the unintended relationship of an ‘environment-friendly...

The Unintended Relationship of an ‘Environment-friendly’ Energy Technology to Global Environmental gProblems: A Sociological Exploration

2009 Ad n d S mm r S h l f R di ti2009 Advanced Summer School of Radioactive Waste Disposal with Social-Scientific Literacy, 3-10 August, 2009, UC Berkeley

Miwao MatsumotoDepartment of Sociology,

The University of TokyoThe University of Tokyo

Specialty：

1 Sociology of Science & Technology (SOS)

2 Environmental Sociology

3 Social History of Technological Failure

Work：Work：

Structural Failure of the Science-Technology-Society Interface; Relationships betweenSociety Interface; Relationships between Technological Trajectory and Global Environmental Problems, and the Formation and ,Transformation of the Military-Industrial-University Complexp

What is SOS？

Object： STObject： ST

Method： Sociology

What is Sociology?

Sociologie (A Comte)Sociologie (A. Comte)

“voir pour prevoir”

Goldfish and WaterGoldfish and Water

Individual and SocietyI di id lIndividual

Action (Motive, Purpose, Situation)

Social Relation (Stability)

Social Group (Boundary)

Social Institution (Norm, Legitimacy, Reward System)

Social SystemSocial System

THE THREE TYPICAL DISCOURSE OF SOS1 Internal Structure of1 Internal Structure of

Scientific CommunityScientific Community

2 Institutionalization of2 Institutionalization of

S & T

3 Interaction of STS

Thematic Development of SOS Phase 0：

Phase 1：

Missing of ST ≒ ST within Black Box

Institution Social Change Phase 2：

科学者の行動パターン科学者のネットワーク

Norm Reward System

Behaviour Pattern Network Phase 3：

SocialAspectsof SK Social Aspects of TK

FdFormation LaboratoryWork

Phase 4：

Fd Formation Laboratory Work

Dispute s Dispute t

P li &/ P ti i tS i lP bl fST Phase 4：

Policy &/or Participt Social Problem of ST

Complex Configuration

Phase 5：

Turn toSociety ?

Military Industrial Governmental Citizen

Channels

TechnologyScience

SocietyyEnvironment

For Further Details ...

『テクノサイエンス・リスクと社会学科学社会学の『テクノサイエンスリスクと社会学科学社会学の新たな展開』

松本三和夫松本三和夫ISBN978-4-13-056105-1, 発売日:2009年09月上旬, 東京大学出版会, 380頁上旬, 東京大学出版会, 380頁

The Social Risks of Technoscience

by Miwao MATSUMOTOby Miwao MATSUMOTO

University of Tokyo Press, 2009

ISBN978 4 13 056105 1ISBN978-4-13-056105-1

A Key Exemplar

Two Different Types of Question:Two Different Types of Question:

1. Does Technological Development Give Solutions to EnvironmentalGive Solutions to Environmental Problems?

2. Does It Cause the Problems?

Outline

The Social Background of the Development of an ‘Environment-f i dl ’ E T h l i Jfriendly’ Energy Technology in Japan

The Complex Relationship of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Development Project to Global Environmental Assessment(OTEC) Development Project to Global Environmental Assessment

Another Side of Optimal Technology Selection

Subtler Social Aspects Involved in the Complex Relation Between OTEC and the Global Environment

Ozone Hole and CFCs PatentsOzone Hole and CFCs Patents

The Absence of ‘Feedback-for-learning’ Channel

Conclusion

For Further Details …

Miwao Matsumoto, ‘The Uncertain but Crucial Relationship Between a “NewCrucial Relationship Between a New Energy” Technology and Global Environmental Problems’, Social Studies ofEnvironmental Problems , Social Studies of Science, Vol.35, No. 4 (2005), pp. 623-651.

