whs ap psychology unit 8: motivation, emotion and stress essential task 8-7: compare and contrast...
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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task 8-7: Compare and contrast the major theories of emotion James–Lange Theory, Cognitive Appraisal Theory, Schachter two-factor theory, Cannon–Bard Theory and Opponent Process Theory.
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We are here
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources Measures
Theories
Effects Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction
TheoryArousal Theory
Intrinsic/Extrinsic
Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression,
achievement and sex)
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Essential Task 8-7:
• What are emotions?• Theories of Emotion
– James–Lange Theory– Cannon–Bard Theory– Cognitive Appraisal Theory– Schachter Two-factor theory– Opponent Process Theory
Outline
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Emotion
• The experience of feelings• Can activate and affect behavior but it is
more difficult to predict the behavior prompted by a motivation
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Basic Emotions
• Fear• Surprise• Sadness• Disgust
• Anger• Anticipation• Joy• Acceptance
• Plutchik proposed that there are eight basic emotions
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Plutchik’s Basic Emotions
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Basic Emotions
• Some have criticized Plutchik’s model as applying only to English-speakers
• Primary vs. Secondary Emotions– Be evident in all cultures– Contribute to survival– Distinct facial expression– Evident in Nonhuman primates
• Revised model of basic emotions includes:– Happiness– Surprise– Sadness– Fear– Disgust– Anger
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Theories
1. James-Lange Theory2. Cannon-Bard Theory3. Schachter-Singer Theory4. Opponent Process Theory5. Cognitive-Appraisal Theory
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James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl Lange proposed
an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense
view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that
physiological activity precedes the
emotional experience.
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James-Lange theory
Body = emotion
“Without the bodily states following on the perception, the latter would be purely cognitive in form; pale, colorless, destitute of emotional warmth. We might then see the bear, and judge it best to run... But we should not actually feel afraid.” (William James, 1890)
James, 1890, v. 2, p. 449 (Gleitman)
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James-Lange theory
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2. James-Lange theory
• Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel
emotions.• Test: Interview people with high vs. low spinal
cord injuries
High spinal cord injury: “Sometimes I act angry... But it doesn’t have the heat to
it that it used to. It’s a mental kind of anger.”
Hohman, 1966, pp. 150-151 (Carlson)
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James-Lange theory
• Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in
order to feel emotions.– Results 1: The body may be necessary
to have a full emotional experience.
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James-Lange theory
• Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel
emotions– Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a full
emotional experience.
• Hypothesis 2: All you need is your body to know what emotion to feel.
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James-Lange theory
• Situation bodily reaction emotion
FEAR
LOVE?
or
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James-Lange theory
• Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel
emotions– Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a full
emotional experience.
• Hypothesis 2: The body can tell you precisely which emotion to feel.– Test: Gave people a dose of adrenaline:
“I feel as if I’m angry or afraid”
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James-Lange theory• Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in
order to feel emotions– Results 1: The body may be necessary
to have a full emotional experience.• Hypothesis 2: The body can tell you
precisely which emotion to feel.– Results 2: The body is not ALL that is
necessary to have a fully emotional experience.
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Facial-Feedback
– Stimuls invokes physiological arousal including movement of facial muscles
– Brain interprets facial expression which gives rise to your emotion
– Sequence• Stimulus (See snake)• Make a face (fearful)• Brain reads face• Emotion (fear)
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Spill over effect
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event. Spill over
effect
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.
Arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it.
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Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard
questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that
an emotion-triggering stimulus
and the body's arousal take place
simultaneously.
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Cannon-Bard Theory
• See snake, run and fear simultaneous
• Stimulus to thalamus -- sends simultaneous messages to:– Lymbic system (arousal)– Cortex (fear)
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Cognitive-Appraisal Theory
• Sequence– Stimulus (object, event, or thought)– Appraisal of how this affects your well-
being (consciously or unconsciously)– Emotion (fear, anger, happiness, …)– Physiological responses and behavior
• For an emotion to occur, it is necessary to first think about the situation.
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Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel
(emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?
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Schachter-Singer Theory Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
proposed yet another theory
which suggests our physiology and
cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal
and cognitive label.
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The Schachter theory
• Situation bodily reaction emotion + cognitive appraisal
FEAR
LOVE
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3. The Schachter theory
• Testing the theory:• Hypothesis: The same bodily reaction
will cause one emotion in one situation, and another emotion in a different situation. – Give people a dose of adrenaline;– Put them in different situations;– What happens?
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• Testing the theory:• Schachter & Singer 1962:
3. The Schachter theory
VERY ANGRY!
VERY EXCITED!
(know what pill does)
Least angry
Least excited
Medium angry!
(didn’t take pill)
Medium excited!
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Opponent Process Theory
• Opponent process theory suggests that any given emotion also has an opposed emotion. (Fear/Relief or Sadness/Happiness)
• Activation of one member of the pair automatically suppresses the opposite emotion
• But the opposing emotion can serve to diminish the intensity of the initial emotion.
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Opponent-Process Theory
• Solomon and Corbit (1974)– The opponent-process theory states that
when one emotion is experienced, the other is suppressed. For example, if you are frightened by a mean dog, the emotion of fear is expressed and relief is suppressed. If the fear-causing stimulus continues to be present, after a while the fear decreases and the relief intensifies.
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Opponent Process Theory
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