what is research_.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What is research?What is research?
Sorin BaracSorin Barac, MD, PhD, MD, PhD
Department of Vascular Surgery. Division of Reconstructive Department of Vascular Surgery. Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery Microsurgery
Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Romania Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Romania
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, Timisoara, RomaniaTimisoara, Romania
![Page 2: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is RWhat is R
In every area our knowledge is incomplete In every area our knowledge is incomplete
and problems are waiting to be solvedand problems are waiting to be solved
![Page 3: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is RWhat is R
We can address the holes in our We can address the holes in our
knowledge and unresolved problems by knowledge and unresolved problems by
asking relevant questions and then asking relevant questions and then
seeking answers through systematic researchseeking answers through systematic research
![Page 4: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The mystique of RThe mystique of R
• activity that is exclusive and removed activity that is exclusive and removed from everyday lifefrom everyday life
• individuals that seclude themselves in individuals that seclude themselves in labs, librarieslabs, libraries or ivory towers of the or ivory towers of the large universities large universities
• what do they do on a day-to-day basiswhat do they do on a day-to-day basis • how their work contributes to people’s how their work contributes to people’s
quality of life or general welfarequality of life or general welfare
![Page 5: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What R is notWhat R is not
1.1. R is not information gathering R is not information gathering
““Mom, the teacher sent us to the library today to do Mom, the teacher sent us to the library today to do researchresearch, ,
and I learned a lot about Columbus.”and I learned a lot about Columbus.”
Information discovery/learning reference Information discovery/learning reference
skillsskills
![Page 6: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What R is notWhat R is not
2.2. R is not transportation of facts from one R is not transportation of facts from one
location to anotherlocation to another
““researchresearch paper” on the Dark Lady in the sonnets of William Shakespeare: paper” on the Dark Lady in the sonnets of William Shakespeare:
collecting data, assembling a bibliography, referencing the statementscollecting data, assembling a bibliography, referencing the statements
fact discovery/fact transportation/fact fact discovery/fact transportation/fact
transcriptiontranscription
![Page 7: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What R is notWhat R is not
3.3. R is not rummaging for information R is not rummaging for information
““Il’l have to do some Il’l have to do some researchresearch to find out the fair market to find out the fair market
value of your car”value of your car”
exercise in self-enlightenmentexercise in self-enlightenment
![Page 8: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What R is notWhat R is not
4.4. R is not a catchword to get attention R is not a catchword to get attention
““Years of RYears of Researchesearch Have Produced a New Car Wash” Have Produced a New Car Wash”
clever use of a catchwordclever use of a catchword
![Page 9: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What R is – What R is – DefinitionDefinition
Systematic process of collecting and analyzing Systematic process of collecting and analyzing
information (data) in order to information (data) in order to increase our increase our
understandingunderstanding of a phenomenon and of a phenomenon and
communicatecommunicate what we discover to the scientific what we discover to the scientific
communitycommunity
![Page 10: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Characteristics Characteristics
1.1. originates with a question or problemoriginates with a question or problem
![Page 11: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Characteristics Characteristics
1.1. originates with a question or problemoriginates with a question or problem
2.2. requires a clear articulation of a goalrequires a clear articulation of a goal
![Page 12: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Characteristics Characteristics
1.1. originates with a question or problemoriginates with a question or problem
2.2. requires a clear articulation of a goalrequires a clear articulation of a goal
3.3. follows a specific plan of procedurefollows a specific plan of procedure
![Page 13: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Characteristics Characteristics
1.1. originates with a question or problemoriginates with a question or problem
2.2. requires a clear articulation of a goalrequires a clear articulation of a goal
3.3. follows a specific plan of procedurefollows a specific plan of procedure
4.4. divides the problem into manageable divides the problem into manageable subproblemssubproblems
![Page 14: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Characteristics Characteristics
1.1. originates with a question or problemoriginates with a question or problem
2.2. requires a clear articulation of a goalrequires a clear articulation of a goal
3.3. follows a specific plan of procedurefollows a specific plan of procedure
4.4. divides the problem into manageable divides the problem into manageable subproblemssubproblems
5.5. is guided by the specific question, is guided by the specific question, problemproblem
![Page 15: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Characteristics Characteristics
1.1. originates with a question or problemoriginates with a question or problem
2.2. requires a clear articulation of a goalrequires a clear articulation of a goal
3.3. follows a specific plan of procedurefollows a specific plan of procedure
4.4. divides the problem into manageable divides the problem into manageable subproblemssubproblems
5.5. is guided by the specific question, is guided by the specific question, problemproblem
6.6. accepts critical assumptionsaccepts critical assumptions
![Page 16: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Characteristics Characteristics
1.1. originates with a question or problemoriginates with a question or problem
2.2. requires a clear articulation of a goalrequires a clear articulation of a goal
3.3. follows a specific plan of procedurefollows a specific plan of procedure
4.4. divides the problem into manageable divides the problem into manageable subproblemssubproblems
5.5. is guided by the specific question, problemis guided by the specific question, problem
6.6. accepts critical assumptionsaccepts critical assumptions
7.7. requires the collection and interpretation requires the collection and interpretation of dataof data
![Page 17: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Characteristics Characteristics
1.1. originates with a question or problemoriginates with a question or problem
2.2. requires a clear articulation of a goalrequires a clear articulation of a goal
3.3. follows a specific plan of procedurefollows a specific plan of procedure
4.4. divides the problem into manageable divides the problem into manageable subproblemssubproblems
5.5. is guided by the specific question, problemis guided by the specific question, problem
6.6. accepts critical assumptionsaccepts critical assumptions
7.7. requires the collection and interpretation of requires the collection and interpretation of datadata
8.8. is cyclical or, more exactly, helicalis cyclical or, more exactly, helical
![Page 18: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
R originates with a R originates with a question question
Look around you. Look around you.
What is such-and-such situation like?What is such-and-such situation like?
Why does such-and-such phenomenon Why does such-and-such phenomenon
occur?occur?
What does it all mean?What does it all mean?
These are everyday questions, but with These are everyday questions, but with
questions like these, research begins!questions like these, research begins!
![Page 19: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
R originates with a R originates with a question question
Men love to wonder, and that is the Men love to wonder, and that is the
seed of scienceseed of science
Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1870Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1870
![Page 20: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
R requires a clear R requires a clear articulation of a goalarticulation of a goal
A clear, unambiguous statement, in a A clear, unambiguous statement, in a
grammatically complete sentence must answer grammatically complete sentence must answer
exactly the question:exactly the question:
““What problem do you intend to solve?”What problem do you intend to solve?”
![Page 21: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
R follows a specific plan of R follows a specific plan of procedure procedure
- we have identified the specific goal of your Rwe have identified the specific goal of your R- identify identify how you propose to reach your goalhow you propose to reach your goal
• • where is the data?where is the data?
• • do any existing data address to the existing do any existing data address to the existing problem?problem?
• • if the data exist, have you access to them?if the data exist, have you access to them?
• • if you possess the data, what will do with them?if you possess the data, what will do with them?
• …• …
- R is not a blind excursion into the unknown, R is not a blind excursion into the unknown, with the hope that the answer to the question with the hope that the answer to the question will turn upwill turn up
![Page 22: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
R divides the problem into R divides the problem into more manageable more manageable
subproblems subproblems
• • Breaking down principal problems into small, Breaking down principal problems into small,
easy solvable subproblems is an everyday easy solvable subproblems is an everyday
strategystrategy
• • Close inspection of the principal problem – Close inspection of the principal problem –
uncovering important subproblems – easy uncovering important subproblems – easy
solving the main problemsolving the main problem
![Page 23: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
R is guided by the specific R is guided by the specific problem, question or problem, question or
hypothesishypothesis• • we have stated the problem and its we have stated the problem and its
subproblemssubproblems
• • we form a hypothesis about what we may we form a hypothesis about what we may
discover discover HypothesisHypothesis = logical supposition = logical supposition- - is the is the natural working of the human mindnatural working of the human mind: : something happens, you attempt to explain the cause something happens, you attempt to explain the cause by constructing a series of reasonable guessesby constructing a series of reasonable guesses
- hypothesis are - hypothesis are supported or not supported by the supported or not supported by the datadata- data run contrary → rejection- data run contrary → rejection
- supported by a growing body of data → - supported by a growing body of data → theorytheory
![Page 24: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
R is guided by the specific R is guided by the specific problem, question or problem, question or
hypothesishypothesisTheory Theory = organized body of concepts = organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a and principles intended to explain a phenomenonphenomenon- - theories are also tentative explanations theories are also tentative explanations supported or not supported by newer datasupported or not supported by newer data
- data run contrary → modification or rejection- data run contrary → modification or rejection
- testing of a theory: prediction (hypothesis) - testing of a theory: prediction (hypothesis) about what should occur if the theory is a viable about what should occur if the theory is a viable explanation of the phenomenonexplanation of the phenomenon
example: example:
![Page 25: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
R is guided by the specific R is guided by the specific problem, question or problem, question or
hypothesishypothesis
Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity (1915)(1915)
Light passes through space as photons – minute masses of Light passes through space as photons – minute masses of spectral energy. If light has mass – subjected to the pull of spectral energy. If light has mass – subjected to the pull of G field G field
Karl SchwarzchildKarl Schwarzchild – equation with respect to the – equation with respect to the gravitational field of the sun (1916): rays of light should be gravitational field of the sun (1916): rays of light should be deflected 2x the amount that Isaac Newton predicted many deflected 2x the amount that Isaac Newton predicted many years earlieryears earlier
Group of London astronomers traveled to Brazil and North Group of London astronomers traveled to Brazil and North Africa (1919) to observe the light of a distant star distorted Africa (1919) to observe the light of a distant star distorted by the sun visible during an eclipse → data analyzed and by the sun visible during an eclipse → data analyzed and interpreted: results support E-S hypothesis and thus interpreted: results support E-S hypothesis and thus Einstein’s theory of relativity Einstein’s theory of relativity
![Page 26: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
R accepts certain critical R accepts certain critical assumptions assumptions
Assumption in R = Axiom in geometryAssumption in R = Axiom in geometry
• • self-evident truths, condition taken for self-evident truths, condition taken for
grantedgranted
• • vital that others that judge the quality of your vital that others that judge the quality of your
R know what you assume with respect to your R know what you assume with respect to your
project, in accordance with their own project, in accordance with their own
assumptionsassumptions
ex. astronomers were competent and their instruments were ex. astronomers were competent and their instruments were
sensitive enoughsensitive enough
![Page 27: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
R requires the collection and R requires the collection and interpretation of datainterpretation of data
• • data, events, observations - nothing data, events, observations - nothing more!more!
