what’s the matter? all of the materials around you are made up of matter. you are made up of...

What’s the Matter?

All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe.

1. Give an example of solid matter.

2. Give an example of liquid matter.

3. Give an example of gaseous matter.

4. Is all matter visible?

5. Does all matter take up space?

Section 2-1

Interest Grabber

2–1 The Nature of MatterA. Atoms

B. Elements and Isotopes

1. Isotopes

2. Radioactive Isotopes

C.Chemical Compounds

D.Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic Bonds

2. Covalent Bonds

3. Van der Waals Forces

Section 2-1

Section Outline

6

CCarbon12.011

Section 2-1

An Element in the Periodic Table

Individual substances, Substance which cannot be broken down or subdivided by ordinary chemical means. Pure substances made up of only one type of atom

Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume).

All matter is made up of atoms.

Matter

Periodic Table, Biological Essentials

ATOMSATOMS

The small units of matter 2 major Parts

Nucleus (Protons+Neutrons) Electron cloud

Atoms are smaller than cells

Structure of an atom

Electron Cloud Nucleus

NucleusNucleus

+Found in the center of an atom.+Found in the center of an atom.+Contains :+Contains :

protons (+ charge) protons (+ charge) neutrons (neutral charge) neutrons (neutral charge)

+The nucleus has an overall positive charge(+).+The nucleus has an overall positive charge(+).

http://www.purchon.com/chemistry/atoms.htm

Electron Cloud (shells)Electron Cloud (shells)

--Found outside of the nucleus.--Made solely of electrons--Has a negativecharge(-).


Located in the nucleus.Positively (+)charged subatomic particles.

ElectronsElectrons Negatively (-) charged Negatively (-) charged

subatomic particles.subatomic particles.


The number of protons found in an Atom AKA the proton numberHelps you locate an element on the periodic table.

Atomic Number

12

C

6

____Protons

____Neutrons

_____Electron

_____Atomic Mass

Try to draw the carbon atom showing the electron levels!

Identify the following for each of the elements listed.

35 Cl17

12

C

6

23

NA

11

____Protons

____Neutrons

_____Electron

_____Atomic Mass

Identify the following for each of the elements listed.

31

P

15

16

O

8

209

Bi

83

____Protons

____Neutrons

_____Electron

_____Atomic Mass

COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

Dihydrogen Monoxide Conspiracy???Dihydrogen Monoxide Conspiracy???Current allegations suggest that the United States Environmental Protection Agency Current allegations suggest that the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may be conspiring to cover up the whole DHMO issue. Attempts by DHMO (EPA) may be conspiring to cover up the whole DHMO issue. Attempts by DHMO researchers to elicit comment from the EPA regarding the possible coverup were researchers to elicit comment from the EPA regarding the possible coverup were either ignored or dodged, leading researchers to infer the alleged cover-up.either ignored or dodged, leading researchers to infer the alleged cover-up.http://www.circus.com/~no_dhmo/http://www.dhmo.org/coverup.html

COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTSA COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

THEY ARE MADE UP OF THEY ARE MADE UP OF 2 OR MORE DIFFERENT 2 OR MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ATOMSKINDS OF ATOMS

EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: COCO2, 2, HH22O, & CO, & C6 6 HH1212OO66

Any compound that does not contain the elements carbon and hydrogen is inorganic.Examples:

> carbon dioxide > calcium carbonate> water > salts> Phosphates> bases and certain acids

Inorganic Compounds

The Electron ShellsThe Electron Shells

P=___N=___

(___e- )

(___e- )

The Electron ShellsThe Electron Shells

P=___N=___

(___e- )

(___e- )

(___e- )

IonsIons

What is an Ion?

A positively or negatively charged atom.

Isotope

An Isotope is?

in text

Hydrogen atoms only need two electrons in their outer level to reach the noble gas structure of helium. Once again, the covalent bond holds the two atoms together because the pair of electrons is attracted to both nuclei.

in text

Atoms of the same element some-times form covalent bonds with each other.

•Hydrogen, H2

•Oxygen, O2

•Nitrogen•Chlorine

Diatomic Molecules

Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14

6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons



Section 2-1

Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Section 2-1

Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

Water, Water Everywhere

If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life.

Section 2-2

Interest Grabber

1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water

in them.

2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you?

