what is the user pays principle appropriate for? · seite 1 © fraunhofer isi dr. claus doll,...
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Seite 1© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
Tr o r e n c e , 2 0 M a y 2 0 1 9
WHAT IS THE USER PAYS PRINCIPLE
APPROPRIATE FOR?
Seite 2© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
1. Reliability of cost estimates
2. Relevance of external costs
3. Comprehensiveness of accounting
4. Appropriateness of internalization
I ssues
Agenda
Seite 3© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
Rel iab i l i ty :
Some current issues on the externa l costs
of t ranspor t
Seite 4© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
The h is to ry o f ex te rna l cos t es t imates :
1995 UIC s tudy to 2018 EC resu l t s
Mode UIC 1995 CE Delft (2018)
€/1000 pkm €Ct./pkm 2015 Rel. PCar €Ct./pkm 2015 Rel. PCar Rel. to UIC1995
Car 87 12,1 100% 8 100% 66%
Bus 38 5,3 44% 2,5 31% 47%
Rail 20 2,8 23% 2,7 34% 97%
Air 48 6,7 55% 3 38% 45%
Seite 5© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
Di f fe rence in c l imate p r i ces : resu l t s f rom the
German Methodo logy Convent ion 2 .0 and 3 .0
0
100
200
300
400
500
MC 2.0 MC 3.0 MC 2.0 MC 3.0 MC 2.0 MC 3.0
2016 2030 2050
€2
01
6 / t
CO
2-e
q.
Climate costs according to German Methodology Conventions 2.0 (UBA, 2012) and 3.0 (UBA, 2019)
Low Mid High
Seite 6© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
Relevance:
Rela t ion of externa l costs to user and
in f rast ructure costs
Seite 7© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
The share o f ex te rna l cos ts a t to ta l de ic is ion -
re levan t cos ts : passenger mob i l i t y
0
1'000
2'000
3'000
4'000
5'000
6'000
7'000
8'000
Pkw ÖPNV Park&Ride Pkw ÖPNV
Pendelstrecke (15 km, 225 Tage p.a.)
Freizeitweg(5 km, 280 Tage p.a.)
Jäh
rlic
he
Ko
ste
n (
Euro
)
M2: Vergleich Pkw Kompakt Benzin Ejuro -3, ÖPNV und Bike&Ride
Umwelt, Klima, Lärm
Verkehrssicherheit
Entgangene Gesundheitsnutzen
Fahr- und Wartezeit
Direkte private Ausgaben
Climate, air & noiseSafetyHealth gainsTravel & wait timeVehicle & Infrastruct.
Comparison mid-size car (Euro-III, gasoline), PT and bike&ride.
Commuter15 km, 250 days/a.
Leisure5 km, 280 days/a.
• Fully external costs (climate, air, noise) < 3% relevant costs
• Safety and health concerns much more relevant
• Steering of even nudging of behavior with cors-driven prices in passenger mobility most likely limited
Seite 8© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
The regu la t ion o f p r i c ing and regu la t ion on
road f re igh t t ranspor t – no measurab le e f fec t
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Sh
are
at
trip
s/
cap
acit
y
Share of loaded kilometers, all distance bands
Share of loaded kilometers, long-distance haulage
Loading capacity utilization of loaded hauls, all distance bands
Loading capacity utilization, all trips, all distance bands
Year of Lkw-Maut
introduction
82.373.6
65.356.6
47.7
3630.3
25.2 20.9 17.2 14.3 11.9 8.2 6.9 5.9 4.9 4.3
14.7
16.4
16.7
16.2
15.1
13
11.5
10.18.8
7.46
53.3 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.5
310
1827.2
37.1
49.2
48.8
46.3
42.3
37.1
31.6
26
19.315
12.410 8.2
11.9 10.1
1.89.4
18.428
38.246.3
50.1
46.7
39.1
34.1
28.823.6
19.516.1
0.62
7.4
10.3
10.9
10.4
9.4
8.67.8
1 515.1
2634.4
4453
6065.9
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Share of emission standards at the inventory of HGVs >7.5t in Germany
EURO V and better
EURO IV
EURO III
EURO II and inferior + other
EURO II
EURO I
EURO 0 and inferior + other
Seite 9© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
Comprehensiveness :
Do we consider a l l re levant impacts of mode
and t rave l choices in externa l costs?
Seite 10© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
L i fe cyc le cons idera t ions o f e lec t r i c veh ic les –
soc ia l impac ts o f ba t te ry p roduc t ion
Strom-erzeug
ung
Fahrzeug-
Produktion
BatterieProdukti
on
ZweiteBatteri
e
Electro-vehicles
Conv.cars
GHG in t CO2e
• Social standards• Water use (Lithium Triangle)• Pollution (China)• Mining accidents (Congo)
• Comprehensive accounting and monetarization of social compacts missing
• Anecdotal knowledge only• Relevance to classical externalities unclear
Source: Francesco Mocellin, CC BY-SA 3.0
Seite 12© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
Conc lus ions based on the i ssues ra ised
Reliability: rather stable / robust cost estimates. Limited relevance for more sustainable behaviorMissing cost components: need for monetary social accounting
Appropriate application of internalization
• Financing: Infrastructure charges• Upfront investments: new systems• Demand management: congestion tolls• General price signals
Less appropriate application
• Environmental behavior change• Meeting sustainability targets• Efficient funding transaction costs
Seite 13© Fraunhofer ISI
Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014
Thank you
Dr. Claus Doll
Coordinator Business Area Mobility
Fraunhofer Institute für Systems and Innovation Research ung ISI
Breslauer Str. 48, D-76139 Karlsruhe
T: +49 721 6809-354, F: +49 721 6809-135
www.isi.fraunhofer.de