ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Prepared by Kelly Abeleven | BUILDING BIOLOGY NSW

What's inside:ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY EXPLAINED

Page 01

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or electromagnetic fields

(EMFs) represent one of the most common and fastest

growing environmental influences, which has become the

subject of significant public concern and an ongoing

discussion both in scientific circles and in the field of health

and occupational medicine (Council of Europe Parliamentary

Assembly 2011). Exposure to electromagnetic fields is not a

new phenomenon. However, during the 20th century,

environmental exposure to man-made electromagnetic fields

has been steadily increasing as growing electricity demand,

ever-advancing technologies and changes in social behaviour

have created more and more artificial sources. As a result,

nowadays everyone is exposed to a complex mix of electric

and magnetic fields, both at home and at work, from 

Kelly Abeleven

Building Biologist

BUILDING BIOLOGY NSW

Building Wellness Evolution

w. buildingbiologynsw.com.au

m. 0402 857 555

e. kelly@buildingbiologynsw.com.au

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EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

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RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

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DIRTY ELECTRICITY

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the generation and transmission of electricity, domestic appliances and industrial

equipment, to telecommunications and broadcasting, and this exposure is now many

orders of magnitude higher than that from natural radiation to which previous

generations have been exposed to (World Health Organization 2014).  

Although, there is no doubt that these innovations together with rapid

industrialization of our society have made our lives more convenient and, in many

cases, more cost effective, they have also been accompanied by the emergence of

environmental and health problems and the growing scientific evidence that strongly

suggests potentially harmful connection between prolonged exposure to man-made

electromagnetic fields and human health, in particular linking it to the development

of such diseases as brain tumours, breast cancers, childhood leukemia, Alzheimer’s

and numerous others (IARC 2011; Hardell et al 2009; Girgert et al 2010; BioInitiative

Report 2012; Wertheimer & Leeper 1979; ICNIRP 2001).

Most of us are exposed to at least two different types of man-made EMFs on daily

basis: (1) extremely low frequency fields (ELF) from electrical and electronic

appliances, building wiring and power lines and (2) radiofrequency electromagnetic

fields (RF) from wireless devices such as cell phones and cordless phones, cellular

antennas and towers, and broadcast transmission towers (BioInitiative Report 2012).

The following section of the report discusses in detail the differences between the

two types of fields, their potential sources, as well as presents an overview of the

documented adverse health affects associated with long-term exposure to these

fields.

Most of the electricity used in our buildings (i.e all electric devices and power lines

that supply electricity to those devices together with building wiring) falls under

extremely low frequency band (ELF) of the electromagnetic spectrum (Bijlsma 2010).

All appliances that are connected to the mains as well as building wiring emit an AC

(alternating current) electric and an AC magnetic field. When an appliance is

operating, it is producing both an electric and a magnetic field. If that appliance is

not in use, the magnetic field is not produced as there is no current being drawn,

however the electric field remains as long as it is switched on at the power point.

Appliances that are switched off at the power point do not produce either of these

fields. (Bijlsma 2010, p. 63). Much of the publicized concern regarding extra low 

p. 02

EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELDS (ELF - EMF)

frequency electro-magnetic fields comes from the research on AC magnetic fields

which exist only where there is man-made electricity as opposed to DC (direct

current) fields that are found throughout nature. AC magnetic fields are measured in

milligauss (mG) or Teslas.

 In 1979, Wertheimer and Leeper reported that AC magnetic fields from power lines

and substations above 4mG (0.4T) were associated with increased risks of childhood

leukemia (Wertheimer & Leeper 1979; Ahlbom et al 2000). Since that time, numerous

epidemiological studies conducted on the subject have consistently revealed biologi-

cal effects of a pathological nature resulting from prolonged exposure to ELF EMFs

(AC magnetic fields) well below public safety limits currently adopted by Australian

Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), which is set at 1000 mG

for ELF fields (ARPANSA 2006). Existing exposure standards for AC magnetic fields

are based on induced electric currents in the body (ICNIRP 1998) and do not take into

consideration long-term exposure to non-thermal effects despite the growing body

of evidence of adverse health effects occurring at levels thousands of times below

the existing standards (BioInitiative Report 2012).

