where price come from: the interaction of supply and demand
TRANSCRIPT
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L03 Where Price Come From: The Interaction of Supply
and Demand
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Motivation
How are things priced?
Ipod vs… Netbook
ANS:
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Supply and Demand
Demand – Think Consumer
Supply – Think Producer
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Demand Definition: The relationship between price and
quantity demanded, all else held constant. •Example: Demand for Sports Teams
•What happens to quantity
demanded as price rises?
•ANS: •What happens when Price Falls?
•ANS:
Quantity (Attendance)
Price
(Ticket
Price)
Demand
•What causes movement
along a demand curve?
•ANS
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Demand Curve
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11
Price
Quantity 0
Price Quantity$0.00 120.50 101.00 81.50 62.00 42.50 23.00 0
Demand Schedule
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Demand Definitions
◦Demand schedule A table showing the relationship
between the price and quantity demanded of a
product.
◦Demand curve A curve that shows the relationship
between the price and quantity demanded of a
product.
◦Quantity demanded The amount of a good or
service that a consumer is willing and able to purchase
at a given price.
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Demand Obtain a demand curve by
holding all other variables
constant, and changing the price
only.
Pri
ce
Quantity 25
$2.7
$3.0
20
This is called
Movement
Along a
Demand
Curve Or a
change in
Quantity Demanded
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Demand Shifters If something changes other than price, what
happens to the demand curve?
It shifts! Pri
ce
Quantity
Increase in demand
(Shift to the Right)
Decrease in demand
Shift to the Left
Y1
X1 X2
Notice, X2 > X1
X3
Notice, X3 < X1
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Demand Shifters
5 most important
1. Consumer Income
2. Prices of Related Goods
3. Tastes
4. Population and Demographics
5. Expected Future Prices
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Demand Shifters
5 most important
1. Consumer Income – Goes Up
Normal Good – When Income goes up, demand for a
good increases (shifts to the right)
Inferior Good – When Income goes up, demand for a
good decreases (shifts to the left)
2. Prices of Related Goods
3. Tastes
4. Population and Demographics
5. Expected Future Prices
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Demand Shifters
5 most important
2. Prices of Related Goods
Substitutes – Goods that can be used for the same
purpose
When the price of MP3s on Walmart.com goes down, what
happens to the demand for MP3s on Amazon.com?
ANS:_____________________________.
When the price of MP3s on Walmart.com goes up, what
happens to the demand for MP3s on Amazon.com?
ANS:________________________________
Demand for
MP3s at
Amazon.com
Price at Amazon Price at Amazon
Q MP3s
Q MP3s
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Demand Shifters
5 most important
2. Prices of Related Goods
Complements: Goods and services that are used
together
What happens to the demand for iPods when the price on iTunes
goes down?
ANS:_______________________________________
What happens to the demand for iPods when the price on iTunes
goes up?
ANS:______________________________________
Demand for
iPods
Quantity of iPods
Price of iPods
Price of iPods
Quantity of iPods
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Demand Shifters
5 most important
3. Tastes
What will happen to the demand for South Beach Diet
books when all of the sudden people change their tastes
towards the South Beach Diet?
ANS:__________________________________
What will happen to the demand for Crocs when
everyone begins to think they are not so neat?
ANS:__________________________________
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Demand Shifters
5 most important
4. Population and Demographics
5. Expected Future Prices
What happens to demand for gas in the current time
period if you expect the price to go up in the future?
ANS
What happens to the demand for MP3s in the current
period if you expect prices to be slashed in the future?
ANS:
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Demand “D” “D”ownward sloping
Why is Demand downward sloping?
◦ Substitution Effect – When the price of
something goes up, consumers substitute less
expensive forms goods.
◦ Income Effect – When the price of something
goes up, consumers have less purchasing
power.
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Supply – Think like A Producer
Estimate the Supply of ….
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Law of Supply Definition: The relationship between price and quantity
supplied, all else equal
1 5
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
0
S
1.00 A
C $3.00
What happens to
Quantity Supplied as price
increases?
ANS: _______________
What Causes
Movement along
the supply
Curve?
