The Seven Wonders The Seven Wonders of the Ancient Worldof the Ancient World

Sights seen in the mind's eye Sights seen in the mind's eye can never be destroyedcan never be destroyed

Strabo (64 BC - AD 21)Strabo (64 BC - AD 21)

Great Pyramid of GizaGreat Pyramid of Giza

Man fears Time, yet Time fears the Pyramids

Arab proverb

The monument was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around the year 2560 BC to serve as a tomb when he died. It was built over a 20 year period.

How Did They Build It?How Did They Build It? One of the great mysteries that still One of the great mysteries that still

surrounds the Great Pyramid of Giza surrounds the Great Pyramid of Giza is how ancient people were able to is how ancient people were able to construct such a massive structure.construct such a massive structure.

Historians and Archeologist have Historians and Archeologist have several theories about how it may several theories about how it may have been done.have been done.

One theory involves the construction One theory involves the construction of a straight or spiral ramp that was of a straight or spiral ramp that was raised as the construction raised as the construction proceeded. This ramp, coated with proceeded. This ramp, coated with mud and water, eased the mud and water, eased the displacement of the blocks which displacement of the blocks which were pushed (or pulled) into place. were pushed (or pulled) into place.

A second theory suggests that the A second theory suggests that the blocks were placed using long levers blocks were placed using long levers with a short angled foot. with a short angled foot.

Hanging Gardens of BabylonHanging Gardens of Babylon

The approach to the Garden sloped like a hillside and the several parts of the structure rose from one another tier on tier... On all this, the earth had been piled... and was thickly planted with trees of every kind that, by their great size and other charm, gave pleasure to the beholder... The water machines [raised] the water in great abundance from the river, although no one outside could see it.

Diodorus Siculus

It is said that the Gardens were built It is said that the Gardens were built by Nebuchadnezzar to please his by Nebuchadnezzar to please his wife, Amyitis, who had been "brought wife, Amyitis, who had been "brought up in Medes and had a passion for up in Medes and had a passion for mountain surroundings". The mountain surroundings". The Gardens were created to ease her Gardens were created to ease her homesickness.homesickness.

Was it truly an “hanging” Was it truly an “hanging” garden?garden?

The Hanging Gardens probably did The Hanging Gardens probably did not really "hang" in the sense of not really "hang" in the sense of being suspended from cables or being suspended from cables or ropes. The name comes from an ropes. The name comes from an inexact translation of the Greek word inexact translation of the Greek word kremastos,kremastos, or the Latin word or the Latin word pensilispensilis, , which means not just "hanging", but which means not just "hanging", but "overhanging" as in the case of a "overhanging" as in the case of a terrace or balcony. terrace or balcony.

"The Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above "The Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above ground level, and the roots of the trees are ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the earth. The whole mass is supported on stone earth. The whole mass is supported on stone columns... Streams of water emerging from elevated columns... Streams of water emerging from elevated sources flow down sloping channels... These waters sources flow down sloping channels... These waters irrigate the whole garden saturating the roots of irrigate the whole garden saturating the roots of plants and keeping the whole area moist. Hence the plants and keeping the whole area moist. Hence the grass is permanently green and the leaves of trees grass is permanently green and the leaves of trees grow firmly attached to supple branches... This is a grow firmly attached to supple branches... This is a work of art of royal luxury and its most striking work of art of royal luxury and its most striking feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended above the heads of the spectators". above the heads of the spectators".

Statue of ZeusStatue of Zeus

In his right hand a figure of Victory made from ivory and gold. In his left hand, his scepter inlaid with all metals, and an eagle perched on the sceptre. The sandals of the god are made of gold, as is his robe.

Pausanias the Greek (2nd century AD)

The sculptor chosen for the great task The sculptor chosen for the great task of creating the statue of Zeus was a of creating the statue of Zeus was a man named Phidias. He had already man named Phidias. He had already rendered a forty-foot high statue of the rendered a forty-foot high statue of the goddess Athena for the Parthenon in goddess Athena for the Parthenon in Athens and had also done much of the Athens and had also done much of the sculpture on the exterior of that sculpture on the exterior of that temple. After his work in Athens was temple. After his work in Athens was done, Phidias traveled to Olympia done, Phidias traveled to Olympia around 432 B.C. to start on what was around 432 B.C. to start on what was to be considered his best work.to be considered his best work.

