why vampires never die - weebly...guillermo del toro and chuck hogan why vampires never die bom in...

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GUILLERMO DEL TORO AND CHUCK HOGAN Why V a m p i r e s N e v e r D i e Bom in Guadalajara, Mexico, Guillermo del Toro (b. 1964) is a writer and filmmaker known for films such as Pan's Labyrinth (2006) and the Hellboy series. In 2009, he published his first novel, The Strain, co- written with Chuck Hogan. The book is the first in a vampire trilogy by the two authors. Chuck Hogan is a crime fiction and horror novelist whose books include The Blood Artists (1999), Prince of Thieves (2004), and The Killing Moon (2007). In this column from the New York Times, the writers discuss the origins and perennial appeal of vampire stories. They suggest that vampires—figures imagined and reinvented by different cultures at different times—often reflect soci- ety's anxieties and preoccupations. According to del Toro and Hogan, the Dracula myth may speak to us on a more primal level, as well. As you read, think about the ways that imaginary monsters can be meta- phors for real-life problems and fears. Tonight, you or someone you love will likely be visited b y a vam- pire—on cable television or the big screen, o r i n the bookstore. Our own novel describes a modern-day epidemic that spreads across New York City. It a l l s t a r t e d nearly 200 years ago. It was the "Year Without a Summer" of 1816, when ash from volcanic eruptions lowered temperatures around the globe, giving rise to widespread famine. A few friends gathered at the Villa Diodati on Lake Geneva and decided to engage in a small competition t o s e e who could come up with the most terrifying tale—and the two great monsters of' the modern age were born. One was created by Mary Godwin, soon to become Mary Shelley, whose Dr. Frankenstein gave life t o a desolate creaUnv. The other monster was less created than fused. John Williiiiii Polidori stitched together folklore, personal resentment, and C K ) I ii 378 WHY VAMPIRES NEVER Dl I- 3/' anxieties into "The Vampyre," a story that i s t h e basis for vam- pires as they arc understood today. With "The Vampyre," Polidori gave birth to the two main branches of vampiric fiction: the vampire as romantic hero, and the vampire as undead monster. This ambivalence may retlect Polidori's own, a s i t i s widely accepted that Lord Ruthven, IIK- titular creature, was based upon Lord Byron literary superstar of the era and another resident of the lakeside villa that fateful summer. Polidori tended to Byron day and night, both as his doc- tor and most devoted groupie. But P o l i d o r i r e s e n t e d him as well: Byron was dashing and brilliant, while the poor doctor h a d a rather drab talent and unremarkable physique. But this was just a new twist t o a very old idea. The myth, established well before the invention o f t h e word "vampire," seems to cross every culture, language and era. The Indian Baital, the Ch'ing Shih in China, and the Romanian S t r i g o i a r e but a few of its names. The creature seems t o b e a s old as Babylonia and Sumer. Or even older. The vampire may originate from a repressed memory we had as primates. Perhaps at some point we were—out of necessity— cannibalistic. As soon as we became sedentaiy agricultural tribes with social boundaries, one seminal myth might have featured our ancestors as primitive beasts who slept i n t h e cold loam of the earth and fed o f f t h e sally blood of ihe living. Monsters, like angels, are invoked by our i n d i v i d u a l a n d collec- tive needs. Today, much as during that gloomy summer in 1816, we f e e l t h e need to seek their cold embrace. Herein lies an important clue: in contrast to timeless creatures like the dragon, the vampire does not seek to obliterate u s , b u t instead offers a peculiar brand of blood alchemy. For as his con- tagion bestows its nocturnal gilt, the vampire transforms our vile, mortal selves into the gold of eternal youth, and instills i n u s something that every social construct seeks t o q u a s h : primal lust. If youth is desire married with unending p o s s i b i l i t y , t h e n vampire lust creates within u s a delicious void, one we long to fulfill. In other words, whereas other monsters emphasize what is mortal in us, the vampire emphasizes the eternal in us. Through the panacea of its blood it turns the lead of our toxic llesh into golden matter. In a society that moves as fast as ours, where evei^ week a new

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Page 1: Why Vampires Never Die - Weebly...GUILLERMO DEL TORO AND CHUCK HOGAN Why Vampires Never Die Bom in Guadalajara, Mexico, Guillermo del Toro (b. 1964) is a writer and filmmaker known

