wheat production

7/24/2019 Wheat Production

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SpecialtyCorn Review

Uses Livestock = 40%

Ethanol = 35%

Export = 14%

Wet mill = 8%

Dry mill & alkaline cook =2%

Food-grade white and YellowCorn Similar production practices to field

corn

Hard endosperm, high test weight,low stress cracks, bright color, noaflatoxin

Transgenes available, use dependson market

Harvest gently, natural air dry tominimize stress cracks

Buyers call bushel contracts, strictquality criteria

Identity preservation rotation,

isolation, volunteer corn, cleanequipment

Enogen Corn Amylase corn for dry grind ethanol

Contract ($0.40 0.50/bu premium) Farmer Ethanol plant Syngenta

Similar to field corn, but isolation Usually deliver directly to the

ethanol plant


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Seed Corn Review

Economically important to NE

Cropping systems

Rotation with soybean

Ridge till with stalk grazing andcover crop

Planting

4 female: 1 male most common

Split (delays) planting

N management

Lower rate due to lower yield

Less vigorous root system

Weed management

Small plants, topped anddetasseled

Male rows destroyed

Early harvest

Genetic purity

Cutter, mechanical and manualdetasseled

Isolation

Harvest on ear at physiologicalmaturity

Condition at seed plant Market in 25% increments in market

year


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Popcorn Review, & Harvest & Drying

Seed provided no GMO (Scout, use pesticides, loweconomic threshold due to high value; corn ear worm

Lower yield, higher lodging potential Lower N rate

Harvest late allow to dry in field (16% ideal)

To maintain quality (expansion volume) But increases lodging potential

Clean combine or dedicated combine

Gentle avoid mechanical damage

Avoid augers

Grind off sharp edges of combine

Drying (low temperature) andstorage at the processor facility


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Identity Preservation Clean planter

Volunteer corn Isolation not as critical as for other specialty

corn grains


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Contracts and Marketing

Acre contracts rather than bushel contracts

Buy seed from processor no choice in hybrid selection

Yields multiplied by a factor based upon yield potential

Require scout

Cost of Production Summary

Lower fertilizer, seed and hauling expense

No storage and drying expense

Higher insecticide and fungicide expense

Herbicide cost ?


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Skip High Nutritional Quality

Corn

Guide Page V-11 bottom half


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Winter Wheat Production


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Wheat Uses (2011-12)

Export


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Dry Milled Products -Wheat

Flour (food & other uses) High-value product for wheat dry milling

Feed by-products (bran and germ)

White pericarp (white wheat)sometimes preferred

Protein content of at least

12% for bread baking


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COMPLEMENTATION

SELECTION STRATEGY No single perfect hybrid/variety

Complementation allows one to

offset potential weaknesses of a hybrid/variety

with strengths of other hybrids/varieties


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COMPLEMENTATIONSELECTION STRATEGY

Steps identify workhorse

(i.e. proven) hybrids/varieties [Largelypublic released variety has 26% turnover

rate, but best varieties remain availablelonger]

Complement based on production practices (no-till, narrow row, etc.)

soil conditions (high pH, low fertility, etc.) likely pest problems (other hazards)

range of maturities (minimize pollination & frost risk)

different genetics (different parents - broaden

genetic diversity)


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Wheat Variety Characteristics

Reading Assignment


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WINTER WHEAT MATURITY

CLASSIFICATION Less precise than for summer annual crops

Relative differences

early mid (medium)

late

Highest yielding variety depends on

solar radiation [water adequate] (medium to late)

water limiting, especially during grain fill (early)


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WHEAT GROWTH PROPERTY -

GROWTH HABIT Dwarf-Green Revolution wheat and

rice, responds to water, nitrogen andhigh production inputs with minimalproblems with lodging.

Not grown in Nebraska. Why?


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GROWTH HABIT Tall - more resistant to stresses, but

susceptible to lodging

Widely grown in Nebraska


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GROWTH HABIT Semi-dwarf

intermediate plant height, but classified short in

NE much less lodging potential than for tall growth

habit

short coleoptile (this is the distinguishingfactor!)

genetically distinct from tall and dwarf growthhabits


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GROWTH HABITYield potential - depends on the production

conditionshigh yield environment- semi-dwarf is higher

due to being more responsive to management inputs (especially N

and water)

lower lodging potentiallow to intermediate yield environment- tall is

higher due to greater stress tolerance better able to adapt to growing conditions


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WHEAT GROWTH PROPERTY -GROWTH HABIT

