What Was Done in California and How?

Dr. Alan Lloyd, President EmeritusInternational Council on Clean Transportation

alloyd@theicct.org

Former Chair, California Air Resources BoardFormer Secretary, California Environmental Protection Agency

We regulate emissionsAuthorities

Motor vehicles and fuels(under federal Clean Air Act exemption)

Air toxics, consumer products, greenhouse gases(under California law)

Oversight over Local ResponsibilitiesStationary and area sources

Transportation planning targets

Rulemaking ProcessPublic hearing of Governing Board

Public workshops and stakeholder meetingsPublic and legislative support

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Our national impactFederal Clean Air Act Exemption

for California vehicle emission standardsTo meet “compelling and extraordinary” conditions

Must meet or exceed federal regulationsCan be adopted by other states

(15 including Northeast States, Oregon, Washington)

California FirstsLead-free gasoline

Low-sulfur fuelsThree-way catalytic converter

Stringent NOX control3

Our policy instrumentsPerformance-based Emission Standards

Aftertreatment effective but turnover slowRetrofits and repowering also beneficial

Fuel improvements provide immediate benefits

Incentive Funding$150M per year for diesel engines$1B for port trucks and equipment

Market-based ProgramsCarbon emission trading for large sources

Enforcement and Monitoring Programs4

Science informs our policiesLegislative Requirements

Automotive Engineer and M.D. on Governing BoardHealth-based ambient air quality standards

Extramural research program with external oversightPeer review of scientific basis for regulations

Workforce70% engineers and scientists

In-house research

Field/Modeling StudiesLos Angeles and San Joaquin Valley Air Basins

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California’s air pollution problem

Unique geography and meteorology confine air pollutants

Over 90% of Californians breathe unhealthy air

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38 M people90 people per km2

24 M gasoline cars1.3 M diesel vehicles1.4 B km per day18 M off-road engines3 large container ports

Los Angeles Smog in 1948

Air quality after World War II

• Unhealthy levels of lead, NO2, SO2, CO, ozone, particulate matter, and air toxics

• Poor visibility

• Difficulty breathing

• Extreme eye irritation

• In Los Angeles– Over 100 smog alerts annually

– Over 300 days with unhealthy air annually

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Cancer risks from airborne toxics* (90% of risk from traffic pollutants)

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* Estimated 400 cases/year in 2005 (dioxins not included). 11

Air pollution causes premature deathCalifornia estimates

Pollutant Annual Deaths*

PM2.5 5,800 to 8,900

Ozone 300 to 1000

Toxic Air Contaminants <400

*2009-2011 for PM2.5; 2005 for ozone and TACNote: 233,00 total deaths in 2010 12

Our current targetsAir Quality

By 2020, attain annual PM2.5 of 12 µg/m3

By 2023, attain 8-hour ozone of 80 ppbBy 2025, attain 24-hour PM2.5 of 35 µg/m3

By 2032, attain 8-hour ozone of 75 ppb

Diesel and Freight TransportBy 2020, diesel PM risk 85% below 2000 levels

Greenhouse GasesBy 2020, reduce to 1990 levels (AB 32)

By 2050, 80% below 1990 levels13

Major California control programs• Smoke controls began in 1945

– Backyard burning, open burning at garbage dumps, industrial smoke• Hydrocarbon controls begin in 1956

– Gasoline storage tanks and trucks• 1970s

– Industrial SOX controls– Lead and RVP limits for gasoline– Three-way catalysts for passenger cars

• 1980s– On-board diagnostics– Low-sulfur gasoline and diesel

• 1990s– Air toxics

• 2000s and beyond– Light trucks meet same standards as cars– Diesel PM and NOX

– Greenhouse gases

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Performance-based regulationsMobile Sources (>99% gasoline, 98% diesel reduction)

Cleaner enginesAftertreatment

Cleaner gasoline and diesel fuelAlternative fuels

Stationary Sources (80-90% reduction)Low-NOX burners

Selective catalytic reductionCleaner fuels

Area Sources (>75% reduction)Vapor recovery

Low-volatility solvents, paints, consumer products

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Light-duty emission standards

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0

1

2

3

4

5

Oxidation Catalyst

EGR TWCOn-Board Computer

Advanced ComputerFuel InjectionO2 SensorHC

NOx

1966

1975

1993Unleaded Gasoline

Heavy-duty emissions standards

<1990 1991 1994 1998 2004 2007 20100

1

2

3

4

5

6

7NOx PM*10

NMHC

Model Year

Emis

sion

Sta

ndar

d(g

/bhp

-hr)

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Computer Control

EGR

DPF

SCR

California emission trends

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Cumulative lifetime cancer risk(per million)

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California Progress on Black Carbon

Ramanathan et al. (2013) Black Carbon and the Regional Climate of California, CARB Contract No. 08-323

Air pollution reduced 75-90% despite growth

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Perc

ent C

hang

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68-2

008

CarbonMonoxide

NitrogenDioxide

SulfurDioxide

Population Number of Vehicles

VehicleMiles

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Ozone – Los Angeles peak reduced 70%, hours of exposure by 90%PM10 – annual-average levels reduced 75% Air toxics – lead eliminated, cancer risk reduced 80% (since 1989)Black carbon – reduced 90% (95% by 2020)

Urban Buses (2000)Garbage Trucks (2003)Stationary Engines (2004)Transport Refrigeration Units (2004)Portable Engines (2004)Transit Fleet Vehicles (2005)Public Fleets & Utilities (2005)Cargo Handling Equipment (2005)

Drayage Trucks (2007)Off-Road Vehicles (2007)Trucks and Buses (2008)Tractor-Trailer GHG (2008)Agricultural Tractors and Equipment (under development)

In-Use Diesel Regulations

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Costs of Control0.5% GDP (US 1990-2020)

Benefits of Control$10-95 in health benefits for each $1 of control (US 1970-1990)$30 in health benefits for each $1 of control (US 1990-2020)*

Air pollution control industry – 32,000 jobs and $6.2B (CA 2001)Clean energy industry – 123,000 jobs and $27B (CA 2009)

25U.S. EPA Reports to Congress on The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act (www.epa.gov/air/sect812/index.html)* 1990-2020 uncertainty analysis under development

Climate Pollutant Emissions(2010)

Global California26

California leader in energy efficiency

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year

kWh/

pers

on

United StatesCaliforniaNew York

www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/total/csv/use_csv 27

Assembly Bill 32 actions

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Major California GHG policies• Transportation

– 54.5 mpg fleet average by 2025– 1.5 million zero emission vehicles by 2025– 10% lower carbon intensity by 2020– ~7.6% per capita VMT reduction by 2020, ~12% by 2035 (SB 375)

• Electricity generation– 33% renewable by 2020– No coal after 2025 (SB 1368)– 12,000 MW renewable self generation by 2025

• Energy efficiency– Appliance standards– $2.5B for school retrofits (Prop 39), retrofit existing building (AB 758)– Zero energy new residential buildings by 2020, commercial by 2030

• Water– 20% per capita water consumption reduction by 2020

• Waste– 75% diversion by 2020 (AB 341)

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Summary• California had worst air quality in world• Current air pollution health risk

– PM2.5 >> ozone > air toxics• Emissions control focus

– 1950s and 1960s: smoke– 1970s and 1980s: lead, SOX, hydrocarbons and NOX

– 1990s to present: diesel PM and NOX, air toxics, GHG

• Air quality improved 75-90% over past 45 years• Benefits much greater than control costs• Need to achieve 80-90% GHG control

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