G U I L L E R M O D E L T O R O A N D C H U C K H O G A N

W h y V a m p i r e s N e v e r D i e Bom in Guadalajara, Mexico, Guillermo del Toro (b. 1964) is a writer and filmmaker known for films such as P a n ' s L a b y r i n t h (2006) and the H e l l b o y series. In 2009, he published his first novel, T h e S t r a i n , co-written with Chuck Hogan. The book is the first in a vampire trilogy by the two authors. Chuck Hogan is a crime fiction and horror novelist whose books include T h e B l o o d A r t i s t s (1999), P r i n c e o f T h i e v e s (2004), and T h e K i l l i n g M o o n (2007). In this column from the N e w Y o r k T i m e s , the writers discuss the origins and perennial appeal of vampire stories. They suggest that vampires—figures imagined and reinvented by different cultures at different times—often reflect soci­ety's anxieties and preoccupations. According to del Toro and Hogan, the Dracula myth may speak to us on a more primal level, as well. As you read, think about the ways that imaginary monsters can be meta­phors for real-life problems and fears.

T o n i g h t , y o u o r s o m e o n e y o u l o v e w i l l l i k e l y b e v i s i t e d b y a v a m ­p i r e — o n c a b l e t e l e v i s i o n o r t h e b i g s c r e e n , o r i n t h e b o o k s t o r e . O u r o w n n o v e l d e s c r i b e s a m o d e r n - d a y e p i d e m i c t h a t s p r e a d s a c r o s s N e w Y o r k C i t y .

I t a l l s t a r t e d n e a r l y 2 0 0 y e a r s a g o . I t w a s t h e " Y e a r W i t h o u t a S u m m e r " o f 1 8 1 6 , w h e n a s h f r o m v o l c a n i c e r u p t i o n s l o w e r e d t e m p e r a t u r e s a r o u n d t h e g l o b e , g i v i n g r i s e t o w i d e s p r e a d f a m i n e . A f e w f r i e n d s g a t h e r e d a t t h e V i l l a D i o d a t i o n L a k e G e n e v a a n d d e c i d e d t o e n g a g e i n a s m a l l c o m p e t i t i o n t o s e e w h o c o u l d c o m e u p w i t h t h e m o s t t e r r i f y i n g t a l e — a n d t h e t w o g r e a t m o n s t e r s o f ' t h e m o d e r n a g e w e r e b o r n .

O n e w a s c r e a t e d b y M a r y G o d w i n , s o o n t o b e c o m e M a r y S h e l l e y , w h o s e D r . F r a n k e n s t e i n g a v e l i f e t o a d e s o l a t e c r e a U n v . T h e o t h e r m o n s t e r w a s l e s s c r e a t e d t h a n f u s e d . J o h n W i l l i i i i i i P o l i d o r i s t i t c h e d t o g e t h e r f o l k l o r e , p e r s o n a l r e s e n t m e n t , a n d C K ) I i i

378

W H Y V A M P I R E S N E V E R D l I - 3 / '

a n x i e t i e s i n t o " T h e V a m p y r e , " a s t o r y t h a t i s t h e b a s i s f o r v a m ­p i r e s a s t h e y a r c u n d e r s t o o d t o d a y .

W i t h " T h e V a m p y r e , " P o l i d o r i g a v e b i r t h t o t h e t w o m a i n b r a n c h e s o f v a m p i r i c f i c t i o n : t h e v a m p i r e a s r o m a n t i c h e r o , a n d t h e v a m p i r e a s u n d e a d m o n s t e r . T h i s a m b i v a l e n c e m a y r e t l e c t P o l i d o r i ' s o w n , a s i t i s w i d e l y a c c e p t e d t h a t L o r d R u t h v e n , I I K -t i t u l a r c r e a t u r e , w a s b a s e d u p o n L o r d B y r o n — l i t e r a r y s u p e r s t a r o f t h e e r a a n d a n o t h e r r e s i d e n t o f t h e l a k e s i d e v i l l a t h a t f a t e f u l s u m m e r . P o l i d o r i t e n d e d t o B y r o n d a y a n d n i g h t , b o t h a s h i s d o c ­t o r a n d m o s t d e v o t e d g r o u p i e . B u t P o l i d o r i r e s e n t e d h i m a s w e l l : B y r o n w a s d a s h i n g a n d b r i l l i a n t , w h i l e t h e p o o r d o c t o r h a d a r a t h e r d r a b t a l e n t a n d u n r e m a r k a b l e p h y s i q u e .