Lodging tolerance directly related to plant height

Emergence problems planting in dry soils

greater planting depth to place seed inmoist soil

coleoptile length becomes important shorter for semi-dwarf, thus

more potential for emergence problems

less flexibility in adjusting planting depth


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Water Management - Wheat

Trend towards less tillage

Soil erosion

Water conservation

However, wheat tillage commonly used

Firm seedbed for rapid emergence

Kill weeds (fall planting, warm soil temp,weeds emerge rapidly)

Narrow rows helps with weed competition


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Cropping System

West Fallow

Disk, field cultivate, rod weeder for soilpreparation and weed management


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Cropping

System West Stubble mulch

V-blade (Fallow Master, Noble blade) undercutsstubble and weeds, usually rod weeder used later

Leaves residue standing to catch snow, reduce weedspeed at the soil surface, and reduce evaporation


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Cropping System No-till - statewide, but especially in eco-fallow

(wheatecofallowcornfallow wheat) systems

Conventional (disk and/or field cultivator)planting wheat after other grain crop in higher

rainfall areas


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PLANTING DATE - WINTERWHEAT

Too early?

excessive fall growth

depletion of soil water possible winter kill

root and crown rots / cephalosporiumstripe

translocation ability

winter kill


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Too early?

more virus disease problems (wheatstreak, soil-borne, high plains, barleyyellow dwarf) - longer window for infectionand more time for disease to develop beforewinter

Hessian fly insoutheast


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Too late?

lower yield potential

less time for tiller initiation in the fall

results in fewer spikes being produced

wind erosion due to inadequate soil cover

winter kill

probability of undesirableweather for planting


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PLANTING DATE - WINTER

WHEAT Recommendation varies depending

upon production region in Nebraska

Southeast?

plant after the Hessian Fly free date

Southwest?

about Sept. 15 to have adequate, but notexcessive, growth going into winter


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PLANTING DATE - WINTER

WHEAT Recommendation varies depending

upon production region in Nebraska

West (Panhandle)

elevation due temperature effects upon therate of growth

3500 ft = Sept. 15 each 100 ft increase, plant one day earlier

5000 ft = Sept. 1


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Row Spacing - Winter Wheat

Yield Potential in semi-arid Climate

relatively low, thus little advantage of

extremely narrow rows same yield produced in 6 to 16 inch rows

high yield environments in Europe often use

row spacing as narrow as 4 inches

Row spacing varies from 6 - 10 inches in

southeastern NE compared to 10 to 14

inches in western NE. Why?


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Winter Wheat

Yield potential in semi-arid climate

relatively low & does not vary with row

spacing (within a reasonable range)

row spacing decision not due to grain yield

response


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Winter Wheat

Weed Problems - competition with

winter annual weeds greaterin narrow

rows

higher precipitation in eastern NE

more annual weed problems

narrow rows


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Winter Wheat

Potential for soil erosion (water vs. wind)

Wide rows allow deeper furrows, thus

Rough surface reduces wind erosion Facilitates no-till planting

Narrow rows allow faster canopy cover, thus

greater help in reducing water erosion


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Wheat Seeding Rate/Plant Pop

Seed size varies greatly! (10,000 to 20,000seeds per pound)

West and southwest 40 - 60 lbs./acre = 600,000 to 900,000 seeds

500,000 to 750,000 plants/acre

Southeast 60 - 90 lbs./acre = 900,000 to 1,350,000 seeds

750,000 to 1,100,000 plants/acre

Irrigated 70150 lbs/acre = 1,000,000 to 2,500,000 seeds

850,000 to 2,000,000 plants/acre


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Wheat N Fertilizer Recommendations

Maximum of 100 lbs/a for dryland, 150 lbs/afor irrigated

Algorithm

N rate (lbs/a) =[(N Price/Wheat Price) + (Soil N03-N/68.7)

0.235] X (-725)

See reading assignmentEC143 Fertilizing WinterWheat

Topdress spring application

recommended


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Other N Fertilizer Considerations

N credits Soybean previous crop

credit since fall planted after soybean harvest

Irrigation water similar to corn

N additions

Increase grain protein add 20 lbs/a for each1% increase in protein desired

Wheat after wheat with highyield add 20 lbs/a

Over application leads to

lodging


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Wheat Sufficiency Levels

Lime - pH = 5.5 or lower (economic response) Phosphorus = 25 ppm (higher than for other

crops; important for tillering and preventing

winterkill) Potassium = 125 ppm

Zinc = 0.4 ppm

Sulfur = irrigated sandy soils with low OM andS levels up to 20 lbs/a

Chloride recommended in S. Dakota, but notNE

A i t P A li ti R t B d


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Approximate P Application Rates Basedon Bray-1 Soil Test (50 bu/acre Yield)