There is growing evidence that prolonged exposure to extra low frequency EMFs (AC

magnetic fields) may have the potential to disrupt cellular activity, cause changes to

DNA, increase the risk of miscarriage and cancer in light of their (ELF EMFs) ability to

suppress the ‘anticancer’ hormone-melatonin (Davanipour & Sobel 2012). It has been

suggested that AC magnetic fields of around 12mG increase the rate at which breast

cancer cells multiply (Blackman, Benane & House 2001; Harland & Liburdy 1997).

Several studies have also linked exposure to high electromagnetic fields with clinical

depression, suicide, miscarriages and a number of neurodegenerative diseases such

as Lou Gehrig’s disease and Alzheimer’s (BioInitiative Report 2012; Philips & Philips

2006).

Human studies have also shown that some health effects can arise from short-term

exposure to AC magnetic fields, such as:

• sleep disturbances, fatigue, nausea and headaches

• burning, prickling and biting sensation on the skin

• restlessness, irritability, poor short-term memory, difficulty concentrating,

dizziness, learning difficulties and dyslexia

• heart palpitations, chest pain, increased heart rate and blood pressure changes

• body aches and joint pains, numbness or tingling sensations, muscle tremors

p. 03

• heart palpitations, chest pain, increased heart rate and blood pressure changes 

• body aches and joint pains, numbness or tingling sensations, muscle tremors 

• ringing in the ears, hearing loss, impaired balance 

• impending flu-like symptoms that do not eventuate (British Society for Ecological

Medicine 2014).

As a result of mounting scientific evidence, the International Agency for Cancer Re-

search (an arm of the World Health Organization) has classified ELF electromagnetic

fields as a “possible human carcinogen” (Group 2B carcinogen) (IARC 2002).

• High-voltage transmission lines — large power lines on metal poles or towers —

can produce elevated EMF (over 4 milligauss or mG). These elevated fields can

extend several hundred to as much as 300 meters on both sides. That’s greater than

the length of three football fields. Homes, schools and workplaces near these power

lines can be within these high EMF zones. 

• Ground transformers — big green boxes labeled “High Voltage” that sit outside

buildings. 

• Appliances (magnetic induction stovetops, microwave ovens, computers, washers

and dryers, televisions, radios, etc.); EMF fields from these appliances penetrate

through walls. 

• Smart grid or “smart” wireless utility meters for electric, gas and water metering

(switch-mode power supply produces ELF-EMF and dirty electricity). 

• New appliances with radiofrequency power transmitters for wireless smart meters.

Ask before purchase and choose brands without wireless power transmitters built

in. 

• Plasma televisions, which apparently have some adverse bioeffects on some

people that are similar to exposures to wireless devices. LCD screen TVs have low or

no EMF and are a better choice. 

• Lighting — compact fluorescent bulbs (CFBs) and other fluorescent lighting. 

• Electrical main panels, subpanels in the home, and electrical wiring in the walls, if

improperly wired. 

p. 04

SOURCES OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF-EMF):

p. 05

• Home grid systems that use the home’s electrical wiring to transmit RF signal for

wireless devices, known as broadband over power line (BPL).

• Electric and hybrid cars — EMF levels vary widely, so check if information on

electric field exposure is available from the manufacturer before buying.

• Any transformer for charging power (little black boxes that connect appliances to

wall outlets); “boom boxes” for music that plug into an electrical wall socket; power

strips into which lots of wires are plugged.

• In classrooms, overhead projectors, slide projectors, and computer hard drives. A

teacher standing near or under an overhead projector gets as much exposure as

sleeping under an electric blanket.

• Offices or classrooms over or adjacent to switchgear rooms (electrical rooms) can

have excessively high ELF-EMF exposures. Working on the first floor of a high-rise

often places people directly over a switchgear electric room and excessive EMF.

• Personal digital assistants (PDAs such as BlackBerry and smart phones). These also

produce very high bursts of ELF-EMF from the battery switching when on.

• Large electrical systems (electric motors, generators, electric cables).

• Power saws, drills, welding, or any variable- speed induction motor, such as a

sewing machine.

• Electric transportation systems (trains) and light rail or magnetic levitation (maglev)

trains.

• Distance – both electric and magnetic fields become significantly weaker with

distance, so it is important to move the offending source away from where people

spend time.

• Unplug appliances you don’t use.

• Keep appliances as close to the power point as possible.

SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF-EMF):

p. 06

• Do not stand directly in front of a dishwasher, oven or microwave oven.  

• Meter box and switchboard should be located well away from bedrooms and living

spaces where people spend time.