B u t t h i s w a s j u s t a n e w t w i s t t o a v e r y o l d i d e a . T h e m y t h , e s t a b l i s h e d w e l l b e f o r e t h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e w o r d " v a m p i r e , " s e e m s t o c r o s s e v e r y c u l t u r e , l a n g u a g e a n d e r a . T h e I n d i a n B a i t a l , t h e C h ' i n g S h i h i n C h i n a , a n d t h e R o m a n i a n S t r i g o i a r e b u t a f e w o f i t s n a m e s . T h e c r e a t u r e s e e m s t o b e a s o l d a s B a b y l o n i a a n d S u m e r . O r e v e n o l d e r .

T h e v a m p i r e m a y o r i g i n a t e f r o m a r e p r e s s e d m e m o r y w e h a d a s p r i m a t e s . P e r h a p s a t s o m e p o i n t w e w e r e — o u t o f n e c e s s i t y — c a n n i b a l i s t i c . A s s o o n a s w e b e c a m e s e d e n t a i y a g r i c u l t u r a l t r i b e s w i t h s o c i a l b o u n d a r i e s , o n e s e m i n a l m y t h m i g h t h a v e f e a t u r e d o u r a n c e s t o r s a s p r i m i t i v e b e a s t s w h o s l e p t i n t h e c o l d l o a m o f t h e e a r t h a n d f e d o f f t h e s a l l y b l o o d o f i h e l i v i n g .

M o n s t e r s , l i k e a n g e l s , a r e i n v o k e d b y o u r i n d i v i d u a l a n d c o l l e c ­t i v e n e e d s . T o d a y , m u c h a s d u r i n g t h a t g l o o m y s u m m e r i n 1 8 1 6 , w e f e e l t h e n e e d t o s e e k t h e i r c o l d e m b r a c e .

H e r e i n l i e s a n i m p o r t a n t c l u e : i n c o n t r a s t t o t i m e l e s s c r e a t u r e s l i k e t h e d r a g o n , t h e v a m p i r e d o e s n o t s e e k t o o b l i t e r a t e u s , b u t i n s t e a d o f f e r s a p e c u l i a r b r a n d o f b l o o d a l c h e m y . F o r a s h i s c o n ­t a g i o n b e s t o w s i t s n o c t u r n a l g i l t , t h e v a m p i r e t r a n s f o r m s o u r v i l e , m o r t a l s e l v e s i n t o t h e g o l d o f e t e r n a l y o u t h , a n d i n s t i l l s i n u s s o m e t h i n g t h a t e v e r y s o c i a l c o n s t r u c t s e e k s t o q u a s h : p r i m a l l u s t . I f y o u t h i s d e s i r e m a r r i e d w i t h u n e n d i n g p o s s i b i l i t y , t h e n v a m p i r e l u s t c r e a t e s w i t h i n u s a d e l i c i o u s v o i d , o n e w e l o n g t o f u l f i l l .

I n o t h e r w o r d s , w h e r e a s o t h e r m o n s t e r s e m p h a s i z e w h a t i s m o r t a l i n u s , t h e v a m p i r e e m p h a s i z e s t h e e t e r n a l i n u s . T h r o u g h t h e p a n a c e a o f i t s b l o o d i t t u r n s t h e l e a d o f o u r t o x i c l l e s h i n t o g o l d e n m a t t e r .

I n a s o c i e t y t h a t m o v e s a s f a s t a s o u r s , w h e r e e v e i ^ w e e k a n e w

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380 G U I L L E R M O D E L T O R O ^ N D ^ I i ^

. . n t h e v a m p i r e w e find E r o s a n d T h a n a t o s f u s e d t o g e t h e r i n a r c h e t y p a l

e m b r a c e . . . •"

W H Y V A M P I R E S N E V E R D I E 381

d e c a d e n t A n n e R i c e c r e a t u r e s t o t h e c u r r e n t p e r m u t a t i o n s — p r o m i s i n g a n y t h i n g f r o m c h a s t e e t e r n a l l o v e t o w i l d n o c t u r n a l e s c a p a d e s — a n d t h e r e y o u w i l l f i n d t h e t r u e e s s e n c e o f i m m o r t a l ­i t y : a d a p t a b i l i t y .

