Chapter 7 EthnicityWhy Have Ethnicities Engage in

Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide?

• Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans

• Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in sub-Saharan Africa

Nationalism – Loyalty & devotion to a state representing a group’s culture One state above all others

◦ Can hatred unify a group of people?

Positive unification= Centripetal FORCE

forces that unifies people

States promotes nationalism by promoting symbols

(flags, songs, & holidays)

◦ Negative fragmentation = Centrifugal force

forces that divide people Unity achieved by the negative images of others

NATIONALISM

“When we think of the sacrifice and effort, and when we consider the number of all those in past generations

who gave their lives for the survival and greatness of the United States, only then are we really conscious of the magnitude of the duty that is ours. ….Our people

have never been more determined and united than today. The Lord has been so generous to us in recent years that we bow in gratitude for the divine guidance that has permitted us to be members of such a great

nation. We thank Him, and we ask that, along with those in past and future generations of the United States, our

deeds of honor may also be recorded in

the eternal book of American history.”

German Nation,

German

Germany,

!”

-Adolf Hitler, speech to the Reichstag, 2 hours

after declaring war against the United States.

December 11th, 1941

Clashes of Ethnicities Over Power SELF-DETERMINATION

◦ Seek to govern themselves

Ethnic groups desire Why?

ETHNIC CLEANSING ◦ Process when a group forcibly removes another

(less powerful) group (What can give one group more power over another group?)

Create an ethnically homogenous state/region everyone is a target

Can force a group to move out of their borders

Genocide◦ The deliberate killing of a large groups of people

◦ Mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.

Can be an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group

Genocide

explained

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3P16c8G4qY&pbjreload=10

Eight Stages of Genocide by Dr. Gregory Stanton

Important steps in preventing future genocides

The first six stages are Early Warnings:

Classification

Symbolization

Dehumanization

Organization

Polarization

Preparation

Seventh & Eighth stages are Existence of Genocide:

Extermination

Denial

Holocaust

Never Again

Ronald Reagan“We who did not go their way owe them this. We must make sure that their deaths have posthumous meaning. We must make sure that from now until the end of days all humankind stares this evil in the face...and only then can we be sure it will never arise again.”Source: Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States, at the cornerstone-laying ceremony for the Museum, October 5, 1988

Unfortunately – History Repeats Itself Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans

◦ Former Yugoslavia SOVIET multiethnic state 6 republics, 5 nationalities, 4 languages, 3 religions, 2 alphabets, &

1 dinar (currency)

Communist leader Josip Broz Tito 1953-1980 = quiet __________ FORCE UNITED YUGOSLAVIA

◦ Yugoslavia broke up at the end of the Cold War in: 1991 – Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Macedonia

Bosnia & Herzegovina

48% Bosnian Muslims – ethnicity (not nationality)

37% Serbs

14% Croats

2006 – Montenegro

2008 – Kosovo – independence from Serbia

SELF-

DETERMINATION

After Tito

died,

Yugoslavia

broke

apart!!!

Break up

video

Break-up

explained

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=Ic5tBXESxl8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjpxPEGTVpA&pbjreload=10

Devolution of a state

- CENTRIFUGAL FORCES = won BALKANIZATION

◦ The breakup of a state due to conflicts among

nationalities / ethnicities

◦ How does this happen?

________________

◦ Yugoslavia broke up in:

1991 – 2008

7 states!

Unfortunately – History Repeats Itself Ethnic Cleansing - Balkans Bosnia 1992-1995

Serbs and Croats fought to not be part of a multiethnic state with a Muslim majority / plurality.

Ethnic cleansing on Bosnian Muslims

GOAL: Reduce their numbers & create an ethnically homogenous

state union with Serbia and Croatia.

Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims created one continuous area of

Bosnia Serb domination rather than several discontinuous ones.

Casualties

100,000

Bosnian War - video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae_cTGvxYGI&pbjreload=10

Unfortunately – History Repeats Itself Ethnic Cleansing - Balkans Kosovo 1998-9

Serbia - multiethnic country post-Yugoslavia breakup Kosovo – ethnically - Albanians 90%

Serbia desired Kosovo ethnic cleansing

Military attacked village & rounded all people there

Segregated people & forced migration

Destroyed the village

3,000-10,000 causalties

United States & Western European countries NATO launched an air attack against Serbia

Bombing ended when Serbia agreed to withdraw all of its soldiers & police from Kosovo

KOSOVO – independence from Serbia in 2008

Note: only 60 states identify sovereign Serbia (not Russia or Serbia)

Kosovo

video

explained

Why

does

Serbs &

Albanians

hate each

other

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOKCDbiGCbohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57YA5yIRrgg&pbjreload=10

Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in

Sub-Saharan Africa SUDAN

◦ Civil Wars 1980s – 2011between Arab-Muslim in north & other ethnicities in south, west, & east

South Sudan

Black Christian & animist ethnicities resisted government

attempts to convert the country (1983-2005)

Death of 1.9 million Sudanese

2011 – independent state

NOTE: Still debate on the

boundary between Sudan &

South Sudan

Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in

Sub-Saharan Africa SUDAN darfur

◦ Religious Civil War ethnic war

◦ Darfur’s black Africans launched a rebellion in 2003 because of discrimination experienced.

Marauding Arab nomads = janjaweed & Sudanese

government crushed the farmer rebellion.

480,000 have been killed.

2.8 million live in refugee camps in harsh conditions

Mass murder & rape genocide

War Crimes against Sudan’s leaders

Why would there not be conflict in Sudan’s capital,

Khartaoum?

Sudan – Genocide 2008

explained

Land in Sudan

explained

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8__o6mzsX0&pbjreload=10https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mo3L2EU5FGs&pbjreload=10

Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in East Africa◦ Hutus & Tutsis

Similar culture: same language, similar beliefs, & practice

similar customs

Intermarriage lessened the physical differences

HUTUS: settled farmers Rwanda & Burundi (Great Lakes)

TUTSIS: cattle herders Rwanda & Burundi (Rift Valley)

Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in East Africa

Rwanda GENOCIDE – 100 days◦ Genocide - Hutus murdering 800,000 Tutsis in 1994

& sympathetic Hutus

◦ Colonial history Germany Belgium Belgium's gave Tutsis more privileges government

1962 – Hutus gained power after independence & committed genocide then refugees to Uganda

Descendants of ethnically cleansed invaded in 1990

Agreement to share power in 1993

◦ Airplane carrying presidents of Rwanda & Burundi shot down ???

◦ Tutsis gained control & Hutus fled

NOTE: Conflict in the same country

◦ Conflicts can arise when a country contains several ethnicities competing with each other

for control or dominance.

Conflicting traditions of self-rule!

Revival of Ethnic Identity