0 to 5 ppm = 60 lbs P2O5 5 to 10 ppm = 45 lbs P

2

O5

10 to 15 ppm = 30 lbs P2O5 15 to 25 ppm = 20 lbs P2O5


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PHOSPHORUS Placement

BandApply with seed

Dual placement (liquid 10-34-0 injected with

NH3)

Reduce application rate by 50% comparedto broadcast when band applied


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Irrigation 5% of NE Crop Crop ET

Two peaks (fall and late spring, the latteris greater due to higher LAI)

Transpiration near zero during winter,

evaporation continues Peak ET at boot to early grain fill stages

Wheat is suited for limited irrigation

Relatively low water use (16 inches) Winter annual growth cycle

Anthesis most sensitive to stress

expected precipitation and temperatures


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Irrigation Timing

Fall

Dependent on precipitation received

Before planting germination

Early growth soil water in top 2 ft of soil

Early spring

Risk of bringing plant out of dormancy too early

Soil profile usually is at field capacity

Avoid unless severe water stress


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Irrigation Timing

Boot through grain fill

May need to start early to assure adequate

water stored in soil

Boot through early grain fill stages critical

3 to 4 inches required in last 4 weeks

Monitor Precipitation

Soil water

Crop ET


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Over Irrigation Precautions

Lodging

Disease infestation


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Weed Management

Planted into warm, moist soil ideal for rapid

weed growth Weed free seedbed critical using obtained

by tillage for fallow and/or preparation of a

firm seedbed


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Weed Management Crop competition critical as essentially no

herbicides for grass weed control: ExceptionsBeyond but requires Clearfield varieties

Maverick, Olympus, Powerflex for control of

downy brome Many herbicides for

broadleaf weed

control

Rusts


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Rusts Leaf, stem and stripe rusts when severe can

reduce yields 40 to 100% Resistant varieties

Rust fungi develop resistance rapidly

Reduce risk by planting different varieties

Rusts


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Rusts

Apply foliar fungicides

based upon riskfactors:

Mild winter rust canoverwinter in NE

Susceptibility of variety

Progression of rust fromsouthern states

Wheat growth stage

Rust favorable (wet)weather forecasts

Goal to protect the flagleaf

Complex of Wheat Streak and


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Complex of Wheat Streak andHigh Plains Virus and Curl Mites

Virus is not seed transmittedrequires vector Wheat curl mites transmit virus can survive

only a few days off of host green plant material

Green bridge between previous and new wheatcrop

Volunteer wheat as result of hail stormas crop is maturing (also foxtail millet and

oats) Wind moves curl mites from maturing wheat to

volunteer wheat to new wheat crop fieldsmust be close to one another

Wheat Streak and High Plains


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Wheat Streak and High PlainsVirus Control

Control volunteer wheat or other host crops(foxtail millet ad oats)

Do not plant before recommended date

Plant tolerant varieties Practice good weed control following wheat

harvest (some weeds can serve as hosts for

wheat curl mite)


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Wheat Use Review

Export & dry mill (flour)

12% protein

White pericarp EU & China largest

producers & consumers

U.S. & EU largestexporters

Huge number ofconsumers Egypt &

Brazil largest

Variety selectioncomplementation

strategy Maturity classification

Relative early to late

Depends upon expected

water supply during granfill

Abundant medium to late

Limited - early

Wheat Growth Properties & Pest Review


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Wheat Growth Properties & Pest Review

Wheat growth habits

dwarf- high yield, low stress(not found in NE)

tall - ability to adapt toconditions (stress tolerant),but in good production

situations can grow excessivelytall & lodge

semi-dwarf- not as stresstolerant but responds to mgt,but do not grow as tall thus

less lodging semi-dwarfhas short

coleoptile, thus less ability toadjust planting depth into drysoil conditions

Planting date

Too early excessive fall growth &water depletion, winter kill,diseases (especially virus), Hessianfly

Too late lower yield (fewer

tillers), wind erosion, winter kill Southeast after Fly Free Date

Southwest Sept 15

West Elevation

Row Spacing 6 to 16 inch producessimilar yield

Weed competition

Soil erosion wind and water

wheat production

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