V a m p i r e s f i n d t h e i r n i c h e a n d m u t a t e a t a n a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e n o w — i n t h e p a s t o n e w o u l d s e e , f o r d e c a d e s , t h e s a m e v a r i e t y o f f i e n d , r e p e a t e d i n m u l t i p l e s t o r y l i n e s . N o w , v a m p i r e s s i m u l t a n e ­o u s l y o c c u r i n a l l f o r m s a n d l a p i n t o o u r e v e i ^ y n e e d : s o a p o p e r a s t o r y l i n e s , s e x u a l l i b e r a t i o n , n o i r d e t e c t i v e f i c t i o n , e t c . T h e m y t h s e e m s t o b e t w i t t e r i n g p r o m i s c u o u s l y t o s e r v e a l l a v e n u e s o f l i f e , f r o m c e r e a l b o x e s t o r o m a n t i c fiction. T h e f a s t p a c e o f t e c h n o l o g y a c c e l e r a t e s i t s v i r a l d i s p e r s i o n i n o u r c u l t u r e .

B u t i f P o l i d o r i r e m a i n s t h e r o o t s i n t h e g e n e a l o g y o f o u r c r e a ­t u r e , t h e m o s t w i d e l y k n o w n v a m p i r e w a s b i r l h e d b y B r a m S t o k e r i n 1 8 9 7 .

P a r t o f t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e g r e a t s u c c e s s o f h i s " D r a c u l a " i s g e n e r a l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d t o b e i t s a p p e a r a n c e a t a t i m e o f g r e a t t e c h n o l o g i c a l r e v o l u t i o n . T h e n a r r a t i v e i s f u l l o f n e w g a d g e t s ( t e l e g r a p h s , t y p i n g m a c h i n e s ) , v a r i o u s f o r m s o f c o m m u n i c a ­t i o n ( d i a r i e s , s h i p l o g s ) , a n d c u t t i n g - e d g e s c i e n c e ( b l o o d t r a n s f u ­s i o n s ) — a m a s h - u p o f a n c i e n t m y t h i n c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e w o r l d o f t h e p r e s e n t .

T o d a y a s w e l l , w e s t a n d a t t h e r i c h u n c e r t a i n d a w n o f a n e w l e v e l o f s c i e n t i f i c i n n o v a t i o n . T h e w i r e l e s s t e c h n o l o g y w e c a r r y i n o u r p o c k e t s t o d a y w a s t h e s t u f f o f t h e s c i e n c e fiction i n o u r y o u t h . O u r t e c h n o l o g i c a l a r r o g a n c e m i r r o r s m o r e a n d m o r e t h e W e l l s -i a n ' d y s t o p i a o f d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , w h i l e a l l o w i n g u s t o f e e l s a f e a n d c o n n e c t e d a t a l l t i m e s . W e c a n c a l l , s e e o r h e a r a l m o s t a n y t h i n g a n d a n y o n e n o m a i l e r w h e r e w e a r e . F o r m o s t p e o p l e t h e n , t h e o n l y r e m o t e p l a c e r e m a i n s w i t h i n . " K n o w t h y s e l f " w e d o n o t .

D e s p i t e o u r o b s e s s i v e h a r n e s s i n g o f i n f o r m a t i o n , w e a r e s t i l l i u l t i m a t e l y v u l n e r a b l e t o o u r f a t e s a n d o u r n i g h t m a r e s . W e e n t h r o n e t h e d e a d l y v i r u s i n t h e v e r y s a m e w a y t h a t " D r a c u l a " a l l o w e d t h e B r i t i s h p u b l i c t o b e l i e v e i n m o n s t e r s : t h r o u g h s c i ­e n c e . S c i e n c e b e c o m e s t h e m o d e r n m a n ' s s u p e r s t i t i o n . I t a l l o w s h i m t o e x p e r i e n c e f e a r a n d a w e a g a i n , a n d t o b e l i e v e i n t h e t h i n g s h e c a n n o t s e e .

