wind wind in wnc oct 27, 2007 andrews, nc brent summerville, asu
TRANSCRIPT
NC Small Wind Initiative Appalachian State University
Project to promote wind energy in Western NC
• Beech Mountain wind site
• Anemometer Loan Program
• Mapping
• Wind Site Assessments
• Workshops and Presentations
• Ordinance work
• Media Outreach Reach us at:
wind.appstate.edu
828-262-7333
Wind Power History
800 – 900 years ago in Europe
140 years ago,water-pumpingwind mills
70 years ago, electric power
1400 – 1800 years ago,in the Middle East
Today: Wind Energy is Reliable and Cost Effective
Wind has become the least expensive and fastest growing source of electricity in the world-details at www.gwec.net
Mountain Ridge Protection Act of 1983
“No building, structure or unit shall protrude at its uppermost point above the crest of the ridge by more than 35’ “
Exemptions to Ridge LawWater, radio, telephone or television towers or any equipment for the transmission of electricity or communications or both.
Structures of a relatively slender nature and minor vertical projections of a parent building, including chimneys, flagpoles, flues, spires, steeples, belfries, cupolas, antennas, poles, wires, or windmills
“The Legislature in 1983 had in mind, the traditional, solitary farm windmill which has long been in use in rural communities, not windfarm turbines
of the size, type, or certainly number proposed here…”
NC Attorney General’s 2/4/2002 letter to TVA
What causes wind?
Differences in pressure and temperature• Solar Power
• Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface
• Differences in heating and cooling rates
• Earth’s rotation
Class 6 (4.3%) Class 5 (6.3%)
Location and Percentage of High Quality Wind Resources in the US
Class 4 & above 27.5%
Average Wind Speed is the Key
Most important variablePower ~ V3
Double speed and power increases 8 times
73% more power in a 12 mph wind than a 10 mph wind
This is why it is so important to carefully assess
County Wind Maps for Western NC
True Wind Map Combined With:
Road data Digital elevation models Public lands Appalachian Trail Town boundaries Utility grid Tax parcel maps
www.wind.appstate.edu
Measuring Devices and Parameters
Anemometer• Best indication of energy production• Indicator of turbulence• Provide information on wind shear
Wind Vane• Wind rose• Micro siting
Temp Sensor• Identify icing events• Air density
Data Loggers
Measured vs Truewind Wind Speeds (m/s)(.23 m/s average difference)
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How
ards Knob
Hilliards K
nob
Turkey R
idge
Wind Springs B
ald
Cow
ee Bald
Cham
bers Mt.
Phoenix Mt
Truewind
Anemometer
Factors Affecting Wind Elevation Obstructions Surface Roughness Perpendicular Ridges Time of day Time of year
Elevation & Wind Velocity
66.6
7.38.16
6.597.2
89
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10
3600'class 2
4000' class 3
4418' class 4
4690' class 5
M/S @ 50 mM/S @ 80
Season and Time of Day Higher winds found late in the evening and early
morning Higher winds seen during the winter
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Hrl
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ota
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Step 2: Resource Assessment
Average annual wind speed at the proposed hub height is critical
Wind maps Existing data
• Extrapolate wind speed from a lower height to hub height
Measure• Anemometer, wind vane, temp, logger
Flagging, interview locals
Rule 3: Stay upwind of obstacles
Know the prevailing wind direction
The turbine would like a clear view in that direction
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ENE
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Wind Frequency
Wind Speed
Annual Frequency and Average Annual Wind Speed in Sixteen Compass Directions Potato Hill, Watauga County, NC
Rule 4: Minimize Compromises
The wind blows from all directions
There may not be the “perfect” spot
The goal is to maximize your wind resource
Rule 5: Voltage and wire run
