal partners in the process of
development. Women in India have been the neglected lot. Women
Entrepreneur" is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal
needs and become economically independent.
TRAITS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA
Women are ambitious
Women are confident
Women is open and willing to learn
Women are cost conscious
Women values cooperation and allegiance
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Women can balance home and work
Women focus on their plans
Women are resourceful
An effectual women entrepreneur requires certain additional essential
qualities-
Matching the basic qualities required for entrepreneurs and the basic
characters of Indian women reveal that, much potential is available among
the Indian women on their entrepreneurial ability.
QUALITIES REQUIRED FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
Matching the basic qualities required for entrepreneurs and the basic
characters of Indian women reveal that, much potential is available among the
Indian women on their entrepreneurial ability. The vast majority of the world’s
poor are women. Women and small business management. Women
Entrepreneurship is recognized as a vehicle for economic growth.
REASONS FOR EMERGENCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women
to emerge into business ventures. Women Entrepreneur‘ is a person who
accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become
economically independent. The following flow chart shows the reasons for
women becoming entrepreneurs. Varied motivation needs and interests
plunge in women entrepreneurs for establishing an enterprise. Factors that
normally make women to be entrepreneurs include:
Educated women utilizing their knowledge gained;
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Family occupation (Second generation entrepreneurs); and
The assessment of business management skill is essential for every women
entrepreneur before she starts her business as it provides the knowledge of
one’s Management skills required for women entrepreneurs.
HURDLES IN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA
Major barriers for women entrepreneurs in India are choice between family
and career Illiteracy or low level of Education. The processing-manufacturing
sector.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Keeping the view of need of women entrepreneurship in the agri business
researcher conducted the study on the following sub objectives:
To portray a profile of women entrepreneurs and their enterprises in
the small scale sector.
To explore gender differences in entrepreneurial characteristics.
To identify problems unique to women in setting up and running their
food processing enterprises.
To document existing policies, programmes, institutional networks and
the involvement of support agencies in promoting women's
entrepreneurship.
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Hypotheses:-
1. low income group exercise greater freedom in making the decision to
start business as compared to middle class women.
2. Gender discrimination is encountered at every stage for business
development.
3. A large number of women with little or no education enter into business
without undergoing any training.
AGRI PROCESSING BUSINESS IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO UTTAR
PRADESH
Post independence era in India witnessed rapid growth in agro processing
sector Lead was given by the rice processing industry, followed closely by
wheat milling, paper and pulp industry, milk processing sector, jute industry,
sugarcane processing and oils extraction through solvent plants. The
following segments within the Agri Processing industry:
Dairy, fruits & vegetable processing
Grain processing
Meat & poultry processing
The agri processing industry contributed 7 per cent to India’s GDP. The industry
employs 13 million workers directly.
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SEGMENTATION OF DIFFERENT SECTORS IN AGRI PROCESSING
INDUSTRY
OVERVIEW OF INDIA’S AGRI PROCESSING INDUSTRY
The product classes under APEDA are Floriculture, Fresh and Processed Fruits and
Vegetables, Animal Products, Organic Products, and Cereals. Chief products
manufactured are infant milk food, malted food, condensed milk and cheese.
GRAIN-BASED PRODUCTS -Grain-based products are the largest contributor the
Food Processing Industry, accounting for over 28% to 30% of revenues. Processing
of meat products is licensed under Meat Food Products Order, (MFPO), 1973.
FISH PROCESSING
CONSUMER FOODS-Consumer food industry includes packaged foods, aerated soft
drinks, packaged drinking water and alcoholic beverages.
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SIGNIFICANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AGRI-PROCESSING
INDUSTRY
The agri industry is regarded as an extended arm of agriculture. Food also
encompasses a wide variety of processed products. In terms of registered
units, according to latest Annual survey of industries of 2006-07 there are only
2154 registered agro-processing industries located in different districts of the
states. In view of promotion of agro processing industries the state has
identified few potential areas for initiating expansion of different agro-
processing industries.
CONTRIBUTION OF AGRI-INDUSTRIES
Among them the industries operating in the product group of grain milling and
animal feeds, sugar and other food groups are the dominant product group of
agro-based industries accounting for over 17 per cent share in total existing
industrial sector in the state.
Because, the industries involved in the processing of vegetables, animal oils
and fats, dairy products, grain milling and animal feeds are operating in total
loss with a negative contribution ranging from 74 percent to 33 percent in all
agro-processing sector.
A total of 1.56 lakh workforce is employed in different agro-processing
industries in the State. The share is employment of agro-processing industries
to overall industrial sector accounted nearly 23 per cent. In the different
product groups of Agro-industries, the share of employment in manufacture of
sugar and other food products accounted as high as nearly 67 percent as
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against only 5 percent in manufacture of dairy products followed by 7 percent
in manufacture of vegetables, animal oils and fats.
