wetland park - a specific area - bfn · service types ecosystem functions evaluation methods ......

Wetland Park - a specific area where activities such as wetland protection, restoration, propagation, education, research, monitoring, and ecotourism, are held in order to protect the ecosystem and utilize the resources of the wetland properly.

A panorama of Xixi Wetland

Since Feb. 2nd, 2005, when the first pilot project of the National Wetland Park, Hangzhou Xixi National Wetland Park, is licensed, China has established 298 experimental units of National Wetland Park and 12 of them have been through the final acceptance.

1. Overview of Xixi Wetland

2. Ecosystem services and evaluationof Xixi Wetland

3. Discussion


60 Sq Km

10 Sq Km

Area Loss

Area Loss60 sq Km 10 Sq Km

500,000 residents in Xixi prior to Construction，12 villages

Xixi Restoration

Ecology First

Sustainable Development

Respect Culture

Recover and Maintain Ancient Aspects

Minimum Disturbance

Benefit Society

Six Principles ：：：：

《《《《RAMSAR Convention》》》》, 《《《《China Wetland Conservation Action Plan》》》》《《《《 Xixi Wetland Restoration Project Master Plan》》》》

Xixi Restoration

2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland

Service types Ecosystem functions Evaluation methods

Provisioning Wetland production Market value approach

Regulating CO2 fixation,O2 release Carbon tax approach

Flood control Shadow project method

Water purification Index method

Cultural Ecotourism Travel cost method

Research, education, culture Index method

Supporting Wildlife habitat Index method

Heritage value Cost method

Improve inhabitation environment Estate premium method

Table 1. Ecosystem services and evaluation methods for Xixi Wetland


2.1 Provisioning ServiceVP=∑PiPri

Pi = the output of each ecosystem product;Pri = the price of each ecosystem product.

Wetlandproduction

Yield（（（（t））））

Unit price（（（（dollar · t-1

））））

Total（（（（US $ million · a-1

））））

Fish 2068 2120 4.385

Rice 207 457 0.095

Persimmons 42 816 0.034

Table 2. The main product and value of Xixi Wetland in 2003


2.2 Regulating Services2.2.1 CO2 Fixation, O2 Release

E=EC+EO

EC=QC×CC=1.63×∑PiSi×CC

EO=QO×CO=1.20×∑PiSi×CO

EC = the value of CO2 fixation; EO = the value of O2release; E = the total value of CO2 fixation and O2 release; QC = the annual quantity of CO2 fixation; QO = the annual quantity of O2 release; Pi = the productivity of each type of forest land; Si = the area of each type of forest land. CC =

the cost of CO2 fixation. European carbon trading price is 4 €·t-1 in 2012. CO = the cost of O2 release. Market price of

industrial ecological oxygen is 114 US＄·t-1.


Vegetationtypes

Area （（（（ha））））

Productivity（（（（t·ha-2·a-1

））））

Cumulation（（（（t·a-1

））））

CarbonFixation（（（（t·a-1

））））

Value（（（（US $ million ·a-1

））））

Oxygenrelease （（（（t·a-1

））））


））））

Woods 110.5 13.3 1469.7 2395.5 0.013 1763.6 0.201

Bambooforest

58.3 11.3 658.8 1073.8 0.006 790.5 0.090

Rice 26.9 6.5 174.9 285.0 0.001 209.8 0.024

Reeds 26.7 8.2 218.1 355.6 0.002 261.8 0.030

Total 222.4 2521.4 4109.9 0.021 3025.7 0.345

Table 3. The value of CO2 fixation and O2 release of Xixi Wetland in 2003


Vegetation typesArea（（（（ha））））

Productivity （（（（t·ha-2·a-1

））））

Cumulation（（（（t·a-1

））））

Carbonfixation （（（（t·a-1

））））


））））

Oxygenrelease （（（（t·a-1

））））

Value （（（（US $ million ·a-1

））））

Cedar 7.3 12.4 90.1 146.9 0.001 108.2 0.012

Evergreen-DeciduousBroadleavedforest

84.1 15.6 1311.9 2138.4 0.011 1574.3 0.180

Mixed forest 53.3 12.1 644.9 1051.2 0.005 773.9 0.088

Bamboo forest 59.2 11.3 669.2 1090.8 0.006 803.0 0.092

Shrub forest 2.1 8.2 16.9 27.5 0.000 20.3 0.002

Reeds 43.3 8.2 353.8 576.6 0.003 424.5 0.048

Total 249.3 3086.8 5031.5 0.026 3704.2 0.423

Table 4. The value of CO2 fixation and O2 release of Xixi Wetland in 2012


2.2.2 Flood ControlQ=V×t

Q = the value of flood control; V = the quantity of flood control of wetland; t = the cost of unit reservoir volume

the volume of surface water storage of Xixi Wetland is 5 million m3 before 2003;

4.7 million m3 of river are dredged during the establishment Xixi Wetland Park. In addition to the increase in water level, the total volume of surface water storage increases to 11.7 million m3.


