why don’t buildings behave the way we want them to? rick ... diamond.pdf · styles. office...
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Why don’t buildings perform the way we want them to?
Rick Diamond
Macau Environmental Forum
30-31 March, 2017
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Big Picture
1. Buildings
2. People
3. Change
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1. Buildings
What Drives Energy Demand in Commercial Buildings?
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Understanding Commercial Buildings
• Places to transact commerce
• Investments
• Shaped by many players:
– Designers
– Owners
– Code Officials & Standard Developers
– Marketers
– Others
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Understanding Variability in Energy Demand in Commercial Buildings
• Variability in time: When do people come to work and leave?
• Variability in space: Where are they during the day?
• Variability in activity: What are they doing, what equipment and systems are they using?
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Low-Energy Buildings Do Not Perform as
We Expected
6
Observations:1. Various building types, ages,
locations
2. Average over all projects is not bad
3. Max over-predict by 120%
4. Max under-predict by 65%
5. Almost all under-predictedfor low energy designs
(red triangle: EUI <= 40)
[1 kBtu/ft2 = 3.2 kWh/m2]Source: Energy performance of LEED-NC buildings, NBI, 2008
Design EUI (kBtu/ft2)
Measu
red
EU
I (k
Btu
/ft2
)
Measured=Design
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Occupancy and Energy Demandsource: Menezes et al. 2012
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Improving the Model
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2. People
What goes on in real buildings?
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BuildingOperator Tracks, adjusts Conditions
Decision makers Set the agenda
Workers Have different comfort preferences and work styles.
Office manager Makes purchasingdecisions
IT staff Keeps
the energy consumingcomputers & devices up andrunning.
Many people, many roles, perspectives, & needs
Facility Manager Deals with complaints
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Physical system
System of things-Technologies- Operations
- Design
Social System
System of people- Behavior- Culture- Mission Influence of social system on
building performance
Building Systems
Influence of physical system on human health,
comfort and performance
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How people cope with discomfort
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Add space heater/fan
Adjust thermostat
ENVIRONMENTAL
Adjust clothing
Drink something warm/cold
Complain to facility manager
Complain to coworkers
BEHAVIORAL
Try to ignore
There's nothing I can do
EMOTIONAL
Percent using
J. Heerwagen, R. Diamond and J. Loveland 1993. Post occupancy of Seven Energy Edge Buildings, US Department of Energy.
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Under floor air vent cover
They alter thermal conditions.
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They operate the space and add devices to improve
comfort and convenience.
Personal printerCoffee maker
Personal lamp
Radio
Light on
Computer on
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Glare is a frequent problem
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They disable daylight sensors, de-lamp fixtures, add task lamps, and turn lights back on when automatic sensors turn them off.
J. Heerwagen, R. Diamond, and J. Loveland, 1993. Post Occupancy EvaluationOf Seven Energy Edge Buildings, US Department of Energy.
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People are not passive recipients of design--they actively alter the environment to increase their
comfort and reduce distractions.
We want to save energy
They want to be comfortable and productive.
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Implications for energy reduction
Energy reduction goals and technologies are at risk when they are perceived as interfering with personal goals and perceived needs.
How do we counteract this problem?
How do we support and encourage change?
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A Key Barrier:Energy not only supports an organization’s mission and work. It also makes our desires possible – comfort, status, convenience.
This is why it’s hard to change.
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Key Questions
• Can deliberate behavioral modifications change current energy habits? And create new, more energy efficient habits?
• What is the impact on energy use compared to existing conditions? (Need pre and post data)
• Which behavioral change strategies are most effective and under what contexts?
• How do we maintain change over time? (tendency to revert to old habits is strong)
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3. Change
How do we change the demand for energy in Commercial Buildings?
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A Model for Behaviour Change
B = M * A * C
B = Behaviour Change
M = Motivation
A = Ability
C = Context
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A Model for Creating and Maintaining Behavioral Change
Behavior Change = Motivation * Ability * Context
Do you wantto change the behavior?
Are you able to?Do you havecontrol?
Does thecontext aidor inhibitthe change?
What behavior?Whose?
In order to change a system, you need to change the behaviors of many people in many roles.
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HighMotivation
LowAbility
High Ability
People may bewilling to try hard to change
Change is jeopardized
Change most likely to occurwhen ability & motivation are high
Change may occur If behavior is simple
LowMotivation
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What Next?
Q. How do we change the culture of how we design, inhabit, and operate buildings?
A. Slowly and incrementally, within the existing rules, roles, and organizational infrastructure
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Using Existing Channels
Working with:
1. Architects
2. Engineers
3. Simulation experts
4. Construction specifiers
5. Policy makers
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Working with architects
For whom are they designing:
A. Owners—repeat clients
B. Occupants—user satisfaction
C. Peers—professional recognition
D. Awards
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Working with Engineers
Where do engineers turn for new information?
A. Their experience
B. Peers
C. Professional handbooks
D. Other
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Working with Simulation Experts
• How do they model people?
• What are the people doing?
• When and where are they doing things?
• Working with IEA Annex 66: Definition and Simulation of Occupant Behavior in Buildings
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Working with Construction Specifiers
CSI Division 50 -- Behavior50.1 Whose Behavior
50.1.1 Occupants
50.1.2 Operators
50.1.3 Owners
50.1.4 Other
50.2 What Behavior50.2.1 Thermal control
50.2.2 Window management
50.2.3 Energy management
50.2.4 Other
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Working with Policy Makers
• Building Codes
• Benchmarking
• Technology Assessment
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Unfinished Business
Unfinished buildings
Unfinished polices
Unfinished conversations