• The property should be at a reasonable distance from external sources of

electromagnetic fields.

• Avoid electric slab floor heating unless it can be proven to be safe.

• Rooms immediately adjacent to electrical substations in multi-storey buildings

should not be used.

• When all other options are not viable, you may need to consider installing

electromagnetic and /or electric shielding materials on the walls, floor or ceiling to

reduce your exposure.

RADIO FREQUENCY ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELDS (RF -EMF)

The second most ubiquitous type of electromagnetic radiation that we as humans

are exposed to on daily basis is radiofrequency elctro-magnetic fields (RF) from

wireless devices such as mobile phones and cordless phones, cellular antennas and

towers, and broadcast transmission towers. The RF band also includes microwave

frequencies which are used for heating (microwave oven), satellite communication as

well as radar (Bijlsma 2014).

There is a strongly suggestive evidence that exposure to continuous RF fields from

wire- less technologies (wi-fi, bluetooth, mobile phone base stations, smart meters)

causes DNA breakage, cell death including death of brain neurons, increased free

radical production (Phillips et al 2008 in Richards 2011), cell stress and premature

aging, changes in brain function including memory loss, retarded learning, slower

motor function and other performance impairment in children (Herbert & Sage

2013), headaches, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disorders, depression, neurodegenerative

conditions, reduction in melatonin secretion and cancers (BioInitiative Report 2012). 

p. 07

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from cell phone and cordless phone exposure

has been linked in more than one dozen studies to increased risk of neurological

diseases, male sterility, miscarriage and birth defects, as well as thyroid dysfunction

and bleeding disorders. There is mounting evidence to suggest an increased risk of

specific type of brain tumours - namely gliomas, meningiomas, acoustic neuromas

and parotid gland tumours (US National Toxicology Study 2016; INTERPHONE Study

Group 2010; BioInititaive Report 2012; CERENAT Study 2014). According to research

by Professor Lennart Hardell of Sweden, people under the age of 20 had more than a

fivefold increase in glioma and acoustic neuroma if they used a mobile phone and a

four times higher risk with the use of cordless phones (Hardell et al 2013).

In light of increasing scientific evidence on adverse health affects resulting from pro-

longed exposure to RF fields many schools throughout the United Kingdom and

Europe are banning the use of wireless technologies. Under mounting public

pressure, in 2011 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified

radiofrequency radiation as a “possible human carcinogen” (Group 2B carcinogen,

joining the IARC classification of ELF electromagnetic fields that occurred in 2002

(IARC 2011).

In May 2011, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted the

report “The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the

environment” (PACE 2011). The report calls for a number of measures to protect

humans and the environment, especially from high-frequency electromagnetic fields.

One of the recommendations is to take all responsible measures to reduce exposure

to electromagnetic fields, especially to radio frequencies from mobile phones, and

particularly the exposure to children and young people who seem to be most at risk

from head tumours (PACE 2011). 

We live in a sea of radiation and as technology progresses, the type and level of elec-

tromagnetic energy in our homes is only likely to increase (smart meters are

designed to communicate with all of your new appliances). Without doubt it brings

with it remarkable range of possibilities in the field of education and medical

advancements amongst so many other benefits. However, since current public

exposure guidelines to ELF EMFs and RFs are inadequate and provide no protection

against possible induction of diseases such as cancer and many others described

above by continual exposure to lower levels, it is ever more important for individuals

themselves to adopt precautionary principle advised by Building Biologists and

limit/minimise one’s exposure to these fields wherever possible. 

p. 08

• Smart grid / “smart” wireless utility meters (switch-mode power supply; electric, gas

or water). Electric utilities that “read” your electric meter remotely will attach a

wireless transmitter on your wall. This transmits wireless RF constantly.

• Wireless baby monitors, which produce excessively high ELF-EMF and/or RF.

• Appliances (magnetic induction stovetops, microwave ovens, computers, washers

and dryers, televisions, radios, etc.); EMF fields from these appliances penetrate

through walls.

• Dimmer switches — rheostat lighting produces dirty electricity.

• Cordless phones, but especially iDEN cordless phones, a new US form of the

European DECT phone. It emits a strong RF signal, and it radiates full power 24/7,

unlike a regular cordless phone, which only radiates when in use.

• Wireless phones (all cellular phones, smart phones, Bluetooth, pagers), which emit

pulsed RF. Low-level RF emissions are not necessarily much safer. No one can yet say

what a lower safe limit is.