2.2.3 Water Purification

YearDO

（mg/l）CODMn （mg/l）

BOD5 （mg/l）

NH3-N（mg/l）

TP（mg/l）

Qualitystandards

2005 4.09 8.26 6.44 4.31 0.36 V

2006 5.47 5.38 3.51 1.53 0.17 V

2007 5.99 5.46 3.91 1.68 0.15 V

2008 5.31 5.22 3.75 1.32 0.14 IV

2009 5.11 5.14 3.56 1.21 0.11 IV

2010 5.49 2.91 1.59 0.36 0.07 III

2011 4.76 2.69 2.63 0.52 0.08 IV

2012 5.26 2.61 2.10 0.36 0.08 III

Table 5. The water quality data of Xixi Wetland

Quality standards cite environmental quality standards for surface water of China (GB 3838-2002)

Water quality automatic monitoring station Meteorological monitoring station

Air quality automatic monitoring station


2.3 Cultural Services2.3.1 Ecotourism

Tc＝Te＋Cs＋Tv，Tv＝t×sTc = the cost of travel; Te = the travel expenses; Cs = the

consumer surplus; Tv = the value on the time of travel; t = the total time of travel; s = the opportunity cost of wage per unit time.

0

1

2

3

4

5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Year

Nu

mb

er

of p

eo

ple

( m

illio

n )

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Inco

me

an

d e

xpe

nd

itu

re(m

illio

n)

Number of people

Income

Expenditure

Fig 1. The number of people, income and expenditure of Xixi Wetland (2005-2012)


2.3.2 Research, Education and Culture

Xixi Wetland is theNational Science Education BaseNational Ecological Civilization Education BaseNational Environmental Protection Education Baseetc. the Chinese Wetland Museumwhich is an important place for education of popular science, is also located in Xixi Wetland.

Peter Bridgewater-Former Secretary-General of Ramsar


2.4 Supporting Services2.4.1 Wildlife Habitat

Species 2003 2007 2012

Vascular plants 253 475 712

Insects - 477 800

Fish - 45 55

Amphibians 5 10 10

Reptiles 10 15 14

Birds 89 126 160

Animals 10 14 15

Table 6. The species of Xixi Wetland


2.4.2 Heritage Value

People’s WTP (Will to Pay) for the utilization of a certain ecosystem service in the future or their will to accept compensation represents the heritage value. The government of Hangzhou has invested 1794.1 US＄

million in the protection of Xixi Wetland for 10 years (2003-2012) i.e. about 179.41 US＄million annually. After Xixi Wetland Park opened, the funding for protection and maintenance increases every year. The funding in 2012 is 28.45 US＄million, so the WTP for the protection of Xixi Wetland can be deduced which is 207.86 US＄million·a-1.


2.4.3 Improvement of Inhabitation Environment

Vr = M×p×c×kVr = the value of inhabitation environment; M = the area

of available land for construction; p = the floor area ratio (p = 2.5 according to China’s residential standard); c = the

price premium of living environment; k = the rate of return on investment (in general, use the rate of return on

Treasury bond of a 10-year period to calculate).


2.4.3 Improvement of Inhabitation Environment

Research data show that environment will beimproved in the area within 2 kilometers (radius) to XixiWetland Park in average, i.e. about 1,500 ha. Bysubtracting 1,150 ha of wetland area, the available landarea is 350 ha. In 2012, the rate of return on Treasurybond of a 10-year period is about 3.5% and the housingprice in Hangzhou is 1989 US＄ ·m2. According toresearches and polls, the premium rate is 26.37%, so thepremium is 524 US＄ ·m2. Therefore, the value ofimprovement in inhabitation environment is 199.80 US＄

3. Discussion

3.1 Analysis of the Ecosystem Service of Xixi Wetland

Ecosystem services

2003 2012

Value (US $ million)

Value(%)

Value(US $ million)

Value(%)

Wetland production 4.51 2.44% 0.00 0.00%

CO2 fixation,O2 release 0.37 0.20% 0.45 0.09%

Flood control 0.55 0.30% 1.28 0.26%

Water purification 0.00 0.00% 4.81 0.99%

Ecotourism 0.00 0.00% 70.64 14.53%

Research, education, culture

0.00 0.00% 0.99 0.20%

Wildlife habitat 0.12 0.06% 0.35 0.07%

Heritage value 179.41 97.00% 207.86 42.75%

Improve inhabitation environment

0.00 0.00% 199.80 41.10%

Total value 184.95 100.00% 486.18 100.00%

Table 7. The value of different ecosystem services in Xixi wetland

3. Discussion3.2 Changes in the Ecosystem Service of Xixi Wetland

from 2003 to 2012, the value of water purification, ecotourism, research, education, culture and improvement of inhabitation environment has been restored and improved, from no value or even negative value, to 4.81 US＄million·a-1, 70.64 US＄million·a-1, 0.99 US＄million·a-1 and 199.80 US＄million·a-1

respectively. The value of CO2 fixation and O2 release, flood control, wildlife habitat and heritage value has also increased significantly.

3. Discussion

After the establishment of Xixi Wetland Park, the total value of ecosystem service increases from 184.95 US＄million to 486.18 US＄million. The change illustrates not only that the huge achievement has been made through the protection of Xixi Wetland, but also that building wetland parks is an effective method to protect urban wetland.

3.2 Changes in the Ecosystem Service of Xixi Wetland

3. Discussion

Through the evaluation process of wetland ecosystem service, the first thing is to classify scientifically, to avoid double counting.

3.3 Application Notes on Evaluation Methods

The index method shows the evaluation value of a healthy wetland ecosystem. When this method is used to evaluate, its adaptability should be fully considered.

3. Discussion

Credibility can be increased by fully using the actual recorded data.

3.3 Application Notes on Evaluation Methods

The approach of dynamic assessment provides reference to protection and administration of urban wetland and evidence when there is a loss of value of the ecosystem service and the ecological compensation is needed.

Thank you for your kind attention!

wetland park - a specific area - bfn · service types ecosystem functions evaluation methods ......

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