Think about the wire run Higher voltage means smaller wire Raising the system voltage gives you
more flexibility in tower placement
Small Wind Turbine TechnologySmall Wind Turbine TechnologyHorizontal Axis
UpwindHorizontal Axis
DownwindVertical Axis
SystemsTowers
HAWT - Upwind
Bergey EXCEL, 10 kW
• Configuration: 2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind by the tail
• Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics
• Over-Speed Protection: Furling (rotor turns out of the wind)
• Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation
Southwest WindpowerFlagstaff, Arizona www.windenergy.com
AIR400 W
Whisper 100900 W
Whisper 2001000 W
Whisper 5003 kW
(Now with grid-tie)
Homebuiltwww.otherpower.comwww.scoraigwind.com
FuhrländerLorax Energy Systems, Rhode Island www.lorax-energy.com
FL 3030 kW
FL 100100 kW
FL 250250 kW
Over-Speed Protection During High Winds• Furling: The rotor turns up and to one side, or back,
or to the side
HAWT - Downwind
Proven WT600
• Configuration: 2 or 3 blades, no tail, blades face downwind
• Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics
• Over-Speed Protection: Zebedee Furl (blade coning), tip brakes, stall regulation
• Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation
wind
Proven Engineering Products, Ltd.Scotland, United Kingdom www.provenenergy.com
WT600600 W
WT2500 2.5 kW WT6000
6 kW
Proven Blade Coning
Flexible Zebedee hinge As RPM increases,
blades are thrown outwards by centrifugal force
Changes aerodynamic pitch
10-15 year hinge life
Southwest Windpower Skystream
www.skystreamenergy.com
70 Foot Guyed Tower
Southwest Windpower Skystream
www.skystreamenergy.com
35 Foot Monopole Tower
VAWT – Drag & Lift
Darrieus
• Configuration: Lift or Drag
• Drag: Anemometer, Savonius
• Lift: Darrieus, H-Darrieus
SavoniusMother Earth News
Anemometer
Savonius (S-rotor)
Make from buckets, paddles, sails, and oil drums
originated in Finland tsr ≈ 1 Can be useful for grinding
grain, pumping water, and many other tasks
…but are not good for generating electricity (low speed, high torque)
Darrieus Lift-Type Vertical-Axis Machines
French engineer Georges Darrieus patented the design in 1931
Plus: generator on ground, yawing not required
Minus: low to ground, low efficiency, not self-starting, vibration, high bearing forces
Darrieus, curved blades
H-Darrieus, straight blades
Tilt-Up Guyed Tower
Build on ground
Tilt-Up with winch or grip-
hoist
(4) guys wire anchors, maintenance on
ground, economical
02770330
Inverter
Regulationand
conversion
Windturbine
AC
Load
Meter
This system has storagewhich provides backup
power.
On-Grid Wind System with Storage
The Effect of Seasons onHybrid Power Systems
02770322
PV modules and wind turbine(no generation)
Battery(storage)
Loads(utilization)
PV modules and wind turbine(active generation)
Summer
Winter
Battery(storage)
Loads(utilization)
Solar and Wind Resourcesare Complimentary
Hours of sunshine/month
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urs
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uns
hin
e o
r av
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d p
ower
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atts
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Average wind power
Data from SE Iowa
02770324
Hours of Sunshine
Power Power: Rate at which energy is delivered
Power = Energy Time
Measured in Watts (W), kilowatts (kW), or horsepower
Power is an instantaneous quantity Power does not accumulate Think gallons per minute
Energy Energy: Ability to do something
Measured in kilowatt Hours (kWhrs) Why?
• Since Power = Energy/Time,
then Power Time = Energy Energy does accumulates over time Think gallons Gallons = (gallons/min) minutes
Power of a Wind Turbine The power of a wind turbine is
P = ½ v3 A CP
A: swept area of rotor
CP: rotor efficiency
Example: A 2.5 m diameter turbine with a 25% efficient rotor in our 8.0 m/s wind will have
P = ½ (1.0 kg/m3)(8.0 m/s)3 [ (2.5 m/2)2](0.25)
= 314 W
Method of Bins There are limitations to this method…
• Wind speed is not constant!
