With Carrots and With Carrots and Sticks:Sticks:

An Overview of An Overview of Authoritarian Rule Authoritarian Rule in the Middle Eastin the Middle East

Prevalence of Prevalence of authoritarian statesauthoritarian states

Longevity of Longevity of authoritarian states and authoritarian states and

their rulerstheir rulers

A map of freedom in the world 2004, from Freedom House’s annual report.

Dark blue= “not free”; yellow= “partially free”; green equals “free”.

President Hosni President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, Mubarak of Egypt, 1981-20051981-2005

Muammar Qaddafi of Libya, 1969-2005

King Hussein of Jordan, King Hussein of Jordan, 1953-19991953-1999

King Hussein with son (later king) AbdullahYoung King Hussein greeting soldiers

Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran (and son), 1941-1979

President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia, 1957-1987

Saddam Hussein of Iraq, ruling from 1968-2003

Different types of regimesDifferent types of regimes

Single-party autocraciesSingle-party autocracies– Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq (until 2003), Syria, Algeria*Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq (until 2003), Syria, Algeria*

Monarchies and dynastiesMonarchies and dynasties– Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait, UAESaudi Arabia, Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait, UAE

Democracies and semi-democraciesDemocracies and semi-democracies– Yemen, Lebanon, Turkey, Pal. Authority, IsraelYemen, Lebanon, Turkey, Pal. Authority, Israel– Islamic theocracy (Iran)Islamic theocracy (Iran)

How Authoritarian Rulers Maintain How Authoritarian Rulers Maintain Power: A Short ListPower: A Short List

#1- Make Socio-political #1- Make Socio-political AlliancesAlliances

#2- Take good care of your #2- Take good care of your citizenrycitizenry

#3- When necessary, wage #3- When necessary, wage war with an external or war with an external or imagined enemyimagined enemy

#4- Co-opt potential #4- Co-opt potential oppositionopposition

#5-Invent tradition and Use #5-Invent tradition and Use SpectacleSpectacle

#6-Spread Fear and Suppress #6-Spread Fear and Suppress DissentDissent