what is ecology?
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What is Ecology?. Interactions between organisms & environment Interdisciplinary: chemistry, physics, geology, math. Statistical model of roads built in tropical rainforest by the year 2060. Where does life exist?. Geologic regions Atmosphere – layer of gases - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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What is Ecology?What is Ecology?
Interactions between Interactions between organisms & organisms & environment environment
Interdisciplinary: Interdisciplinary: chemistry, physics, chemistry, physics, geology, mathgeology, math
Statistical model of roads built in tropical rainforest by the year
2060
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Where does life Where does life exist?exist? Geologic regionsGeologic regions
AtmosphereAtmosphere – layer of – layer of gasesgases
LithosphereLithosphere – land part – land partof Earth (rock, soil, sand)of Earth (rock, soil, sand)
HydrosphereHydrosphere – all – all Earth’s waterEarth’s water
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BiosphereBiosphere All the spheresAll the spheres
Portion of Earth that supports lifePortion of Earth that supports life
How much of the Earth How much of the Earth do you think this region do you think this region
takes up?takes up?
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2 types of factors influence 2 types of factors influence organism’s environmentorganism’s environment
1.1. AbioticAbiotic – – nonliving nonliving elements (rain, elements (rain, wind, soil, wind, soil, temperature)temperature)
2.2. BioticBiotic – living – living factors factors
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Ecological OrganizationEcological Organization
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OrganismOrganism – has all – has all characteristics of lifecharacteristics of life
PopulationPopulation – group of – group of organisms living organisms living together at same time; together at same time; reproducereproduce
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CommunityCommunity – several populations in – several populations in same area at same timesame area at same time
EcosystemEcosystem – interactions – interactions between populations in a between populations in a community & abiotic community & abiotic elements in their elements in their surroundingssurroundings HabitatsHabitats NichesNiches Species interactionsSpecies interactions
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Niche & HabitatNiche & HabitatHabitat –where organism lives out its life
Includes abiotic & biotic factors
Not static
Niche – organism’s role & location in its environment to meet unique needs
How organism:
Obtains food
Finds shelter
Reproduces
Reduces competition
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Influences on Ecosystems
Natural & human causes
Can you think of any examples of things that might
influence a habitat?
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Examples
Natural Disasters: a) Hurricane Katrina, 2005
Before
After
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b) Volcanic Eruptions: Mount St. Helens, Washington State
May, 1980
Before
After
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c) Weather patterns: Regular & extreme weather
conditions
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Predator-prey Relationships
• One organism seeksanother for food
• Maintains balance• Prey species may benefit
(↓ competition, ↑ food)
Predator Strategies• Ambush• Camouflage
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Prey Strategies1. Defensea) Quick escape
b) Predator detection
Nebraskan cockroach
Meerkat keeping watch
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c) Protective shells, bark, spines
d) Camouflage
Red-eared slider
Porcupine
Stick bug
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2. Chemical warfare – poisons, odors, irritants, unpleasant taste
**Organisms using this strategy often have bright, warning colors
3. Behavior – mimicry, group size
Viceroy
Monarch
Skunk
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Symbiotic Relationships(close association)
3 types:1. Parasitism – feeds on and lives on/in host; ( +, - )
Deer tick - parasite
White-tailed deer - host
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2. Mutualism – ( +, + )– Pollination– Food supply
– Protection
Rhinoceros and Horn-billed Puffin/
Rhinoceros Auklet
Clownfish and Sea Anemone
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3. Commensalism – ( +, o )
Grey whale and Barnacles
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Competition
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• Intraspecific – between members of same species– Fight for same resources
• Habitat• Nutrients • Water• Soil
– Abundant resources = sharing
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Example: Blue satin bower bird
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• Interspecific –between members of different species
Nu
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Resource use
Resource use
Species 1Species 1Species 2Species 2
RegionRegionofof
niche niche overlapoverlap
Species 1Species 1 Species 2Species 2