SIZE OF AGRI-PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
Even the size of capital investment and value of output per unit has been
estimated relatively higher in favor of agro- industries than the case of non-
agro industries. Per unit total value of invested capital output in agro-
processing industries is estimated at Rs.861 lakh and Rs 12865 lakh
respectively as against Rs 779 lakh and Rs 1549 lakh at Rs.1211 lakh in non-
agro- processing industries respectively. In case of different product group of
agro industries, the size of capital investment as well as value of output per
unit have been noted significantly much higher in almost the product groups of
agro –industries except in manufacturing of vegetables, animal oils and fats
as compared to non-agro- industries as a whole. The second majority of 42
percent units are involved in the processing of other food products.
TRENDS IN GROWTH OF AGRI INDUSTRIES
As the growth rate of agro industries accounted over nearly 20 percent as
against 19 percent for non agro industries during this period. agro-product
groups of industries together has shown a remarkable growth trend in the
past.
Looking into the legal ownership situation of Agro- industries it depicted that
both registered and un-registered industries are registered under single
ownership but the proportion of such industries is remarkably higher among
the un-registered industries as compared to registered industries in each of
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the product groups of Agro- Industries. Among them the proportion of un-
registered industries accounted 86 percent as against 72 percent for
registered industries.
CHALLENGES FOR WOMEN ENTRPRENEURS IN AGRO PROCESSING BUSINESS The role and degree of integration of women in economic development is an
indicator of economic independence and higher social status of women.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG POOR WOMEN
Indian study of women entrepreneurs defined women’s enterprise as “a small
unit where one or more women entrepreneurs have not less than 51 per cent
holding” (Mishra 1996). giving atleast 50 percent of the employment
generated in the enterprise to women”. Women especially poor women
generally venture out as entrepreneurs in the micro enterprise sector. Women
involved in micro enterprises are largely concerned with exceptions. Though
women entrepreneurs are classified into separate category vis-à-vis labouring
women, what is often forgotten is the gender issue which straddles women
across sectors.
WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE
Even government programmes often fail to focus on women in agriculture. It is
estimated that presently women entrepreneurs comprise about 10% of the
total entrepreneurs in India. The term “Women Entrepreneurship” mean, an
act of business ownership and business creation that empowers women
economically, increases their economic strength as well as position in society.
Indian women business owners are changing the face of businesses today,
both literally and figuratively. Women’s contribution to development is
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seriously underestimated and thus their social recognition is limited.
Entrepreneurship enhances financial independence and self esteem of
women. Entrepreneurial work has also been predominantly a man's world in
India, are women. It is important for these people on the limitations faced by
the women and to plan supporting systems to enhance the women
entrepreneurship in India. Indian women of today have taken many strides
towards business ownership.
The broad classification of women business owners include women who
establish, inherit, or acquire a business; women who start businesses with
spouses or business partners but are either at the forefront or behind the
scenes, and finally, women who start fast-growing or part-time or slow
growing firms. Cooperative institutions and especially the agricultural
cooperatives are the agencies which hold enormous potential for the
development of women, and more particularly the rural women. Rural women
are actively involved in the process of food production, processing and
marketing. Women, however, retain a strong orientation to self-help and group
cooperation.
CHALLENGES FACED BY WOMEN-OWNED SMEs
Urban environment is favourable to identifying and creating awareness
regarding women’s self-capabilities. According to Mehta and Mehta, 2011,
women in India live protected lives. Many women have good business skills
but they do not want to work with male workers and sometimes male workers
are not ready to work with women entrepreneurs. The family members and
the society are not willing to stand by women with entrepreneurial
development potential. The educational level and professional skills also
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influence women participation in the field of enterprise. We are providing
education to the women but not providing professional education.
COMPETING IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS: THE CHALLENGES FACED BY WOMEN-OWNED SMEs
Female workers are considerably affected by the globalisation process both
positively and negatively. On the one hand, foreign firms supply job
opportunities to women where none might have existed otherwise, break
down social barriers and provide an entry point for women into the labour
market. In many instances, these opportunities are in new areas and therefore
are not male dominated. Moreover, it is easier to redistribute access to
knowledge and skills than land and accumulated wealth. (Keller-Herzog.
1996).
GOVERNMENT POLICIES, PROGRAMMES FOR PROMOTING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AGRI PROCESSING BUSINESS
The Rural Industries Programmes were to cover all kinds of small industries
and processing industries based on agriculture. Agri-industries of the 'eighties
are essentially understood in terms of food processing industries. For the
purpose of achieving growth of agri-processing industry in the country the
Ministry of food processing was set up in July 1988 to give an impetus to
development of food processing sector in the country. The ministry further
reorganized itself to act as a catalyst for getting larger investments in food
processing sector, increasing exports and creating a general atmosphere for
healthy growth of the food processing industries.
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Introduction of Modern technology could help raise the average productivity in
food processing, but to expect modern food processing industries to create a
substantial rural job opportunities may not be realistic.
THE U.P. FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY POLICY 2012
The Food Processing Industry Policy - 2012 aims at creating a favourable
atmosphere for setting up of food processing units in the state through
creation of infrastructure facilities, encouragement to capital investment and
technological up-gradation, human resource development, development of
marketing network, research & development promotion, quality & certification
and grants and concessions.
Development of Infrastructure Facilities
It is very important that quality infrastructure facilities are available for
development of food processing industries in the state.
