wk¶v gvbyl‡k- d`vi, bgª i f`ª k‡i|. strabo was born in a wealthy family from amaseia in...
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Strabo was born in a wealthy family from Amaseia in Pontus (modern Amasya Turkey), which had recently become part of the Roman Empire. His mother was Georgian. He studied under various geographers and philosophers; first in Nysa, later in Rome. He was philosophically a Stoic and politically a proponent of Romanimperialism. Later he made extensive travels to Egypt and Kush, among others. It is not known when hisGeography was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius. Some place its first drafts around 7 AD, others around 18 AD.
Last dateable mention is given to the death in 23 AD of Juba II, king of Maurousia (Mauretania), who is said to have died "just recently". On the presumption that "recently" means within a year, Strabo stopped writing that year or the next (24 AD), when he died.Strabo's History is nearly completely lost. Although Strabo quotes it himself, and other classical authors mention that it existed, the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan(renumbered [Papyrus] ).Several different dates have been proposed for Strabo's death, but most of them conclude that Strabo died shortly after 23 AD.
p3Book I Chapter 11 The science of Geography, which I now propose to investigate, is, I think, quite as much as any other science, a concern of the philosopher; and the correctness of my view is clear for many reasons. In the first place, those who in earliest times ventured to treat the subject were, in their way, philosophers — Homer, Anaximander of Miletus, and Anaximander's fellow-citizen Hecataeus — just as Eratosthenes has already said; philosophers, too, were Democritus, Eudoxus, Dicaearchus, Ephorus, with several others of their times; and further, their successors — Eratosthenes, Polybius, and Poseidonius — were philosophers. In the second place, wide learning, which alone makes it possible to undertake a work on geography, is possessed solely by the man who has investigated things both human and divine — knowledge of which, they say, constitutes philosophy. And so, too, the utility of geography — and its utility is manifold, not only as regards the activities of statesmen and commanders but also as regards knowledge both of the heavens and of things on land and sea, animals, plants, fruits, and everything else to be seen in p5various regions — the utility of geography, I say, presupposes in the geographer the same philosopher, the man who busies himself with the investigation of the art of life, that is, of happiness.
Book I Chapter 12 But I must go back and consider each one of these points in greater detail; and, first, I say that both I and my predecessors, one of whom was Hipparchus himself, are right in regarding Homer as the founder of the science of geography; for Homer has surpassed all men, both of ancient and modern times, not only in the excellence of his poetry, but also, I might say, in his acquaintance with all that pertains to public life. And this acquaintance made him busy himself not only about public activities, to the end that he might learn of as many of them as possible and also give an account of them to posterity, but also about the geography both of the individual countries and of the inhabited world at large, both land and sea; for otherwise he would not have gone to the uttermost bounds of the inhabited world, encompassing the whole of it in his description.
Book I Chapter 13 In the first place, Homer declares that the inhabited world is washed on all sides by Oceanus, and this is true; and then he mentions some of the countries by name, while he leaves us to infer the other countries from hints; for instance, he expressly mentions Libya, Ethiopia, Sidonians, and Erembians — by Erembians he probably means Arabian Troglodytes — whereas he only indicates in general terms the people who live in the far east and the far west by saying that their countries are washed by Oceanus. For he makes the sun to p7rise out of Oceanus and to set in Oceanus; and he refers in the same way to the constellations: "Now the sun was just beating on the fields as he climbed heaven from the deep stream of gently-flowing Oceanus." "And the sun's bright light dropped into Oceanus drawing black night across the earth." And he declares that the stars also rise from Oceanus "after having bathed in Oceanus."
Book
Subject
1 Chapter 1: Strabo's preface, on the scope and usefulness of geography, definition and history of geography Chapter 2, sections 1‑23: contributors to geography, Critique of Eratosthenes Chapter 2, sections 24‑40: contributors to geography, Critique of Homer’s and the other poets' geography and various writers' view of it, especially Eratosthenes Chapter 3: Critiques of Eratosthenes' geology, shape of the Earth, Island-building, earthquakes Chapter 4: political geographyHeaven is spherical corresponding to Earth's sphericity. Distances along lines of latitude and longitude to various peoples and places The three continents: Europe, Asia, Libya Recommends Alexander the great's division of people into good or bad rather than the traditional Greek barbarians and Greeks
Book Subject- mathematics of geography
2 Chapter 1, sections 1‑19: distances between parallels and meridiansCritiques Hipparchus' criticism of Patrocles, which was based on Deimachus and Megasthenes. Points out that Eratosthenes used the Library of Alexandria. Chapter 1, sections 20‑41: Calculations of distances between parallels and meridians passing through various places in the habitable world, according to various geographers:Hipparchus, Eratosthenes, Pytheas, Deimachus.Chapter 2: the five zones Critiques Poseidonius, who criticises