This statue was erected in Olympia, This statue was erected in Olympia, where the original Olympic games where the original Olympic games were held to honor Zeus: king of the were held to honor Zeus: king of the Greek gods. At the time of the Greek gods. At the time of the games, wars stopped, and athletes games, wars stopped, and athletes came from came from Asia Minor, , Syria, , Egypt, , and and Sicily to celebrate the Olympics to celebrate the Olympics and to worship their king of gods: and to worship their king of gods: Zeus. Zeus.

What happened to the What happened to the statue?statue?

Olympia was struck by earthquakes, Olympia was struck by earthquakes, landslides and floods, and the temple was landslides and floods, and the temple was damaged by fire in the fifth century AD. damaged by fire in the fifth century AD. Earlier, the statue had been transported by Earlier, the statue had been transported by wealthy Greeks to a palace in wealthy Greeks to a palace in Constantinople. There, it survived until it was Constantinople. There, it survived until it was destroyed by a severe fire in AD 462. Today destroyed by a severe fire in AD 462. Today nothing remains at the site of the old temple nothing remains at the site of the old temple except rocks and debris, the foundation of except rocks and debris, the foundation of the buildings, and fallen columns. the buildings, and fallen columns.

House of ArtemisHouse of Artemis

But when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds, the [other Wonders] were placed in the shade, for the Sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus.

Antipater of Sidon

Is it simply a temple? How could it take Is it simply a temple? How could it take its place among other unique structures its place among other unique structures such as the Pyramid, the Hanging such as the Pyramid, the Hanging Gardens, and the Colossus of Rhodes? Gardens, and the Colossus of Rhodes? For the people who actually visited it, the For the people who actually visited it, the answer was simple. It was not just a answer was simple. It was not just a temple... It was the most beautiful temple... It was the most beautiful structure on earth... It was built in honor structure on earth... It was built in honor of the Greek goddess of hunting, wild of the Greek goddess of hunting, wild nature, and fertility. That was the nature, and fertility. That was the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus.

The temple served as both a marketplace The temple served as both a marketplace and a religious institution. For years, the and a religious institution. For years, the sanctuary was visited by merchants, sanctuary was visited by merchants, tourists, artisans, and kings who paid tourists, artisans, and kings who paid homage to the goddess by sharing their homage to the goddess by sharing their profits with her.profits with her.

Its splendor also attracted many Its splendor also attracted many worshippers and pilgrims, strenghtening worshippers and pilgrims, strenghtening the cult of Artemis.the cult of Artemis.

According to Strabo, According to Strabo, the Temple of the Temple of ArtemisArtemis was destroyed at least seven was destroyed at least seven times and rebuilt just as many times. times and rebuilt just as many times. Archaeological findings instead attest to at Archaeological findings instead attest to at least four rebuilding of this temple, starting least four rebuilding of this temple, starting in the 7th century B.C.in the 7th century B.C.

Mausoleum at Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

I have lying, over me in Halicarnassus, a gigantic monument such as no other dead person has, adorned in the finest way with statues of horses and men carved most realistically from the best quality marble.

King Maussollos in Lucian's "Dialogues of the Dead"

In 377 B.C., the city of In 377 B.C., the city of HalicarnassusHalicarnassus was was the capitol of a small kingdom along the the capitol of a small kingdom along the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor.Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor.

From 377 to 353 BC, Mausollos ruled over From 377 to 353 BC, Mausollos ruled over the his small kingdom from his capital of the his small kingdom from his capital of Halicarnassus. Nothing is exciting about Halicarnassus. Nothing is exciting about Maussollos life except the construction of Maussollos life except the construction of his tomb. his tomb.

In 353 B.C. Mausollus died, leaving his In 353 B.C. Mausollus died, leaving his queen Artemisia, who was also his sister, queen Artemisia, who was also his sister, broken-hearted (It was the custom in broken-hearted (It was the custom in Caria for rulers to marry their own Caria for rulers to marry their own sisters). As a tribute to him, she decided sisters). As a tribute to him, she decided to build him the most splendid tomb in to build him the most splendid tomb in the known world. It became a structure the known world. It became a structure so famous that Mausollus's name is now so famous that Mausollus's name is now associated with all stately tombs associated with all stately tombs throughout the world through the word throughout the world through the word mausoleummausoleum. The building, rich with . The building, rich with statuary and carvings in relief, was so statuary and carvings in relief, was so beautiful and unique it became one of the beautiful and unique it became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

ColossusColossus

To you, O Sun, the people of Dorian Rhodes set up this bronze statue reaching to Olympus when they had pacified the waves of war and crowned their city with the spoils taken from the enemy. Not only over the seas but also on land did they kindle the lovely torch of freedom.

