what is the relationship between training and safety in commercial air operations?...

Can Commercial Airlines Can Commercial Airlines Achieve “One Level of Safety” Achieve “One Level of Safety” By Embarking on a Program of By Embarking on a Program of

“One Level of Training” ?“One Level of Training” ?What is the relationship between What is the relationship between

Training and Safety in Commercial Training and Safety in Commercial Air Operations?Air Operations?

………….continued……..continued…….

How do we Get There From How do we Get There From Here?Here?

How do we achieve a higher level of safety?

We believe that an accident indicates a training shortfall.

Addressing training shortfallsAddressing training shortfalls

Study NTSB Reports for Lessons to LearnStudy NTSB Reports for Lessons to Learn

Consider how to learn from that accidentConsider how to learn from that accident

Listen to the Boots on the GroundListen to the Boots on the Ground

Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.Invest in staff for Safety and Training Depts.

Confirm “Train like you fly”Confirm “Train like you fly”

““Fly like you train”Fly like you train”

Every pilot should consider the reality that better Every pilot should consider the reality that better pilots have crashed airplanespilots have crashed airplanes




Every pilot should consider the reality that better Every pilot should consider the reality that better pilots have crashed airplanespilots have crashed airplanes

Integration of Training & SafetyIntegration of Training & Safety

Safety Program feeds into Training Safety Program feeds into Training ProgramProgram

Training Program remains currentTraining Program remains current– Developed, Discovered, Reported by Safety Developed, Discovered, Reported by Safety

ProgramProgram– Risk basedRisk based– Risk = severity multiplied by likelihood of Risk = severity multiplied by likelihood of

occurrenceoccurrence

Methods of IntegrationMethods of Integration

Streams of Data: Risks, Hazards Streams of Data: Risks, Hazards

Aviation Safety Action Partnership ASAPAviation Safety Action Partnership ASAP

FOQAFOQA

Event ReportsEvent Reports

Regular Training – Safety MeetingsRegular Training – Safety Meetings

Other data streamsOther data streams

Safety

safety

Training

training

Training-Safety Meetings

ASAP FOQA AQP Event Rpts

Safety Data Stream


ASAP ASAP – Crew participationCrew participation– Response to individualResponse to individual– Consideration and response to systemic risks Consideration and response to systemic risks

and issuesand issues

FOQAFOQAEvent ReportsEvent ReportsWeekly Training – Safety MeetingsWeekly Training – Safety MeetingsOther data streamsOther data streams


ASAP ASAP

FOQAFOQA– How well the group is complying with How well the group is complying with

procedures and limitsprocedures and limits– Is training producing desired results on line?Is training producing desired results on line?


Weekly Training – Safety MeetingsWeekly Training – Safety Meetings


FOQA & ASAPFOQA & ASAP

It is one thing for crews to pass check It is one thing for crews to pass check rides (Can the crewmember do it?)rides (Can the crewmember do it?)

It is quite another thing for crews to It is quite another thing for crews to operate all year long according to operate all year long according to procedures (Does the crewmember do it?)procedures (Does the crewmember do it?)

ASAP and FOQA help to determine ASAP and FOQA help to determine


ASAP ASAP

FOQAFOQA

Event ReportsEvent Reports– Other observations, suggestions Other observations, suggestions – Safety and SOPSafety and SOP

Weekly Training – Safety Meetings Weekly Training – Safety Meetings



ASAP ASAP

FOQAFOQA


Weekly Training – Safety Meetings Weekly Training – Safety Meetings – Changes to SOP, syllabus, equipmentChanges to SOP, syllabus, equipment– Review, rate risksReview, rate risks


Advance Qualification ProgramAdvance Qualification Program

AQP: Formal FAA Training ProgramAQP: Formal FAA Training Program

Allows and Encourages Risk inputAllows and Encourages Risk input

Risks from Safety ProgramRisks from Safety Program

Risks from Training ProgramRisks from Training Program

Risks: rated by severity and likelihoodRisks: rated by severity and likelihood

Training emphasis influenced by risksTraining emphasis influenced by risks

Inputs: line checks and line ops auditsInputs: line checks and line ops audits


Requires robust stream of informationRequires robust stream of informationHow well are line pilots doing as trained?How well are line pilots doing as trained?What safety risks are out there currently?What safety risks are out there currently?Initial Qual IQ and Continuing Qual CQInitial Qual IQ and Continuing Qual CQFAA oversight: Is Training Dept. training FAA oversight: Is Training Dept. training crews to meet the SOP & safety of line crews to meet the SOP & safety of line operations? operations? Is Training Dept. training crews for check-Is Training Dept. training crews for check-rides, LOPC, LOFT?rides, LOPC, LOFT?


Seeks inputs from pilot associationSeeks inputs from pilot association

Sharing of Training DesignSharing of Training Design

Encourages Threat and Error Encourages Threat and Error Management trainingManagement training

Puts heads togetherPuts heads together

Change is expectedChange is expected

PostulationPostulation

Achievement of safe commercial airline Achievement of safe commercial airline operations may have been achieved at the operations may have been achieved at the sample airline, due to the relationship sample airline, due to the relationship between the Safety Program and the between the Safety Program and the Training ProgramTraining Program

Just a good guess?Just a good guess?

Mishap-free operations?Mishap-free operations?

More than 22 yearsMore than 22 years

Function of flight crewmember caused Function of flight crewmember caused errorserrors

Training-Safety Relationship helped?Training-Safety Relationship helped?

Operations Perfect? No!Operations Perfect? No!