The Social Background of theThe Social Background of the Development of an ‘Environment-friendly’ Energy Technology in Japanfriendly Energy Technology in Japan

Configuration of the Key Agents Involved in the ‘Sunshine’ Project

A li d /

Sunshine Project

NEDO

Trust Money

Contract FIRMApplied /

DevelopmentalResearch

Contract

MITI MutualFeedback

FIRM

Contract

UNIV

Budget

BasicUNIV

ATR

BudgetNRI

BasicResearch

NRI

The Budget of the ‘Sunshine’ Project: 1974-1984 (million Y)FY 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Sum

Areaseas

Solar 873 1,091 1,419 1,463 2,013 3,768 9,544 7,962 8,711 8,928 8,897 54,670

General 873 1,091 1,419 1,463 2,013 3,768 1,760 2,322 2,120 1,530 1,175 19,535

E. Special 7,734 5,424 6,015 6,242 7,112 32,527

C. Special 51 216 576 1,156 610 2,608

Geothermal 560 1,138 1,552 2,564 3,181 3,547 8,006 9,223 9,492 8,248 6,885 54,398

General 560 1,138 1,552 1,555 976 1,183 2,002 1,762 1,501 1,251 1,020 14,502

E. Special 1,008 2,205 2,365 5,742 6,783 7,299 6,726 5,686 37,814

C. Special 262 678 692 271 179 2,082

Coal 435 857 912 1,005 1,441 2,902 8,552 13,514 20,637 22,771 22,411 95,438

General 263 604 623 722 1,023 395 819 880 748 712 590 7,379

E. Special 1,700 2,392 2,450 1,926 2,221 10,689

C. Special 172 253 289 283 418 2,507 6,033 10,242 17,439 20,133 19,600 77,370

Hydrogen 332 463 454 520 590 690 951 948 923 492 289 6,652

General 332 463 454 520 590 690 951 444 394 356 289 5 483General 332 463 454 520 590 690 951 444 394 356 289 5,483

C. Special 504 529 136 1,169

Wind & Ocean 195 250 295 275 308 345 551 1,233 1,067 775 768 6,061

General 195 250 295 275 308 345 551 749 658 553 445 4,624

E. Special 484 409 222 322 1,437

International 18 18 34 49 679 668 674 716 71 2,926

Others 46 156 266 335 562 634 365 111 131 77 488 3,172

General 46 156 266 335 558 630 361 105 126 70 60 2,715

E. Special 4 4 4 5 5 5 405 433

C. Special 2 22 23C. Special 2 22 23

Total 2,442 3,957 4,916 6,179 8,129 11,935 28,648 33,659 41,636 42,008 39,809 223,317

General 2,270 3,704 4,627 4,888 5,502 7,059 7,122 6,932 6,222 5,189 3,651 57,165

E. Special 1,008 2,209 2,369 15,180 15,088 16,178 15,121 15,747 82,901

C. Special 172 253 289 283 418 2,507 6,346 11,640 19,236 21,698 20,411 83,253

The Budget of the ‘Sunshine’ Project: 1974-1984

(million yen)


45000

Wind & Ocean

International Others

35000

40000

Coal

Hydrogen

25000

30000

of B

udge

t

Geothermal

15000

20000

Am

ount

o

Solar

0

5000

10000

0

FY 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

Fiscal Year


(million yen)


45,000

C. Special

35,000

40,000

p

20 000

25,000

30,000

out o

f Bud

get

　E. Special

10,000

15,000

20,000

Am

o

　General

0

5,000

FY 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983FY 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

Fiscal Year

5 Main Areas of the ‘Sunshine’ Project

1 Solar Energy1. Solar Energy

2. Geothermal Energy

3. Coal Energy

4. Hydrogen Energy4. Hydrogen Energy

5. Wind and Ocean Energy

The General Outline of the Phases of the ‘S nshine’ ProjectSunshine Project

Basic Research

Conceptual Design

Component TechnologyDevelopment

Pilot Plant

Practical Plant

Commercial Plant

The Complex Relationship of Ocean Thermal p pEnergy Conversion (OTEC) Development Project to Global Environmental Assessment