• Rotor efficiency depends on wind speed!• Small turbines furl in high winds
Here’s a better method: Method of Bins• Need to know (or approximate) your wind
distribution
• Power Curve of turbine
Power Curve Southwest Windpower Whisper 100 and
Whisper 200 Similar rated power Difference in energy
North Carolina Incentive Programs
TVA Green Power Switch NC GreenPower NC Personal Renewable Energy Tax Credit NC Corporate Renewable Energy Tax Credit Green tags Renewable Energy Equipment Manufacturers
Incentive Energy Improvement Loan Program USDA Farm Bill
www.dsireusa.org
TVA Green Power Switch Generation Partners Program
www.tva.com/greenpowerswitch/partners/index.htm
Details Wind or PV (.5 – 50 KW) Residential or small
commercial $.15/kWh credit Energy used on site
is billed at standard rate
NC GreenPower Programwww.ncgreenpower.org
To improve the quality of the environment by encouraging the development of renewable energy resources through consumers’ voluntary purchase of green power.
RFP process for green power No wind producers yet Green Power program initially
quoted an estimate of .06/kwh
NC Net MeteringCredited to a customer's next monthly bill, but reset to zero at the beginning of each summer (June 1) and winter (October 1) billing season. Any renewable-energy credits associated with net excess is granted to the utility when the balance is zeroed out.
20 kW for residential systems; 100 kW for non-residential systems
Investor-owned utilities (Progress Energy, Duke Power, Dominion North Carolina Power)
Photovoltaics, Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, Anaerobic Digestion
NC Renewable Energy Tax Credits
35% for all technologies
Can take tax credit over 5 years
No more than half of tax liability
No refund based on tax credit
Wind Turbine Installed CostExample
Updated: Oct04
High Cost Low Cost
Wind turbine & Controller $2,045 $2,045 $2,045
Tower (80 guyed) $2,220 $690 $2,220
Inverter $1,000 $2,500 $500
Battery and Containment $300 $800 $200
Shipping $200 $400 $150
Installation $1,200 $2,500 $0
Permits/Fees $200 $500 $0
Sales Tax, 5% $358 9% 0%
Total $7,523 $10,033 $5,115
Southwest WindpowerWhisper H40
$2,633 $3,511 $1,790Tax Credit
Final Cost $4890 $6,522 $3,325
USDA Farm Bill Section 9006
ContactH. Rossie BullockBusiness Programs Specialist440C Caton Rd.P.O. Box 7426Lumberton, NC 28359-7426Phone: (910) 739-3349 ext. 4Fax: (910) 618-9444 email: [email protected]
Farmers and Rural Farmers and Rural Small Business Owners Small Business Owners Can Apply for:Can Apply for:•25% from $2,500 to 25% from $2,500 to $500,000$500,000•Or up to $10 million in Or up to $10 million in guaranteed loansguaranteed loans
Wind Turbine Installed CostUpdated: 11-Oct-04
High Cost Low Cost
Wind turbine & inverter $24,750 $24,750 $24,750
Tower (100 ft guyed) $7,800 $25,100 $6,200
Tower Wiring Kit $860 $1,070 $860
Shipping $1,500 $2,000 $1,000
Installation $8,000 $10,000 $2,000
Permits/Fees $500 $3,500 $0
Sales Tax, 5% $2,146 9.3% none
Total $45,556 $72,272 $34,810
Bergey Excel-S (10 kW)
USDA Grant $11,389 $18,068$8,702Adjusted Total $34,167 $54,204$26,108
Small Wind Economics in North Carolina35% State Income Tax Credit & 25% USDA Grant
(wind speed at 10 m)
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Electric Rate, ¢/kWh
Sim
ple
Pay
bac
k, Y
ears
10.6 mph (Class 2)
16.3 mph (Class 7)
Residential Electric Rates for North Carolina Utilities
Questions? Thanks Brent Summerville Call or email me
for more info 828-262-7333 [email protected] wind.appstate.edu
My presentations will be available at wind.appstate.edu
Click on REPORTS….CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS