What is genocide?What is genocide?

acts committed with intent acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious groupracial or religious group

What’s the time period of What’s the time period of the Holocaust?the Holocaust?

1933-19451933-1945

What levels of German What levels of German society were most drawn to society were most drawn to Hitler and the Nazi Party?Hitler and the Nazi Party?

The Nazis appealed especially to The Nazis appealed especially to the unemployed, young people, the unemployed, young people,

and members of the lower and members of the lower middle class (small store middle class (small store owners, office employees, owners, office employees, craftsmen, and farmers).craftsmen, and farmers).

What was Hitler’s term for What was Hitler’s term for the “master race”?the “master race”?

AryanAryan

Describe this type of Describe this type of person.person.

blond, blue-eyed, blond, blue-eyed, and talland tall

What types of German citizens What types of German citizens were victims of the Nazi Party?were victims of the Nazi Party?

Roma (Gypsies), an ethnic minority Roma (Gypsies), an ethnic minority numbering about 30,000 in Germanynumbering about 30,000 in Germany

handicapped individuals, including the handicapped individuals, including the mentally ill and people born deaf and blindmentally ill and people born deaf and blind

about 500 African-German children, the about 500 African-German children, the offspring of German mothers and African offspring of German mothers and African colonial soldiers in the Allied armies that colonial soldiers in the Allied armies that occupied the German Rhineland region occupied the German Rhineland region after World War Iafter World War I

JewsJews

What does Anti-Semitism What does Anti-Semitism mean?mean?

the prejudice, discrimination the prejudice, discrimination and hatred of Jews as a and hatred of Jews as a

national, ethnic, religious or national, ethnic, religious or racial groupracial group

When did Anti-Semitism When did Anti-Semitism begin?begin?

Nearly two thousand Nearly two thousand years agoyears ago

What other nations treated What other nations treated Jews as scapegoats?Jews as scapegoats?

SpainSpainRussiaRussiaPolandPolandAustriaAustria

According to the Nuremberg According to the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, how did the Laws of 1935, how did the

German government decide if German government decide if someone was Jewish?someone was Jewish?

anyone who had three or four Jewish anyone who had three or four Jewish grandparents was defined as a Jew, grandparents was defined as a Jew, regardless of whether that individual regardless of whether that individual

identified himself or herself as a Jew or identified himself or herself as a Jew or belonged to the Jewish religious communitybelonged to the Jewish religious community

What did the German What did the German government require of government require of

Jews in German society?Jews in German society?Jews were required to carry identity cards, Jews were required to carry identity cards,

but the government added special but the government added special identifying marks to theirs: a red "J" identifying marks to theirs: a red "J"

stamped on them and new middle names for stamped on them and new middle names for all those Jews who did not possess all those Jews who did not possess

recognizably "Jewish" first names -- "Israel" recognizably "Jewish" first names -- "Israel" for males, "Sara" for females. for males, "Sara" for females.

What happened on What happened on November 9, 1938?November 9, 1938?

Violence against Jews broke out across the Reich:Violence against Jews broke out across the Reich:

In two days, over 250 synagogues were In two days, over 250 synagogues were burned, over 7,000 Jewish businesses were burned, over 7,000 Jewish businesses were trashed and looted, dozens of Jewish trashed and looted, dozens of Jewish people were killed, and Jewish cemeteries, people were killed, and Jewish cemeteries, hospitals, schools, and homes were looted hospitals, schools, and homes were looted while police and fire brigades stood by.while police and fire brigades stood by.

The pogroms became known as The pogroms became known as KristallnachtKristallnacht, the "Night of , the "Night of

Broken Glass," for the shattered Broken Glass," for the shattered glass from the store windows glass from the store windows

that littered the streets.that littered the streets.

Pogrom is a Russian word designating an attack, Pogrom is a Russian word designating an attack, accompanied by destruction, looting of property, accompanied by destruction, looting of property,

murder, and rape, perpetrated by one section of the murder, and rape, perpetrated by one section of the population against another.population against another.

What countries accepted What countries accepted the most Jewish refugees?the most Jewish refugees?

United States – 90,000United States – 90,000Palestine – 60,000Palestine – 60,000France – 38,000France – 38,000Belgium – 30,000Belgium – 30,000Netherlands – 30,000Netherlands – 30,000

Why didn’t the US allow Why didn’t the US allow entrance to more refugees entrance to more refugees

before WWII?before WWII?In the midst of the Great Depression, In the midst of the Great Depression,

many Americans believed that refugees many Americans believed that refugees would compete with them for jobs and would compete with them for jobs and overburden social programs set up to overburden social programs set up to assist the needy.assist the needy.

Widespread racial prejudices among Widespread racial prejudices among Americans – including antisemitic Americans – including antisemitic attitudes held by the US State Department attitudes held by the US State Department officials – played a part in the failure to officials – played a part in the failure to admit more refugees.admit more refugees.

What was the goal of the What was the goal of the “Final Solution”?“Final Solution”?

a comprehensive plan a comprehensive plan to concentrate and to concentrate and

eventually annihilate all eventually annihilate all European JewsEuropean Jews

How many ghettos existed in How many ghettos existed in German-occupied territories?German-occupied territories?

The Germans established at The Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland occupied and annexed Poland

and the Soviet Union alone.and the Soviet Union alone.

Describe the largest Describe the largest ghetto.ghetto.

The largest ghetto in Poland was The largest ghetto in Poland was the Warsaw ghetto, where more the Warsaw ghetto, where more

than 400,000 Jews were crowded than 400,000 Jews were crowded into an area of 1.3 square miles.into an area of 1.3 square miles.

Describe the picture and say Describe the picture and say how people are treated.how people are treated.

Describe how conditions Describe how conditions worsened.worsened.

The Nazis will not even allow the The Nazis will not even allow the prisoners to remove the waste and prisoners to remove the waste and

sewage. Lice have infested the sewage. Lice have infested the ghetto and a typhus epidemic ghetto and a typhus epidemic

plagues the prisoners.plagues the prisoners.

What does Abe do? What does Abe do? Where does he go? Why?Where does he go? Why?With Garfingal’s help, Abe bribes a guard, With Garfingal’s help, Abe bribes a guard,

tells his family good-bye, and tells his family good-bye, and successfully escapes. He and Garfingal successfully escapes. He and Garfingal

walk to nearby Krosniewice because it has walk to nearby Krosniewice because it has an open ghetto so there is some freedom an open ghetto so there is some freedom

to come and go during the day.to come and go during the day.

What were the first Nazi What were the first Nazi concentration camps?concentration camps?

Dachau (1933)Dachau (1933) Chelmno (1941)Chelmno (1941) Auschwitz-Birkenau (1942)Auschwitz-Birkenau (1942) Treblinka (1942)Treblinka (1942) Belzec (1942)Belzec (1942) Sobibór (1942)Sobibór (1942) Majdanek-Lublin (1942)Majdanek-Lublin (1942)

What was the primary What was the primary purpose of these camps?purpose of these camps?

the methodical the methodical killing of millions of killing of millions of

innocent people innocent people

Describe what happened Describe what happened to most “workers.”to most “workers.”

Prisoners in all the Prisoners in all the concentration camps were concentration camps were literally worked to death.literally worked to death.

What happened at most What happened at most of these camps?of these camps?

Most of the deportees were Most of the deportees were immediately murdered in large immediately murdered in large

groups by poisonous gas.groups by poisonous gas.

Why were people forced Why were people forced to go on “death marches”?to go on “death marches”?Near the end of the war, when Germany's Near the end of the war, when Germany's military force was collapsing, the Allied military force was collapsing, the Allied

armies closed in on the Nazi concentration armies closed in on the Nazi concentration camps. The Germans began frantically to camps. The Germans began frantically to move the prisoners out of the camps near move the prisoners out of the camps near

the front and take them to be used as the front and take them to be used as forced laborers in camps inside Germany. forced laborers in camps inside Germany.

Prisoners were first taken by train and Prisoners were first taken by train and then by foot on "death marches."then by foot on "death marches."

Create your own caption for this Create your own caption for this photo. What is the family doing and photo. What is the family doing and

where are they going?where are they going?

When the Soviet soldiers When the Soviet soldiers liberated Auschwitz Death liberated Auschwitz Death Camp, how many shoes Camp, how many shoes

did they find?did they find?

tens of thousands tens of thousands of pairs of shoes of pairs of shoes

Describe the hardships Describe the hardships survivors had to face.survivors had to face.

Jewish communities no longer existed Jewish communities no longer existed in much of Europe.in much of Europe.

When people tried to return to their When people tried to return to their homes from camps or hiding places, homes from camps or hiding places, they found that, in many cases, their they found that, in many cases, their homes had been looted or taken over homes had been looted or taken over by others. by others.

- continued- continued Returning home was also dangerous. After the Returning home was also dangerous. After the

war, anti-Jewish riots broke out in several war, anti-Jewish riots broke out in several Polish cities. Polish cities.

Many survivors ended up in displaced persons' Many survivors ended up in displaced persons' (DP) camps set up in western Europe under (DP) camps set up in western Europe under Allied military occupation at the sites of former Allied military occupation at the sites of former concentration camps . concentration camps .

There they waited to be admitted to places like There they waited to be admitted to places like the United States, South Africa, or Palestine. At the United States, South Africa, or Palestine. At first, many countries continued their old first, many countries continued their old immigration policies, which greatly limited the immigration policies, which greatly limited the number of refugees they would accept.number of refugees they would accept.

A Survivor’s PrayerA Survivor’s Prayerby Malka Bby Malka B

I have lived I have lived dear G-d dear G-d in a world gone mad in a world gone mad and I have seen and I have seen evil evil unleashed beyond reason or unleashed beyond reason or understanding. understanding.

I was with them. I was with them. We drank from the same We drank from the same bitter cup. bitter cup.

I hid with them I hid with them Feared with them, Feared with them, Struggled with them Struggled with them And when the killing was finally done And when the killing was finally done I had survived I had survived while millions had died. while millions had died. I do not know why.I do not know why.

I have asked many questions I have asked many questions for which there are no answers for which there are no answers And I have even cursed And I have even cursed my life my life thinking I could not thinking I could not endure the pain. endure the pain.

But a flame But a flame inside inside refused to die. refused to die. I could not throw away I could not throw away What had been ripped away What had been ripped away from so many. from so many.

In the end In the end I had to choose life. I had to choose life. I had to struggle to cross I had to struggle to cross the bridge between the bridge between the dead and the living. the dead and the living. I had to rebuild I had to rebuild what had been destroyed. what had been destroyed. I had to deny death I had to deny death Another victory.Another victory.

Summarize what it’s about Summarize what it’s about in a few sentences.in a few sentences.

If you were going to teach If you were going to teach others about the others about the

importance of studying the importance of studying the Holocaust, what would Holocaust, what would

you include?you include?