Parmenides and Aristotle on the widths and locations of the five zones Chapter 3: distribution of plants, animals, civilizationsChapter 4: criticisms of Polybius' and Eratosthenes' maps Chapter 5, sections 1‑43: Strabo's view of the ecumeneStates the locations of the countries of the three continents Division of the circumference of the Earth, which is 252000 stadia, by 360 gives 700 stadia per section. Equator, Tropic circle, Arctic circle, latitude by the
shadow of the gnomon and the length of the longest day
Book Subject- mathematics of geography
3 Chapter 1: Ibēria is poor, inhospitable and mountainous, 6000 stadia N-S, 5000 E-W. The Purēnē oros is aligned N-S and separates Ibēria from Keltikē.[12] Western Iberia is delimited by the Tagus river (to the north of the Sacred Cape) and the Anas river to the east. The region is populated by the Keltikoiand some Lusitanai resettled there from beyond the Tagus by the Romans. Inland are the Karpētanoi (Madrid region), the Ōrētanoi (La Mancha and eastern Sierra Morena, and the Ouettōnoi (Salamanca region). The fertile southeast, Baetica (Andalusia region), east of the Baetis river after which it is named, is occupied by the Tourdētanoi or Tourdouloi, who have writing and a literature. Other Iberians have alphabets, but not the same, as they do not all use the same languages (glōttai). Chapter 2: Iberia Chapter 3: Iberia Chapter 4: Iberia Chapter 5: The islands of Iberia: Baleares, Cassiterides, Gades
Book Subject
4 Chapter 1: Transalpine Gaul: Narbonensis Chapter 2: Transalpine Gaul: Aquitania Chapter 3: Transalpine Gaul: Lugdunensis Chapter 4: Transalpine Gaul: W Lugdunensis and Belgica Chapter 5: Britain, Ireland, and Thule Chapter 6: Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy)
5 Chapter 1: Northern Italy proper (roughly Emilia-Romagna) Chapter 2: Tyrrhenia and Umbria (Tuscany, Umbria, and the N Marche) Chapter 3: The Sabine lands and Latium Chapter 4: Picenum (S Marche) and Campania
6 Chapter 1: south ItalyChapter 2: Sicily Chapter 3: Iapygia Chapter 4: Summary remarks on Italy and the expansion of Rome
Book Subject
7 Chapter 1: Germany Overview of the lands to be covered in
the rest of the text. Chapter 2: Germans and the Cimbri or Cimmerians Chapter 3: Mysia, Dacia, and the Danube (SE Europe) Chapter 4: The Tauric Chersonese (Crimea) Chapter 5: Illyria and Pannonia Chapter 6: Eastern Dacia and the north shore of the Propontis Chapter 7: Fragments
8Macedon
and Greece
Chapter 1: Greece, generalities Chapter 2: The Peloponnesus Chapter 3: Elea Chapter 4: Messenia Chapter 5: Laconia Chapter 6: Argolis Chapter 7: Ionia Chapter 8: Arcadia
Book Subject
9 Chapter 1: Peloponnesus Crommyon Chapter 2: Boeotia Chapter 3: Phocis; it stretches towards the north alongside Boeotia, nearly from sea to sea Chapter 4: Locris It is divided into two parts: Locrians and faces Euboea; Chapter 5: , Thessaly divided into four parts. Phthiotis, Hestiaeotis,6 Thessaliotis, andPelasgiotis.
10 Chapter 1: Macris,/Abantis Carystus Chalcidians Chapter 2:the Aetolians and the Acarnanians border on one another, having between them the Acheloüs River, which flows from the north and fromPindus on the south through the country of the Agraeans, Chapter 3: Curetes, Chapter 4: Crete. Chapter 5: Thera is a long island, being two hundred stadia in perimeter; it lies opposite Dia,3 an island near the Cnossian Heracleium,4 but it is seven hundred stadia distant from Crete
Book Subject
11 Chapter 1:Asia is adjacent to Europe, bordering thereon along the Tanaïs1 River. I must therefore describe this country next, first dividing it, for the sake of clearness, by means of certain natural boundaries Chapter 2: Tanaïs Bosporus, Chapter 3: Iberia the Caucasian Mountains Chapter 4: The Albanians Chapter 5: The Amazons, also, are said to live in the mountains above Albania. Now Theophanes Chapter 6: Caspian Sea Chapter 7: Hyrcania Chapter 8: Hyrcanian Sea Chapter 9: Parthian Chapter 10: Aria and Margiana Chapter 11:Bactria, Chapter 12: "Cis-Tauran" Chapter 13: Media Chapter 14: Armenia
Book Subject
12anatolia
Chapter 1: Cappadocia Chapter 2: Melitene Cataonia Chapter 3: Euxine Sea from the Propontis Chapter 4: Bithynia Chapter 5: The Galatians Chapter 6: Tatta, Lycaonia Cremna Chapter 7: Pisidian Chapter 8:Mysians and Phrygians
13northern Aegean
Chapter 1: The Aeolians Abydus Ilium Chapter 2: Lesbos Sigrium Chapter 3: Leleges and the Cilician Aeolian cities Chapter 4: Pergamenians Sardeis Catacecaumene
Book Subject
14eastern Aegean
Chapter 1: Ionians and the Carians,Miletus Maeander RiverSamos Heracleitus Chapter 2: Carians, Rhodes Halicarnassus Chapter 3: Lycia Chapter 4: Olbia Chapter 5: Tracheia Chapter 6: Cyprus
15 Asia
and its subcontinent
Chapter 1, sections 1‑25: India, basic geography Chapter 1, sections 26‑38: India, animals Chapter 1, sections 39‑73: India, people Chapter 2: Ariana, Gedrosia, and Carmania Chapter 3: Persia proper
Book
Subject-middle east
16 Chapter 1: Babylonia Chapter 2: Syria Sidonian Chapter 3: Persian Sea Chapter 4: Arabia
17 Chapter 1, sections 1‑10: Egypt and EthiopiaChapter 1, sections 11‑24: Egypt, continued Chapter 1, sections 25‑54: Egypt, continued Chapter 2: Ethiopia and Egypt, conclusion Chapter 3: Libya (North Africa)
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