• Microcell wireless cellular boosters which amplify cell signals inside buildings.

• Citywide wireless systems, Wi-Fi hotspots, wireless systems installed by private

businesses that can crisscross commercial streets and expose shoppers and

pedestrians to invisible beams of pulsed RF.

• Cellular antennas on nearby buildings radiating to you, or cellular antennas on your

building, radiating toward a nearby building with glass windows that reflect the RF

back to you.

• In schools, cellular towers or antennas on campus or adjacent to campus. These

may include hidden or “stealth” cell site installations built on he roof or inside a

chimney or church steeple.

• Wireless networks, wireless access points, wireless laptops, plus wireless overhead

projectors and white boards that are used for interactive learning in the classroom.

SOURCES OF RADIOFREQUENCY (RF-EMF):

p. 09

• FM transmitters worn by teachers in schools for hearing impaired students produce

excessively high RF exposures for chronic exposure. They can be placed nearby on a

desk instead.

• Wireless baby monitors, which produce excessively high ELF-EMF and/or RF.

• Radiofrequency identification (RFID) and metal detector systems used in airports,

stores, libraries and hospitals. RFID scanners are powerful and can disable medical

implants.

• Wireless headsets, wireless printers, wireless mouse & keyboard.

• Wireless game consoles, wireless security systems, FitBit, apple watch.

• Cordless phones, but especially iDEN cordless phones, a new US form of the

European DECT phone. It emits a strong RF signal, and it radiates full power 24/7,

unlike a regular cordless phone, which only radiates when in use.

• WiMAX, which has a 16- to 35-kilometers radius and is very strong near the tower

antennas.

• Broadcast towers: AM, FM and television towers. Mobile phone base stations

(towers).

• Microwave ovens, wireless routers, LED lighting, neighbour's wireless router.

• Radar. Doppler radars for weather are tremendously strong RF sources, creating

intermittent, sweeping exposure at very high peak power. This includes radar at

airports and military bases.

• We recommend that you use a corded phone (land line) as your regular telephone.

• If you need to use a cordless phone or cell phone, use a headset (wired only)

whenever possible and/or use your phone on speakerphone. Text rather than talk.

Keep your calls very brief, and hold your cell phone away from your head and body,

especially when the phone is connecting your call.

SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO RADIOFREQUENCY (RF-EMF):

p. 10

• Children should not use cell phones or cordless phones. Studies show children

have a five-fold risk of malignant brain tumors in a shorter time than adults

• Wireless baby monitors, which produce excessively high ELF-EMF and/or RF.

• Use the phone in a good signal strength area (the maximum number of bars will be

displayed on the screen) as it will transmit at much lower levels than in an area with

poor reception such as a moving vehicle or lift.

• Switch your iPhone to airplane mode when watching movies, using an App or

playing games. This will turn off Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular and GPS functions which

means you will be unable to make or receive calls.

• Do not use the mobile phone as an alarm clock. Even in airplane mode, it will create

high levels of magnetic fields when the alarm turns on.

• Do not carry the phone around your waist or on your chest. Where possible, keep it

at a distance away from your body.

• Do not use the phone in the car, bus, tram or any other metal carriage as the

radiofrequency electromagnetic energy may reflect off surfaces creating ‘hot spots’

in the vehicle.

• Charge the phone away from areas where you spend time such as next to the bed.

• Shielded phone cases should be avoided as many force the phone to increase

power and inadvertently increase radiofrequency absorption in the head.

• Use ADSL or cabled broadband instead of wireless technology.

•  If you use a wireless router, change the power setting to the lowest level (refer to

the manufacturer’s instructions).

• Keep the router away from where you spend time ie bedroom, study, living spaces.

• Turn the router off when it is not in use as it will continue to emit pulsed

microwaves 24 hours per day.

p. 11

• Once you have downloaded an App, video, game or document from the internet,

switch them to airplane mode. This will avoid exposure to the radiofrequency

electromagnetic energy however you will not be able to access the internet in this

setting.

• Keep the devices at a distance to your body (such as on a desk) whilst in use.

Laptop computers that run off the mains adapter/charger units and battery chargers

may emit high electric and magnetic fields. An earthing mat will reduce the electric

field, whilst placing the laptop on a desk (not on your lap where they may expose

your reproductive organs to microwave radiation) will reduce exposure to the

magnetic field.

