(Where I get off telling you…) Where you should publish:

Open access, NIH public access, and ‘Green’ Journals

can affect journal article impact

Jason Price PhD, Life Science Librarian

Libraries of the Claremont Colleges

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Summer Research Seminar Series

Claremont Colleges, July 2006

Outline

• OA Definition and personal motivation• Why Open Access?

– Availability– Impact

• Roads to OA – OA Journals– OA backfiles– NIH Public Access Policy & FRPAA– Self-Archiving articles in ‘Green’ journals

Anti-Outline

What I won’t tell you:• that you must publish in an OA journal to

get this advantage

• that this data argues you need to change where you publish

• that you need to pay to publish your articles

Open Access definition and delivery• OA Articles are:

– digital, online, free of charge to reader – free of most © restrictions

• Removes barriers of PRICE & Permission• Delivery requires:

– Copyright holder’s consent– Infrastructure to make articles electronically

available

• Delivered thru: – OA Journals– OA archives/repositories

Why Open Access? (Theory)

• ‘Costs’ of article production – Research & Writing– Reviewing– Funding

• ‘Benefits’ of article production– $$$ to profit maximizing publishers/shareholders

Why Open Access?

• ‘Costs’ of article production – Research & Writing– Reviewing– Funding

• ‘Benefits’ of article production– $$$ to profit maximizing publishers/shareholders– $ to societies and their members– Communication of results (but to whom?)

Local access to CC author’s articles

Leased package

24%

OA journal

2%

OA14%

OA article6%

OA repository

6%

Not licensed

13% Not available

3%

Subscribe46%

Hypothetical Access w/o Seaver fund

Subscribe16%Leased

package8%

Not available

3%

Other14%

OA journal

2%

Not licensed

59%

OA article6%

OA repository

6%

Repository?

Repository?

Article Impact

• Impact = Times cited

• Forthcoming measures– # of downloads ?– Intensity of discussion ?

• But for now = Times cited

Open access articles have higher impact

Computer Science (Impact)Steve Lawrence

NEC Research InstitutePrinceton, NJ

OA Impact Advantage Physics & Mathematics

Harnad et al 2004

(Physics and Mathematics)

Effect of arXiv

2003

-

Davis and Fromerth, 2006

Test of an alternative hypothesis

Citation #(Impact)

Within Venue(N = 1494)

Top Venues(N = 20)

Not freely available

= 2.74

Freely Available

= 7.03

Increase157%

= 336%

= 158%

= 286%

= 284%

x

x

xx~ x~

x

Data from Lawrence

Critics Say…• Can’t assume equality of article value within a

journal: 15% of the articles get 50% of citations, and 50% get 90% of citations

Zipf's Law (hypothetical data)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Article (ordered by citation frequency)

Tim

es C

ited

50%

90%

Davis and Fromerth, 2006

Trophy Effect?

Importance effect?

Wren 2005 BMJ

• Statistically rigorous study found an significant effect of OA status for articles in PNAS

Impact Conclusions • Evidence suggests that freely available

articles are cited more frequently

• Not clear whether there is a bias in availability which could be due to:– Demand/Trophy Effect– Earlier dissemination– ‘Research 1’ effect– Multiple copy/Prevalence effect

Roads to Open Access

Gold Road: Open Access Journals

Advantages Limitations

•OA from birth•Does not rely on commercial publishers for peer review•Direct indexing in usual places•Authoritative copy

•Author-pay model common ($2000)•Business models still uncertain•Still limited selection/ prestige

Open Access Journal IF

Title Rank# in

CategoryPercentile

RankPLOS Biology 1 65 98.5PLOS Biology 7 261 97.3PLOS Medicine 7 105 93.3Genome Biology (BMC) 4 139 97.1BMC Bioinformatics 13 139 90.6BMC Genomics 17 139 87.8BMC Structural Biology 8 65 87.7BMC Developmental Biology 6 33 81.8BMC Evolutionary Biology 6 33 81.8BMC Molecular Biology 54 261 79.3BMC Neuroscience 79 200 60.5BMC Cell Biology 71 153 53.6BMC Genetics 84 124 32.3