• • their significance - how the researcher their significance - how the researcher extracts the meaning from themextracts the meaning from them
DATA UNINTERPRETED BY THEDATA UNINTERPRETED BY THE
HUMAN MIND = WORTHLESSHUMAN MIND = WORTHLESS
![Page 28: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
R requires the collection and R requires the collection and interpretation of datainterpretation of data
• “• “Education” - notes traveling from the notebook of Education” - notes traveling from the notebook of
the instructor to the notebook of the studentthe instructor to the notebook of the student
• • data that do not data that do not pass through humanpass through human mind and is mind and is
processedprocessed there - no help for answering the questions there - no help for answering the questions
• • but, different minds see different meanings of the but, different minds see different meanings of the
same factssame facts
- gastroduodenal ulcer- gastroduodenal ulcer
- breast cancer- breast cancer
![Page 29: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
R requires the collection and R requires the collection and interpretation of datainterpretation of data
• • Data demand interpretation, butData demand interpretation, but
• • no rule, no formula will lead to the no rule, no formula will lead to the
correct interpretation, socorrect interpretation, so
INTREPRETATION IS SUBJECTIVEINTREPRETATION IS SUBJECTIVE
![Page 30: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
R requires the collection and R requires the collection and interpretation of datainterpretation of data
• • Do you remember?Do you remember?
- - information gatheringinformation gathering
- transportation of facts- transportation of facts
- rummaging for information- rummaging for information
- catchword to get attention - catchword to get attention
None of these activities demands that the None of these activities demands that the researcher draw any conclusion and make researcher draw any conclusion and make any interpretationany interpretation
![Page 31: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
R begins with a problem: an
unanswered question
R defines the goal: a clear statement
of the problem
R divides the problem into appropriate subproblems
R proposes solutions through reasonable
hypotheses - these direct to appropriate data
R collects and organize the data
R interprets the data → resolution of the problem →
confirmation/rejection of the hypothesis and providing an
answer to the problem that started RAt this point one or more new
problems may emerge
R is helical
![Page 32: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
R is helicalR is helical
• • Dissapointed?Dissapointed?
- R is rarely conclusive: additional - R is rarely conclusive: additional problems that need to be solved arise problems that need to be solved arise
- R asks for more R- R asks for more R
- every R yields as many problems as it - every R yields as many problems as it solves = the true nature of discovery of solves = the true nature of discovery of knowledgeknowledge
![Page 33: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What is methodology?What is methodology?
Methodology (M) unifies and controls any R Methodology (M) unifies and controls any R projectproject
Functions of M:Functions of M:
1. controls and dictates the acquisition of data1. controls and dictates the acquisition of data
2. gathers the data and extracts the meaning2. gathers the data and extracts the meaning
![Page 34: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Discover the discipline of Discover the discipline of researchresearch
Academic research is usually seen as being far Academic research is usually seen as being far away from everyday living.away from everyday living.
This is not true!This is not true!1. conducting the R to produce a good thesis 1. conducting the R to produce a good thesis
= one of the most valuable = one of the most valuable educational educational experiencesexperiences a person can have a person can have
2. R adds to the knowledge about the world → 2. R adds to the knowledge about the world → promote the welfare and comfort of us allpromote the welfare and comfort of us all
Great discoveries are a commonplace in Great discoveries are a commonplace in contemporary mediacontemporary media
![Page 35: What is research_.ppt](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042717/563db8b8550346aa9a964f96/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Thank Thank you!you!