Human FactorsHuman Factors

Operations are not perfect!Operations are not perfect!Humans are involved!Humans are involved!Could an operations with humans ever be Could an operations with humans ever be perfect? perfect? Can only hope to learn from mistakes Can only hope to learn from mistakes Not make the same mistake a second timeNot make the same mistake a second timeSafety Theory rewards quick correctionsSafety Theory rewards quick corrections

Level of training related to Level of training related to Level of safetyLevel of safety

safety risks (hazards) evaluated by Safetysafety risks (hazards) evaluated by Safety

risks & resolution integrated into training risks & resolution integrated into training

@ level of importance and emphasis@ level of importance and emphasis

Integration takes place continuously Integration takes place continuously

training Effectiveness?training Effectiveness?

Does training prepare crews to pass Does training prepare crews to pass various check rides?various check rides?

Does training prepare crews to be Does training prepare crews to be proficient in line operations?proficient in line operations?

Is there a Is there a directdirect & & positivepositive relationship relationship between between training & safetytraining & safety??

NTSB cites lack of training as factor in NTSB cites lack of training as factor in many AAR’smany AAR’s

AA 1525 Little Rock: crew failed to AA 1525 Little Rock: crew failed to process weather risk data and failed to process weather risk data and failed to use all equipmentuse all equipment

Procedures not reinforced by training?Procedures not reinforced by training?


Toronto AF AB340 crew landed long on a Toronto AF AB340 crew landed long on a non-grooved wet runway and hydroplanednon-grooved wet runway and hydroplaned

Lack of complete training on runway Lack of complete training on runway characteristics?characteristics?

Subject not in SOP, therefore not trained?Subject not in SOP, therefore not trained?


Feb 2009 Colgan Buffalo D8 Q400 icing Feb 2009 Colgan Buffalo D8 Q400 icing and stall mishapand stall mishap

Incomplete training in icing and stall Incomplete training in icing and stall recovery training?recovery training?

Was lack of training sophistication?Was lack of training sophistication?

Are training & safety related?Are training & safety related?

Question of Logic:Question of Logic:• more proficient training more proficient training • more sophisticated training more sophisticated training • more substantive training more substantive training

Would more training improve safety?Would more training improve safety?

Observations, Observations, case by casecase by case

Flight crew discouraged from making Flight crew discouraged from making safety reportssafety reports

Safety reports are not acted on Safety reports are not acted on

Safety reports are not responded toSafety reports are not responded to

““Nothing Changes” “No One Listens”Nothing Changes” “No One Listens”

Safety Department is for “dress up Safety Department is for “dress up purposes only” purposes only”

Observations, Observations, case by casecase by case

How can you have a safety input to training,How can you have a safety input to training,

if you don’t have a functioning Safety if you don’t have a functioning Safety Department?Department?

FAA ViewpointFAA Viewpoint

Training for type rides require high Training for type rides require high instructional time, prime importance, basis instructional time, prime importance, basis for type and ATP ratingsfor type and ATP ratings

Why shouldn’t training also reflect the Why shouldn’t training also reflect the safety concerns of the airline line safety concerns of the airline line operations?operations?

Level of TrainingLevel of Training

Training defines competency in Training defines competency in commercial airline operationscommercial airline operations

Level of training determines level of Level of training determines level of competencycompetency

training training

syllabus basedsyllabus based

procedurally basedprocedurally based

support operations support operations

operations define trainingoperations define training

Safety supports operations by supporting Safety supports operations by supporting Training Training

Practice and technique vs Practice and technique vs procedures?procedures?

Practice from instructors to students, but it Practice from instructors to students, but it is not written downis not written down

Techniques developed by line crew, but it Techniques developed by line crew, but it is not written downis not written down

Training should be procedure basedTraining should be procedure based

Procedures are written and approved and Procedures are written and approved and currentcurrent

Challenges of the Training-Challenges of the Training-Safety relationshipSafety relationship

Communications Communications

Quick responseQuick response

Fix the problemFix the problem

Advantage of IntegrationAdvantage of Integration

As risks are discovered, responded to and As risks are discovered, responded to and resolvedresolved

Training can adjust SOP and training as Training can adjust SOP and training as part of the responsepart of the response

Training response can be immediate as Training response can be immediate as wellwell

This is a big differenceThis is a big difference

As the case may beAs the case may be

Training to FAA standards onlyTraining to FAA standards only

Risks of line operations not includedRisks of line operations not included

Minimal training: icing, cumulative Minimal training: icing, cumulative negative affects, TEM, CRM, windshear, negative affects, TEM, CRM, windshear, runway conditions, convective weather, runway conditions, convective weather, non-precision approaches, fatiguenon-precision approaches, fatigue


Safety Department minimalSafety Department minimalSafety feedback non-existentSafety feedback non-existentAdversarial relationship with crewmembers Adversarial relationship with crewmembers concerning safety issuesconcerning safety issuesSeldom address safety concerns, risksSeldom address safety concerns, risksFatigue due to long days commonplaceFatigue due to long days commonplaceASAP, FOQA, Event Reports, AQP ??ASAP, FOQA, Event Reports, AQP ??Other data streams?Other data streams?


Safety Department and Training Safety Department and Training Department seen as costs versus Department seen as costs versus investmentsinvestments

Safety and Training Functionality lowSafety and Training Functionality low

Integration? Not considered Integration? Not considered

Everyone Loves Everyone Loves ExperienceExperience

Everyone Loves Everyone Loves ExperienceExperience

……but nobody likes but nobody likes trainingtraining

Experience?Experience?

Experienced Test PilotsExperienced Test Pilots

Lots of Experience in X-15Lots of Experience in X-15

Experience?Experience?

But how about the first But how about the first time? Where did they get time? Where did they get

their training?their training?

what is the relationship between training and safety in commercial air operations?...

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