Dedicatory inscription of the Colossus

The island of The island of RhodesRhodes was an important was an important economic centre in the ancient world. It economic centre in the ancient world. It is located off the southwestern tip of is located off the southwestern tip of Asia Minor where the Aegean Sea Asia Minor where the Aegean Sea meets the Mediterranean. The capitol meets the Mediterranean. The capitol city, also named Rhodes, was built in city, also named Rhodes, was built in 408 B.C. and was designed to take 408 B.C. and was designed to take advantage of the island's best natural advantage of the island's best natural harbour on the northern coast.harbour on the northern coast.

In 357 B.C. the island was conquered by In 357 B.C. the island was conquered by Mausollus Mausollus of Halicarnassusof Halicarnassus, fell into Persian hands in 340 , fell into Persian hands in 340 B.C., and was finally captured byB.C., and was finally captured by Alexander the Alexander the GreatGreat in 332 B.C. When Alexander died of a fever at in 332 B.C. When Alexander died of a fever at an early age, his generals fought bitterly among an early age, his generals fought bitterly among themselves for control of Alexander's vast kingdom.themselves for control of Alexander's vast kingdom.

The Rhodians supported The Rhodians supported PtolemyPtolemy in this struggle. in this struggle. This angered This angered AntigousAntigous who sent his son who sent his son DemetriusDemetrius to capture and punish the city of to capture and punish the city of Rhodes. The war was long and painful. Rhodes. The war was long and painful. DemetriusDemetrius brought an army of 40,000 men. This was more than brought an army of 40,000 men. This was more than the entire population of the entire population of RhodesRhodes. .

When When DemetriusDemetrius attacked the city, the defenders attacked the city, the defenders stopped the war machine by flooding a ditch outside stopped the war machine by flooding a ditch outside the walls and mining the heavy monster in the mud. the walls and mining the heavy monster in the mud. By then almost a year had gone by and a fleet of By then almost a year had gone by and a fleet of ships from Egypt arrived to assist the city. ships from Egypt arrived to assist the city. DemetriusDemetrius withdrew quickly leaving the great siege withdrew quickly leaving the great siege tower where it was.tower where it was.

To celebrate their victory and freedom, the To celebrate their victory and freedom, the Rhodians decided to build a giant statue of Rhodians decided to build a giant statue of their patron god their patron god HeliosHelios. .     They melted down bronze from the many They melted down bronze from the many war machines war machines DemetriusDemetrius left behind for the left behind for the exterior of the figure and the super siege exterior of the figure and the super siege tower became the scaffolding for the project. tower became the scaffolding for the project. According to According to PlinyPliny, a historian who lived , a historian who lived several centuries after the several centuries after the ColossusColossus was was built, construction took 12 years. Other built, construction took 12 years. Other historians place the start of the work in 304 historians place the start of the work in 304 B.C.. B.C..

Lighthouse of AlexandriaLighthouse of Alexandria

Sostratus, the son of Dexiphanes, the Cnidian, dedicated this to the Saviour Gods, on behalf of those who sail the seas.

Dedicatory inscription of the Lighthouse

The Lighthouse of Alexandria was also know as The Lighthouse of Alexandria was also know as the Pharos Lighthouse. Pharos is the name of the Pharos Lighthouse. Pharos is the name of the island on which the lighthouse was located.the island on which the lighthouse was located.

The lighthouse was apparently a tourist The lighthouse was apparently a tourist attraction from the very beginning. We are told attraction from the very beginning. We are told that food was sold to visitors at the observation that food was sold to visitors at the observation platform at the top of the first level. A smaller platform at the top of the first level. A smaller balcony provided a view from the top of the balcony provided a view from the top of the eight-sided tower for those that wanted to make eight-sided tower for those that wanted to make the additional climb. The view from there must the additional climb. The view from there must have been impressive as it was probably 300 have been impressive as it was probably 300 feet above the sea. There were few places in the feet above the sea. There were few places in the ancient world where a person could ascend a ancient world where a person could ascend a man-made tower to get such a perspective.man-made tower to get such a perspective.

The Lighthouse of Alexandria. For The Lighthouse of Alexandria. For sailors, it ensured a safe return to sailors, it ensured a safe return to the Great Harbor. For architects, it the Great Harbor. For architects, it meant even more: it was the tallest meant even more: it was the tallest building on Earth. And for scientists, building on Earth. And for scientists, it was the mysterious mirror that it was the mysterious mirror that fascinated them most... The mirror fascinated them most... The mirror which reflection could be seen more which reflection could be seen more than 50 km (35 miles) off-shore. than 50 km (35 miles) off-shore.