ANS: ________
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Supply Curve
$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11
Price
of Ice-
Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
0
Price Quantity
$0.00 0
0.50 0
1.00 1
1.50 2
2.00 3
2.50 4
3.00 5
Supply Schedule
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Increase in Supply
Change in Supply
Price
Quantity
0
S1 S2
S3
Decrease in Supply
Y1
X1 X2 X3
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A SHIFT UP IS NOT AN INCREASE IN
SUPPLY!
Price
Quantity
0
S1
S3
Decrease in Supply
Y1
X1 X3
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Market Equilibrium
Price
Quantity
S
D
PE
QE
QD=QS
Equilibrium:
When quantity
Supplied
Equals
Quantity
Demanded
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Supply and Demand Together
Price Quantity
$0.00 0
0.50 0
1.00 1
1.50 4
2.00 7
2.50 10
3.00 13
Price Quantity
$0.00 19
0.50 16
1.00 13
1.50 10
2.00 7
2.50 4
3.00 1
Demand Schedule Supply Schedule
What is the equilibrium Price and
Quantity?
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Supply Shifters
1. Increase in the price of Inputs
2. Technological Advancement
3. Increase in the price of a substitute in PRODUCTION
• Consider market for regular iPods, What happens to the supply of
iPods when the price of the Touch goes up?
4. Number of Firms in the market increases
5. Expected Future Prices
• If you expect future prices to go up, are you interested in
selling more or less now?
• Less!
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Disequilibrium in the Market: Excess Supply
At P*, QS > QD
Excess supply puts downward pressure on the price. i.e. producers having sales
As the price falls,
QD rises
(a to b, law of demand)
and QS falls
(c to b, law of supply) to bring the market to equilibrium.
P
Q
S
D
PE
QE
P* QS at P*
QD at P*
Surplus or excess supply
a
b
c
Qd Qs
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Disequilibrium in the Market: Excess Demand
At P*, QD > QS
Excess demand puts
upward pressure on
the price.
As the price rises,
QD falls
(a to b, law of
demand)
and QS rises
(c to b, law of supply)
to bring the market
to equilibrium.
P
Q
S
D
PE
QE
P* QS at P*
QD at P*
Shortage or excess demand
c
b
a
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What Happens when Price is too
low? Price allocates goods and services in a
Market Economy
What happens when Price is too low?
Example: Black Friday
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The Effects of Shifts on Equilibrium
SUPPLY CURVE
UNCHANGED
SUPPLY CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT
SUPPLY CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE LEFT
DEMAND CURVE
UNCHANGED
Q unchanged
P unchanged
DEMAND CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT
Q increases
P increases
DEMAND CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE LEFT
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P
Q
So
D1
PE1
QE1
PEo
Do
QEo
•Demand
increases (shift to
the right)
•What happens
to supply?
•ANS:____
•What Happens
to Quantity
Supplied?
•ANS:____
•What happens
to Equilibrium
Price? Quantity?
•ANS:____
The Effects of Shifts on Equilibrium
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The Effects of Shifts on Equilibrium
SUPPLY CURVE
UNCHANGED
SUPPLY CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT
SUPPLY CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE LEFT
DEMAND CURVE
UNCHANGED
Q unchanged
P unchanged 2 5
DEMAND CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT
Q increases
P increases 3 6
DEMAND CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE LEFT 1 4 7
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P
Q
So
D1
PE1
QE1
PEo
Do
QEo
•Demand and
Supply increase
(shift to the
right)
•What happens
to Equilibrium
Price and
Quantity using S1
and D1?
•ANS:____
•What Happens
to Equilibrium P
and Q using S2
and D1?
The Effects of Shifts on Equilibrium
S1
S2
PE2
QE2
•ANS:____
•Table entry: Q increases, P increases or decreases
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The Effects of Shifts on Equilibrium
SUPPLY CURVE
UNCHANGED
SUPPLY CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT
SUPPLY CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE LEFT
DEMAND CURVE
UNCHANGED
Q unchanged
P unchanged 2 5
DEMAND CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT
Q increases
P increases 3 6
DEMAND CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE LEFT 1 4 7