Identification of Food Processing Zones
Food Processing Zones will be identified on the basis of availability and
suitability of local raw material for setting up of food processing industries in
different districts of the state. Food processing units in these zones will be
strengthened through various schemes being implemented by the central and
state governments.
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Development of Mega Food Parks & Cold Chain Facility
To Make Available Conducive Atmosphere For Setting Up Food
Processing Industry-The state government will make sincere efforts to meet
the basic requirements of the entrepreneurs for setting up of food processing
industries in the state.
Capital Investment Promotion
Market Development- The state government will take appropriate measures
for promoting market development in food processing sector and sustaining
growth of industries and competitive spirit amidst them. Under the food
processing industry policy, an e-portal will be launched for backward-forward
linkages, market development, global competition, quality and certification, e-
govemance and easy availability of information regarding food processing
sector.
Human Resource Development- The state government will encourage
introduction of study courses on food processing, packaging and agri-
marketing in the universities of the state. Assistance shall be provided to
reputed public sector institutions in the state for research and development
projects in food processing sector.
The following concessions and subsidies will be available to the units set up
under the Food Processing Industry Policy-2012:
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Capital Investment Subsidy- Units in the field of agri processing units, food
processing units, food parks, solar energy and alternative energy in the state
will be provided 100 per cent exemption from stamp duty.
Under UP Food Processing Industry Policy- 2012, exemption from Mandi fees
and development cess will be available for 10 years to new food processing
export oriented industries using perishable raw material, on the exported
quantity.
Provision For Patent / Design Registration Under The UP Food
Processing Industry Policy, 2012- Under the UP Food Processing Industry
Policy- 2012, food safety standards will be extensively disseminated through
publicity and awareness creation.
Under the National Food Processing Mission, specialized training on
entrepreneurship development in the field of food processing will be provided
at the Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Defence Food
Research Lab, Mysore and other reputed training institutions of state and
Government of India. With a view to encourage the food processing sector,
seminars will be organized under the National Food Processing Mission, for
which reputed industrial organizations/associations, state government/
educational institutions, district level industrial organizations/private
institutions and reputed Non Government Organizations having competence
of and experience in organizing such programmes on food processing sector,
will be eligible. With a view to encourage food processing sector in the state
under the National Food Processing Mission, study tours will be organized
from time to time for entrepreneurs, departmental officers and employees
which may help in setting up of food processing industries in the state.
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SCHEMES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURS
Trade related entrepreneurship assistance and development scheme
for women (TREAD)
Micro & small enterprises cluster development programme (MSE-CDP)
Credit guarantee fund scheme
National bank for agriculture and rural development (NABARD)
The rural small business development centre (RSBDC)
National small industries corporation (NSIC)
Small industries development bank of india (SIDBI)
Rural and women entrepreneurship development (RWED)
Uttar pradesh state industrial development corporation (UPSIDC)
Uttar pradesh small industries corporation (UPSIC)
More comprehensive initiatives have been undertaken for achieving
increasing expansion of Agro-processing industries though establishing a
separate Food Processing ministry both at central and state government level.
CONCLUSION
The problems and constraints experienced by women entrepreneurs have
resulted in restricting the expansion of women entrepreneurship.
The greatest challenge to women entrepreneurs is that they are women.
Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures run by women.
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In a male dominated society, women are not treated equal to men that act
as a barrier to woman‘s entry into business.
Women in India lead a protected life. Women's family obligations also bar
them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both developed and
developing nations. Indian women give more emphasis to family ties and
relationships. Married women have to make a fine balance between
business and family. The business success also depends on the support
the family members extended to women in the business process and
management.
Women‘s family and personal obligations are sometimes a great barrier for
succeeding in business career. High production cost of some agri
business operations adversely affects the development of women
entrepreneurs. Women controlled business are often small and it is not
always easy for women to access the information they need regarding
technology, training, innovative schemes, concessions, alternative
markets, etc. Achievement motivation of the women folk found less
compared to male members.
In Summary we can say that serious problems faced by women entrepreneurs
as improper infrastructural facilities, high cost of production, attitude of people
of society towards the women modern business outlook, low needs of
enterprise. Women also tend to start business about ten years later than men,
on average. Motherhood, lack of management experience, and traditional
socialization has all been cited as reasons for delayed entry into
entrepreneurial careers.
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SUGGESTIONS
There should be a continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and
co-operate women entrepreneurs.
Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them
to understand the production process and production management.
Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial
training institutes.
International, National, Local trade fairs, Industrial exhibitions, seminars
and conferences should be organized to help women to facilitate
interaction with other women entrepreneurs.
Women in business should be offered soft loans & subsidies for
encouraging them into industrial activities.
Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to
the women entrepreneurs at local level.
Women entrepreneurs should utilize the various schemes provided by the
Government.
Entrepreneurship is not a bed of roses to women. The task of women has
become more tedious and full of challenges. Let us all make efforts to help
women rediscover her.
Govt. should provide separate financial fund for women’s entrepreneur.
Govt. should felicitate top ranked women’s entrepreneur.
We should invite successful women entrepreneurs from foreign countries
to give lectures to women who are taking vocational training.
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