3. Did either list contain any living things?

Section 2-2

Interest Grabber continued

2–2 Properties of WaterA. The Water Molecule

1. Polarity

2. Hydrogen Bonds

B. Solutions and Suspensions

1. Solutions

2. Suspensions

C. Acids, Bases, and pH

1. The pH Scale

2. Acids

3. Bases

4. Buffers

Section 2-2

Section Outline

Do Now:1. “Get ready for class”2. How long can you survive without food and water?

HW:

Webquest

Do Now:1. “get ready for class”2. How long can you survive without food and water?

Food 30-40 days

Water 5 days

Water is important

It makes up 66-75% of your body 75% of Americans are chronically dehydrated. 37% of Americans, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it is often mistaken for hunger.Even MILD dehydration will slow down ones metabolism as much as 5%.Lack of water is the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue. (If you feel tired some morning, try drinking a pint of pure water....)research indicates that 8-10 glasses of water a day could significantly ease back and joint pain for up to 80% of sufferers. A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing on the computer screen or on a printed page.According to some nutritionists, drinking 5 glasses of water daily decreases the risk of colon cancer by 45%, plus it can slash the risk of breast cancer by 79%, and one is 50% less likely to develop bladder cancer.

A. The Water Molecule

1. Polarity

2. Hydrogen Bonds

B. Solutions and Suspensions

1. Solutions

2. Suspensions

C. Acids, Bases, and pH

1. The pH Scale

2. Acids

3. Bases

4. Buffers

2–2 Properties of Water

Water Quality

The Importance of Water

Properties of Water

Composition and polarity

Hydrogen bonding properties

Ions in Water


Properties of Water

Chemical composition of seawater


The Hydrologic Cycle


Our Supply of Fresh Water


Types of water:

– surface water

– runoff

– drainage basin

– groundwater

– aquifers

Water formation

Covalently bonded water has is neutral

BUT due polar due to the uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Made of Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds are an attraction between hydrogen (positively charged due to its small size) and the negative charge on another molecule.

Hydrogen bonds are weak.

The drawing below shows hydrogen bonds between water molecules..

Why are water molecules attracted to one another? (cohesive)

Salt Water formation

•In solution, crystals of salt separate and no longer exists as the usual atoms.

•Salt dissolves in water because the charged portions of the water molecule (H20) have stronger attraction for the ions than they have for each other.

•Sodium loses the electron to form positive ion, Na+; chlorine gains one to make a negative ion, Cl-.

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

Figure 2-9 NaCl Solution

Section 2-2

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

Figure 2-9 NaCl Solution

Salt Water formation

The mean electrical charge of a salt solution is zero, because there is one Na+ ion for every Cl- ion. Thus, they balance each other out.

+ =

H20 + NaCl = Na+ Cl -

Solutions

Solution: ions being gradually dispersed in the water……evenly throughout – Solute: The substance being dissolved – SOLVENT: the substance in which the solute is being dissolved.

• Ex: water, lipids(oils), Alcohol

Suspensions: mixtures of water containing non-dissolved particles– Ex: blood

Copy these two Note cards down!Copy these two Note cards down!

Front Back

H+

• HYDROGEN ION• If in high concentration, solution is an ACID

Front Back

OH-

• HYDROXIDE ION• If in high concentration, solution is a BASE

pH: pH is the ratio of H+ (hydrogen) and OH- (Hydroxide) ions. When both are in equal concentration in pure

Acidic Solution Neutral Basic Solution

the water has a pH less then 7.0-6.5 pHs

pH = 7 the water has a pH above 7.7.5-14

an excess of H+ ions H+ = -OH an excess of OH- ions

HCL H+ Cl- H+ -OHH20 NaOH Na+ -OH

Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Soap

Sea water

Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall

Acid rainTomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

NeutralIn

crea

sing

ly B

asic

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

pH Scale

pH scaleAcidity

pH scalealkalinity

Summary:

Why are we going to use buffered stones in our aquarium?

Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Section 2-3

Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds

Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 1

Atomic Structure


Video 2

Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding


Video 3

Covalent Bonding


Video 4

Enzymatic Reactions

Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Soap

Sea water

Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall

Acid rainTomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

NeutralIn

crea

sing

ly B

asic

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

Section 2-2

pH Scale

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

Section 2-2

Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution

Section 2-2

Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

Life’s Backbone

Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.

As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.

Section 2-3

Interest Grabber

1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.

2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.

3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.