' W e l l s i a n : R e f e r s t o B r i t i s h w r i t e r H . G . W e l l s (1866-1946), b e s t k n o w n l o i h i s s c i e n c e fiction. [ E d i t o r ' s n o t e . ]

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382 G U I L L E R M O D E L T O R O A N D C H U C K H O G A N

R o b e r t P a t t i n s o n a n d K r i s t e n S t e w a r t i n The T w i l i g h t Saga: New M o o n .

A n d t h r o u g h a w e , w e o n c e a g a i n r e g a i n s p i r i t u a l h u m i l i t y . T h e c u r r e n t v a m p i r e p a n d e m i c s e r v e s t o r e m i n d u s t h a t w e h a v e n o t r u e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r o u r b o d i e s , o u r c l i m a t e o r o u r v e r y s o u l s . M o n s t e r s w i l l a l w a y s p r o v i d e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f m y s t e r y i n o u r m u n d a n e " r e a l i t y s h o w " l i v e s , h i n t i n g a t a l a r g e r s p i r i t u a l w o r l d ; f o r i f t h e r e a r e d e m o n s i n o u r m i d s t , t h e r e s u r e l y m u s t b e a n g e l s l u r k i n g n e a r b y a s w e l l . I n t h e v a m p i r e w e f i n d E r o s a n d T h a n a t o s f u s e d t o g e t h e r i n a r c h e t y p a l e m b r a c e , s p i r a l i n g t h r o u g h t h e a g e s , u n d y i n g .

F o r e v e r .

For Discussion and W r i t i n g 1 . W h a t a r e t h e t w o g r e a t m o n s t e r s o f t h e m o d e r n a g e , a c c o r d i n g t o t l o l

T o r o a r t d H o g a n ? W h e n w e r e t h e y c r e a t e d ? 2. H o w d o d e l T o r o a n d H o g a n u s e c o m p a r i s o n a n d c o n t r a s t t o m a k e

t h e i r a r g u m e n t ? W h e r e d o t h e y u s e h i s t o r i c a l a n a l o g i e s ? P o i n t t o s p e c i f i c e x a m p l e s i n t h e e s s a y a n d e x p l a i n h o w t h e y a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e w r i t e r s ' m a i n p o i n t .

3 . c o n n e c t i o n s T h e w r i t e r s s e e t e c h n o l o g y a s o n e p a r a d o x i c a l s o i i n c o f o u r f e a r s a n d o u r e n d u r i n g f a s c i n a t i o n w i t h m o n s t e r s : " O i n

W H Y V A M P I R E S N E V E R D I E 383

t e c h n o l o g i c a l a r r o g a n c e m i r r o r s m o r e a n d m o r e t h e W e l l s i a n d y s t o p i a o f d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , w h i l e a l l o w i n g u s t o f e e l s a f e a n d c o n ­n e c t e d a t a l l t i m e s . W e c a n c a l l , s e e o r h e a r a l m o s t a n y t h i n g a n d a n y o n e n o m a t t e r w h e r e w e a r e . F o r m o s t p e o p l e t h e n , t h e o n l y r e m o t e p l a c e r e m a i n s w i t h i n . ' K n o w t h y s e l f w e d o n o t " ( p a r . 14). H o w m i g h t S h e r r y T u r k i c r e s p o n d t o t h i s c l a i m a n d e x p l a i n i t s p a r a d o x i n " C a n Y o u H e a r M e N o w ? " ( p . 227)? W o u l d s h e a g r e e t h a t t e c h n o l o g y p r e v e n t s u s f r o m k n o w i n g o u r s e l v e s ?

4. D e l T o r o a n d H o g a n w r i t e : " D e s p i t e o u r o b s e s s i v e h a r n e s s i n g o f i n f o r m a t i o n , w e a r e s t i l l u l t i m a t e l y v u l n e r a b l e t o o u r f a t e s a n d o u r n i g h t m a r e s " ( p a r . 15). W h a t o t h e r c u l t u r a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f o u r " n i g h t m a r e s " c a n y o u i d e n t i f y ? W h a t m o n s t e r s o r i m a g i n a t i v e h o i T o r s d o y o u find c o m p e l l i n g , a l l u r i n g , o r f a s c i n a t i n g ?