What was mercantilism?

• Policy that said there was a limited amount

of money in the world. GOLD

• Each country needs to grab what they can

before it is gone.

• Export more than you import…more

money in your pocket.

• Colonies and markets were needed to

keep everything in the system.

The Age of Exploration

3 Reasons for Exploration

•GOLD

•GLORY

•GOD

What was the Age of Exploration?

• A time period when Europeans began to

explore the rest of the world.

• Improvements in mapmaking, shipbuilding,

rigging, and navigation made this possible.

• Blue water sailing, not just coastal boats.

• Policy of mercantilism drives the

exploration.

The Explorers:

Portugal

Bartolomeu Dias

• Sailed around Cape of Good Hope at southern tip of Africa.

• Found route to Indian Ocean

• Trade can go from Europe to Asia by sea.

Vasco da Gama

• Landed in India in

1498.

• Important trade

route from Europe to

India and East

Indies.

Ferdinand Magellan

• His crew made first

round-the-world

voyage.

• Proved for certain

that the world was

round.

• Magellan was killed

in the Phillippines,

did not make it

home.

The Explorers:

Spain

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus • Believed a shorter

route to Asia could be found by sailing westward instead of around Africa.

• Found the Americas instead. Oops.

What was the Colombian Exchange?

• Massive exchange of plants, animals and diseases.

• These things moved between the New and Old Worlds.

• Started with Columbus.

• To the Americas: cows, horses, wheat, smallpox, plus much more.

• To Europe: potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, corn, plus much more.

Final Exam Questions• Who gets credit for discovering the Cape

of Good Hope and route to India?

• What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

• What was the Triangular Trade system?

• Who conquered Montezuma II and the

Aztecs?

• What is the term for trip slaves took across

Atlantic?

Answers

• Best answer: Vasco de Gama

• Spain and Portugal split the new world

• Raw materials to Europe, manufactured

goods to Africa, slaves to New World

• Cortes conquered Aztecs

• Middle Passage

The Slave Trade

• Europeans began to use slave labor in

their colonies to grow crops, mine, etc.

• Native Americans used for a while, but

Africans began to be brought to the

Americas.

• The slave trade then became the main

focus of Europe’s relations with Africa.

What was the Triangular Trade?

• System of trade between Europe, Africa,

and the Americas.

• Stage 1: Raw materials to Europe

(tobacco, rum, sugar, cotton)

• Stage 2: Manufactured goods to Africa

(guns, cloth, rum)

• Stage 3: Slaves to the Americas to make

raw materials.

The Triangular

Trade

What you should know for the

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Chapter 20 notes

MAP of exploration

Chapter 19, Section 1

Europeans Explore the EastFor “God, Glory, and Gold”

Europeans Seek New Trade Routes

The spread of Christianity

Technology makes exploration possible

Portugal Leads the Way

The Portuguese Explore Africa

Prince Henry—dreamed of exploration

Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia

Vasco de Gama—explore African east coast

Spain Also makes a claim

1492 Christopher Columbus sails to Bahamas

Treaty of Tordesillas-Portugal and Spain split new territory

Trading in the Indian Ocean

Portugal’s Trading Empire

Other Nations Challenge Portugal

Dutch East India Company

Dutch Trade Outposts

British and French Traders

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Chapter 20, Section 1

• The Voyages of Columbus

– First Encounters

• Bahamas—looking for India

• Colonies-lands controlled by another nation

– Other Explorers take to the seas

• Amerigo, Magellan, Cortes

• Spanish conquests in Mexico

– Hernando Cortes-conquered the Aztecs

– Conquistadores-Spanish soldiers/sailors with Cortes

– Cortes Conquers the Aztecs

• Spanish Conquests in Peru

– Pizarro subdues the Incas

• Francisco Pizarro-1532 conquistador

• Atahualpa-Incan ruler doublecrossed by Pizarro

– Spain’s Pattern of Conquest

• Mestizo—mixed Spanish and native person

• Encomienda—landlord system of labor

– Portuguese in Brazil

• Spain’s Influence expands

– Conquistadors push north

• Opposition to Spanish Rule

– African Slavery and Native Resistance

Chapter 20, Section 2

European Nations Settle North America

• Competing Claims in North America

– Explorers establish New France

• New France Quebec and other areas of France

colonial empire

– A Trading Empire

• English Arrive in NA

– Puritans Create a “New England” in MASS Bay

– Jamestown-settlement

– Pilgrims in Plymouth, MA

– Dutch found New Netherland

• New Netherland—NY, Hudson river, fur trade

– Colonizing the Caribbean

• The Struggle for North America

– The English Oust the Dutch

– England Battles France

• French and Indian War-battle between Eng and Fr

over territory(7 yr war) Eng wins-gets NE Amer

• Native American Response

– A strained relationship

– Settlers and Native Americans Battle

• Metacom(King Philip) battled Mass Bay, lost after

1 yr

– Natives fall to disease

Ch. 20, Section 3

The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Causes of African Slavery

• Slavery in Africa (Muslims took 17 million to ME)

• Demand for Africans (immune farmers far from

home easy to identify)

• Atlantic Slave Trade—in <400 years about 10 million

• Spain and Portugal Lead the Way

• Slavery Spreads throughout the Americas

• England dominates the slave trade

• African Cooperation and Resistance

• A Forced Journey

• The Triangular Trade

• Triangular trade is raw materials to Europe, gold/guns to Africa,

and slaves to new world

• The Middle Passage

• The middle passage was the middle leg of the triangular trade,

slaves bound for new world

• Slavery in the Americas

• A harsh life

• Resistance and rebellion

• Consequences of the slave trade

Ch. 20, Sect. 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

The Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange is the transfer of goods, plants, animals,

diseases between Europe and America

Global Trade

The rise of capitalism

capitalism is an economic system based on private

ownership and investment, governments no longer held claim to all wealth

– Joint stock companies

• Like a corporation—group of investors

• The Growth of Mercantilism

– Mercantilism is economic policy was idea that

national power depended wealth. Get $$ = be

strong country.

– Balance of trade

• Favorable balance of trade—more exported than

imported to be rich and self-sufficient

– Economic revolution changes European

society