Sub-Projects of the Ocean Energy Development Project

1 Wave-activated Power Generation1. Wave-activated Power Generation

2. OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy C i )Conversion)

3. Tidal Power Generation

4. Ocean Current Power Generation

5 Ocean Density Power Generation5. Ocean Density Power Generation

OTEC h th t ti l t ti fOTEC has the potential to satisfy energy demand, the demand for sea food resources, and contribute to increased output of industrialand contribute to increased output of industrial raw materials including uranium. … We hope that the Japanese government will pay mostthat the Japanese government will pay most attention to OTEC at the national level and promote its development immediately.promote its development immediately.

Hiroshi Kamogawa, ‘OTEC for solving resource problems’Monthly Report of the Federation of Economic Organizations, 1978

Concept of OTEC

OTEC Pilot Plants Constructed by Japan

Location Agent Start of

ExperimentOutput

Governmental Fundp

Saga Saga University 1976 50kW ‘Sunshine’ Project

Nauru Tokyo Electric Power Co.,

Toshiba Electric Co.,

Shimizu Construction Co., etc

1981 120kW ODA, Subsidy from AIT

etc.

Tokunoshima

Kyushu Electric Power Co.,

Mitsubishi Heavy Industry

1982 50kW Subsidy from AITma Mitsubishi Heavy Industry,

Ltd.

Kobe Steel Co., etc.

AIT

Results of Analysis of the Compound Working Fluid for OTECFluid for OTEC

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Compound Working Fluid for OTECCompound Working Fluid for OTEC

Another Side of OptimalAnother Side of Optimal Technology Selection

Estimated Mapping of th T t l P O t tthe Total Power Output of OTEC Plants in Japan’s Territorial J pWaters

Number of Sea Rescues: 1976-1980

YearNumber between 12 and 200

Sea Miles from the CoastTotal Number

(0-500 Sea Miles from the Coast)

1976 298 2,665

1977 269 2,369

1978 299 2,357

1979 236 2 1451979 236 2,145

1980 231 2,386

Ozone Hole and CFCs PatentsOzone Hole and CFCs Patents

Patents related to OTEC

Date of Application

Laid-open

NumberApplicant Title of Patent CFCs Used

Application Number

1984.5.22 60-245686 AsahiCompound Working

FluidR11, R12, R22, R114, R115

1984 6 1 60 255884 AsahiCompound Working

R22 R1331984.6.1 60-255884 Asahip g

FluidR22, R133


Fluid for Rankin CycleR12, R124, R115

S C d W ki1984.6.12 61-285

Sanyo

Tokyo SanyoCompound Working Fluid for Heat Cycle

R21, R22


FluidR11, R134


FluidR12, R123b


Fl idR22, R1231984.7.31 61 37856 Asahi

FluidR22, R123

Production Capacity of Main Manufacturers of CFC i J 1980 1990CFCs in Japan: 1980-1990

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Fiscal year

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Manufacturer

Asahi Glass Manufacturing

40 60 60 60 60 67.5 79.2 79.2 91.2 91.2 91.2Manufacturing

Daikin Industry

36 55 55 65 65 65 75 75 85 85 90

Mitsui Fluoro-Chemical

26 26 26 26 26 26 30 64 64 64 64

ShowaShowa Electric Industry

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Unit: thousand tons

The First Report of Observation of an Ozone Hole

The Absence of ‘Feedback-for-The Absence of Feedback-for-learning’ Channel

The 1981 White Paper on Environment Protection1. CFC gases, such as CFCs 11 and 12, used in aerosol and coolant

products are chemically very stable If the gases are released into theproducts are chemically very stable. If the gases are released into the environment, they will reach the ozone layer without being decomposed and destroy the layer. As a result, the amount of ultraviolet rays reaching the earth’s surface will increase, causing skin cancers and climate changes If the ozone layer is depleted serious problems on aclimate changes. If the ozone layer is depleted, serious problems on a global scale will occur. Early preventive measures are required to prevent these effects.