• DECT cordless phones should be avoided as their base units continually emit

pulsed microwaves - even when not in use - at levels that can exceed a mobile phone

in a good signal strength area. Substitute it for a wired landline phone.

• If you insist on using a cordless phone, buy an analogue model as this will only emit

radiofrequency signals when making and receiving calls.

• Avoid placing the cordless phone base unit in an area where you spend time such

as the bedroom. Keep your calls short. Use speaker mode when talking on the

phone.

• The smart meter should be well away from beds, desks, favourite couch and

anywhere else you spend time.

• Shielding with fabrics, paints and window films should only be considered as a last

resort if you are unable to create a sufficient distance between you and the meter.

• Avoid digital (DECT) baby monitors are of particular concern because of their close

proximity to the baby and the fact that they emit pulsing bursts of microwave

radiation 100 times every second all the time they are turned on. Talk back models

are not recommended as the units continuously emit pulsing radiation even when

noise is not being made. Similarly, camera and video baby monitors should also be

avoided as they emit higher power levels. If you insist on using a baby monitor, have

a proper wired closed-circuit TV (CCTV) system installed.

p. 12

DIRTY ELECTRICITY

Dirty electricity is a term used to describe interruptions to the flow of current

running through electrical wiring. Electricity leaves the generating plant that gave

rise to it in the form of a smooth undulating sine wave. In reality, over 4800

kilometers separates each of the peaks (McLean 2015). However, during its travels,

the smooth undulations of the sine wave become distorted by the electrical

equipment it feeds. The result is a high frequency signal that’s superimposed on the

low frequency sine wave.

According to McLean (2015), dirty electricity in a home can originate from electronic

equipment within the home, from neighbours’ electronic equipment or from external

sources such as base stations. It can be carried by both wiring and by conductive wa-

ter pipes. Some of the devices that commonly cause dirty electricity are:

• computers

• halogen lights

• compact fluorescent lights, older fluorescent lights, transformers

• plasma TVs, DVD players, sound systems

• dimmer switches

• variable-speed motors

• mobile phone base stations

• solar power inverters

• wireless technologies

Dirty electricity is known to damage sensitive electronic equipment and until

recently this form of energy was assumed to not be biologically active. However,

several studies conducted on DE and its potential impact on human health have

revealed that it may affect animal and human health. Alleged symptoms include

headaches, dizziness, ears (tinnitus, earache, pressure in the ears), chronic fatigue,

depression, body aches, memory loss, insomnia, confusion, heart palpitations,

increased blood pressure and chest tightness, which improves when the occupants

move away from their home (Havas & Colling 2011; Havas & Stetzer 2004).

p. 13

There are several methods available to reduce dirty electricity, such as filters from Stetzer (https://www.stetzerelectric.com/store/stetzerizer-filter/) or Greenwave

(http:// greenwavefilters.3dcartstores.com/?AffId=67).

However, these are several concerns associated with the use of DE filters. Some

people experience a feeling of being ‘electrified’ or ‘wired’, or shortness of breath as

soon as they are installed. These filters can also generate random magnetic field

spikes along building wiring, consume more power and be noisy as they hum when

overworked. There are also concerns that they pose a fire hazard if they are put on

the switchboard. In addition, every time you relocate or buy a new appliance, the

system needs to be re-checked (Bijlsma 2016). It is important not to just plug the

filters into every power point as this may actually exacerbate the problem. the

system needs to be balanced by a Building Biologist.

DE filters are often advised as a last resort by Building Biologists and EMF

Consultants. The best method to reduce DE in a home is to find sources (either in

your home or from the grid) and try to eliminate them. Consider the following:

• Remove the appliances that are causing the problem (such as those listed on the

previous page as well as cordless phones, electric blankets, replace wireless tech-

nology with hard-wired connection as discussed previously in this Fact Sheet).

• Avoid appliances that have a Stand By function and those with a switched mode

power supply (SMPS) converter. Choose appliances that have built-in capacitors

• Replace dimmer switches with on/off switches. Alternatively use central control

system dimmers (Lutron, Creston).

• Replace compact fluorescent lightbulbs with incandescent light globes or LED bulbs.

• Replace smart meters with analogue meters.

• Avoid variable speed HVAC motors.

• Choose LED over plasma televisions.

WHAT CAN YOU DO:

REFERENCE LIST

p. 14

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