Section 2-3

Interest Grabber continued

CarbonCompounds

include

Examples are

which contain which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Function Function Function Function

Examples are Examples are Examples are

Building Blocks Building BlocksBuilding Blocks Building Blocks

CarbonCompounds

include

Examples are

which contain which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils DNA, RNA Hair, Nails, Muscle, hormones

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

Function Function Function Function

Examples are Examples are Examples are

Main Energy Source backup energy Reproduction/ Regulation Support and Maintenance

Building Blocks Building BlocksBuilding Blocks Building Blocks

Glucose Glycerol, 3 fatty acids Nucleotides Amino AcidsMonosaccharide's

2–3 Carbon CompoundsA. The Chemistry of Carbon

B. Macromolecules

C. Carbohydrates

D. Lipids

E. Nucleic Acids

F. Proteins

Go to Section:

two more Note cards down!two more Note cards down!

Front Back

Organic

Compound

• C-H must be present• In All living things

• C6H12O6 , CH3, C2H5O2N

Front Back

Inorganic

Compound

• Does not contain both C-H• NaCl, H2O, HCl

Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Section 2-3

Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds must contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

There are four major organic compounds:

– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates Lipids

Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Major energy sourceEx. Bread, potato, rice, (ose)Glucose, maltose, lactoseOrganic compounds composed of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) with a 2 to 1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.The three basic types:

– Monosaccharides-– Disaccharides -– Polysaccharides-.

CarbohydratesMonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides

What is their Function?

Dietary examples?

Building blocks

Composed of?

Made By what process?

Copy this Note card down!Copy this Note card down!

Front Back

Glucose

• C6H12O6,

Isomers: Isomers: Have the same chemical formula but Have the same chemical formula but different structural formula. different structural formula.

Glucose, Galactose, Ribose, Fructose::::::Glucose, Galactose, Ribose, Fructose:::::: are all are all CC66HH1212OO66

Monosaccharides

• simple sugars, monomer

•least complicated (C6H12O6)

•Ex-glucose, galactose,

and fructose.

3 Types of Carbohydrates

glucose

C O

C CC C

CH2OH

C___H___O___

3 types of Carbohydrates•polyOMERS.Disaccharides

made when two Monosaccharides

(C12H22O11)

Ex-maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Disaccharide formation

Starch

Glucose

Polysaccharide (Starch)

3 types of Carbohydrates

•polyMERS.

Polysaccharides

most complex carbohydrates.Plant= starch, celluloseAnimal= glycogen. Polysaccharides are large molecules that make up chains of repeating units called polymers.

CELLULOSE


Lipids are Backup energy source and insulator

Dietary examples?

oils, waxes, and fats

Building blocks

1 glycerol with 3 fatty acids.

Composed of? C_H_O


Made by dehydration synthesis.

Lipids

Front Back

Glycerol • Building block of a LIPID• Has an Alcohol functional group

• C3H5(OH)3

Front Back

R

Fatty acid• Building block of a LIPID• Has an ACID functional group• Chemical formulas varies …?• R: represents a variable

Lipids

Lipids Lipids are oils, waxes, and fatsBackup energy source and insulator(CHO)Lipids are made up of 1 glycerol with 3 fatty acids.Made by dehydration synthesis.

Polyunsaturated fats are found in vegetable oils such

as corn oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil

Saturated fats are usually solid or almost solid at room temperature. All animal fats, such as those in meat, poultry, and dairy products are saturated. Processed and fast foods are also saturated.

Monounsaturated fats typically remain liquid at extremely low temperatures. These fats are also found in vegetable oils such as olive oil, peanut oil and canola oil. ) Monounsaturated fat lowers total blood cholesterol by lowering LDL cholesterol without lowering HDL cholesterol.

Lipids Hydrogenated vegetable oil (as in shortening and commercial peanut butters where a solid consistency is sought) started out as “good” unsaturated oil. However, this commercial product has had all the double bonds artificially broken and hydrogens artificially added (in a chemistry lab-type setting) to turn it into saturated fat that bears no resemblance to the original oil from which it came (so it will be solid at room temperature).


MOSTLY STRUCTURAL

Countless Functions

Dietary examples?

Nuts, Meats, fish, poultry

(Pigments, hormones, Cells and tissues antibodies, Muscles, ENZYMES)

Building blocks

AMINO ACIDS

1) Amino group

2) R-variable , re: it varies

3) Carboxylic acid group

4) Central Hydrogen

Composed of? C_H_O_N


Made by dehydration synthesis.

Proteins

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