2. Outside Japan, the US and several other countries have legal restrictions on the release of CFC gases The European Communityrestrictions on the release of CFC gases. The European Community decided to ban the release of CFCs into the atmosphere in March 1980.

3. This problem requires a full scientific analysis. In Japan, the Environment Agency and the Meteorological Agency have been conducting a continuous programme of scientific research to investigateconducting a continuous programme of scientific research to investigate the problem and will encourage further research in cooperation with the ministries and agencies concerned.

ConclusionConclusion

Conclusion (1)

1. The ‘Sunshine’ project, which was set up to solve resource problems through environment-friendly initiatives, produced and published patents for OTEC using CFCs as the working fluid, even after th di f h lthe discovery of an ozone hole.

2 However, we cannot reduce the cause of this2. However, we cannot reduce the cause of this outcome simply to the failure of policy or inter-agency communication, since the relevant ministries and agencies had duly issued aministries and agencies had duly issued a preventive guideline to deal with stratospheric ozone depletion.

Conclusion (2)

3. This case strongly suggests a hidden link between technological development and global environmental problems due to incompletedevelopment and global environmental problems due to incomplete information at the time of assessment and/or decision-making. The development of a environment-friendly energy technology created the possibility of damaging the stratospheric ozone, a possibility that was as yet unseen by the decision-makers at the time and was stillas yet unseen by the decision makers at the time, and was still ignored when it became evident.

4. In this situation what is needed is a built-in mechanism to evaluate large scale independent long term technological developmentlarge-scale, independent, long-term technological development projects through reflexive ‘feedback-for-learning’ channels. This mechanism should be free from the network of interests of the agents who originally shaped the projects. This is because the function of the mechanism would be to prevent the fuelling and re-fuelling of themechanism would be to prevent the fuelling and re-fuelling of the projects’ momentum, which is made possible by transforming their originally conceived purposes in accordance with changing circumstances.

TO UNDERSTAND or NOT TO UNDERSTAND?

2×107 YEARS2×107 YEARS

MORE THAN 300 MMORE THAN 300 M UNDERGROUNDUNDERGROUND

2×1010 YEN FOR2×1010 YEN FOR ACCEPTANCEACCEPTANCE

HOW CAN SOS AVOID THE WAY TO A “Coopting device” (Nelkin, et al, 2004)?(Nelkin, et al, 2004)?

THE CONTEXT-DEPENDENCY OF PUS

M. Matsumoto, The Failure of the Science-Technology-Society Interface (Tokyo: I i P bli hi C 2002 i J )Iwanami-Publishing Co., 2002, in Japanese)

D. Nelkin & E. Marden, “The StarLink controvercy: The competing frame of risk dispute”, International Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2004), pp. 20-42.

K. Lin, “Inequalities, knowledge and public deliberation: Three consensus , q , g pconferences in Taiwan”, Proceeding of EASTS Conference (2006), pp. 1-28.

A. Irwin, “The politics of talk: Coming to term with the ‘new’ scientific governance”, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2006), pp. 299-320.

A Kerr S Cunningham Burley & R Tutton “Shifting subject positions: experts andA. Kerr, S. Cunningham-Burley & R. Tutton, Shifting subject positions: experts and lay people in public dialogue”, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2007), pp. 385-411.

R. Evans & A. Plows, “Listening without prejudice?: Re-discovering the value of the di i t t d iti ” S i l St di f S i V l 37 N 6 (2007) 827 853disinterested citizen”, Social Studies of Science, Vol. 37, No. 6 (2007), pp. 827-853.

H. Rothstein, “Talking shops or talking turkey?: Institutionalizing consumer representation in risk regulation”, Science, Technology and Human Values, Vol. 32, No. 5 (2007), pp. 582-607.

Th kThank youy

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