2005 Impact Factor

Yellow Road: Embargoed Open Access journal backfiles

• Many journals make ‘their’ content freely available 6 mos – 3 years after publication

• Good lists of these journals are hard to find – large and in constant flux– Publisher interest in keeping it a secret (from

subscribers)

• Changes are coming which should make these more apparent in our ejournal list

NIH Public Access Policy (May 2005)

• Who: Authors supported by NIH grants (Voluntary, but…)

• What: Final peer-reviewed author’s copy (MS)

• Where: PubMed Central

• When: ASAP (and within 12 months)

• Why: “Archive, Advance Science, Access”

• Cost: $3.5mil/year -- .0125% of NIH budget and 10% of what they currently spend on page charges & other journal subsidies

An example

Is it working? • Rate of author compliance: below 4% (as of Jan

2006)

• Some publishers offering to deposit for their NIH funded authors (but not till 12 month limit)

• Nov 2005 NLM board of regents endorsed recommendations to strengthen to requirement within 6 months

• Applies to 65,000 papers per year (but this is just 10% of annual biomedical articles)

FRPAA: a big next step? (05-2006)

Federal Research Public Access Act of 2006 (S.2695)Sponsors Cornyn (R-TX) and Lieberman (D-CT)

Requires every govt. agency w/ extramural research budget >$100 Mil to:

1) require each wholly or partially govt funded researcher to submit peer-reviewed version of MS

2) preserve in stable digital repository that permits free public access, interoperability, long-term preservation

3) Require that free online access be available ASAP no later than 6 mos. after publication in peer-rev. journal

Alliance for Taxpayer Access American Association of Law LibrariesAmerican Library Association Association of College and Research LibrariesAssociation of Research Libraries BioMedCentralChemists without Borders CPTechGenetic Alliance GNU EPrintsGreater Western Library Alliance International Mosaic Down Syndrome AssociationMedical Library Association Public KnowledgeSpecial Libraries Association University of Florida Student Senate

Steinbrook 2006 NEJM

Self-Archiving: The green road

94% of 9300 journals processed allow Self-Archiving http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php

Elsevier 1882Kluwer (now part of Springer) 837Springer Verlag (Germany) 502John Wiley & Sons 412SAGE Publications (UK and US) 368Haworth Press 254Cambridge University Press 186Emerald 171BioMed Central 144Wiley-VCH Verlag Berlin 122Inderscience 119Brill Academic Publishers 112Interperiodica 98Maney Publishing 97Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)90Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 89IOS Press 61Johns Hopkins University Press 58American Psychological Association 48EDP Sciences 48Institute of Physics 42Association for Computing Machinery 40

Taylor & Francis 909Blackwell Publishing 698Oxford University Press 188World Scientific Publishing 104Marcel Dekker (now owned by Taylor & Francis)83Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press 56University of Chicago Press 50Nature Publishing Group * 47Taylor & Francis (CRC Press) 28Taylor & Francis (Psychology Press) 27Institute of Electrical, Information and Communication Engineers26INFORMS (Institute for Operations Research and Managemen TSciences)13Yale Law School 9Stanford University Law School 7American Society of Plan TBiologists 2Association of Applied Biologists 1

Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins 287Mary Ann Liebert 56American Chemical Society 35American Society of Civil Engineers 30American Society of Mechanical Engineers 29Adis Online 28Royal Society of Medicine 23Sheffield Academic Press 17American Physiological Society 16American Medical Association 11American Sociological Association 10Georgetown University Law Center 10Imperial College Press 9American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics7American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics5Endocrine Society 5Academy of Management 4Geological Society of America 4

Assistance in Self-Archiving

• The CCDL (Claremont Colleges Digital Library) is ready to build an institutional repository

• We can work together to make as many of your articles freely available as possible

• Next steps– Identify articles that are eligible for self-archiving– Locate appropriate manuscript/copy-edited version– Sign forms & deposit

• Please sign sheet indicating interest level

Yes, I a want to self-archive

As many as possible as soon as possible

I would be interested in archiving my new articles

as they come out

I would willingly self-archive if my institution required it

I object to the idea or work involved in self-archiving

ArXiv example

Your name here!