welding

7/17/2019 Welding

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Naveed Habib KhanNaveed Habib Khan

MechanicalMechanicalDepartmentDepartment

6th August 20096th August 2009

WELDINGWELDING

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Welding BasicsWelding Basics

Tpes !" Weld #!ints Tpes !" Weld #!ints

Welding $!siti!nsWelding $!siti!ns

Welding TpesWelding Tpes

Welding $r!cessesWelding $r!cesses

Welding %mb!lsWelding %mb!ls

Welding %a"etWelding %a"et

&!ntents&!ntents

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'abricati!n'abricati!n((Metal 'abricati!n is the "!rming !" metal) usuall steel plate) int!Metal 'abricati!n is the "!rming !" metal) usuall steel plate) int!

vari!us "!rms either b *elding !r !ther "!rms !" metal +!ining pr!cessesvari!us "!rms either b *elding !r !ther "!rms !" metal +!ining pr!cesses

WeldingWelding

((A "abricati!n pr!cess that +!ins materials) usuall metals bA "abricati!n pr!cess that +!ins materials) usuall metals b

causing c!alescence,causing c!alescence,

&!alescence means&!alescence means ('usi!n,('usi!n,

What is 'abricati!n -What is 'abricati!n -

Welding.Welding.

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WeldmentsWeldments

Weld puddleWeld puddle

%lag%lag Weld BeadWeld Bead Bac/ingBac/ing Tac/ Weld Tac/ Weld Heat Aected 1!neHeat Aected 1!ne

HA13HA13

Welding TermsWelding Terms

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5

$arts !" a Weld$arts !" a Weld

Joint and WeldJoint and Weld

Heat Affected ZoneHeat Affected Zone

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6

'illet Weld'illet Weld 'illet *elds sh!uld4'illet *elds sh!uld4

Have a 5at t! slightl c!nve "aceHave a 5at t! slightl c!nve "ace

Be uni"!rm in appearanceBe uni"!rm in appearance

Have e7ual leg si8eHave e7ual leg si8e

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7

Tpes !" Weld #!ints Tpes !" Weld #!ints There are tpes !" +!ints : There are tpes !" +!ints :

;3;3 B < Butt #!intB < Butt #!int

2323 = < =ap #!int= < =ap #!int

>3>3 T < Tee #!int T < Tee #!int?3?3 @ < @dge #!int@ < @dge #!int

33 & < &!rner #!int& < &!rner #!int

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8

'illet and r!!ve Welds'illet and r!!ve Welds

r!!ve and llet *elds can be made !nr!!ve and llet *elds can be made !nman tpes !" +!intsman tpes !" +!ints

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9

Tpes !" #!ints Tpes !" #!ints

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W@=D@D #CNT &AT@CEFW@=D@D #CNT &AT@CEF

A%M@ &!de denes *elded +!ints b categ!rG The term (&ateg!r, denes the l!cati!n !" a +!int in a The term (&ateg!r, denes the l!cati!n !" a +!int in a

vesselGvesselG The +!ints included in each categ!r are designated as The +!ints included in each categ!r are designated as

+!ints !" &ateg!ries A) B) &) and DG +!ints !" &ateg!ries A) B) &) and DG

The (&ateg!ries, established b WI> are "!r use in The (&ateg!ries, established b WI> are "!r use inspeci"ing special re7uirements based !n %ervice)speci"ing special re7uirements based !n %ervice)Material) and Thic/ness3 regarding +!int tpe andMaterial) and Thic/ness3 regarding +!int tpe anddegree !" inspecti!n "!r certain *elded pressure +!intsGdegree !" inspecti!n "!r certain *elded pressure +!intsG

Weld +!int eJcienc (@, t is a measure !" *eld 7ualit and acc!unts "!r

stress c!ncentrati!nsG @ is needed in c!mp!nent thic/ness calculati!ns

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'igure illustrates tpical +!int l!cati!ns included in each'igure illustrates tpical +!int l!cati!ns included in eachcateg!rGcateg!rG

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&ateg!r A4&ateg!r A4

=!ngitudinal *elded +!ints *ithin the main shell !r n!88les=!ngitudinal *elded +!ints *ithin the main shell !r n!88lesan *elded +!int *ithin a "!rmed !r 5at head circum"erentialan *elded +!int *ithin a "!rmed !r 5at head circum"erential

*elded +!ints c!nnecting hemispherical heads t! main shells)*elded +!ints c!nnecting hemispherical heads t! main shells)t! transiti!ns in diametersGt! transiti!ns in diametersG

&ateg!r B4&ateg!r B4

&ircum"erential *elded +!ints *ithin the main shell) n!88les)&ircum"erential *elded +!ints *ithin the main shell) n!88les)!r transiti!ns in diameter circum"erential *elded +!ints!r transiti!ns in diameter circum"erential *elded +!ints

c!nnecting "!rmed heads !ther than hemispherical t! mainc!nnecting "!rmed heads !ther than hemispherical t! mainshells) t! transiti!ns in diameterGshells) t! transiti!ns in diameterG

&ateg!r &4&ateg!r &4

Welded +!ints c!nnecting 5anges) tubesheets) !r 5at headsWelded +!ints c!nnecting 5anges) tubesheets) !r 5at headst! main shell) t! "!rmed heads) t! transiti!ns in diameter) t!t! main shell) t! "!rmed heads) t! transiti!ns in diameter) t!n!88lesGn!88lesG

&ateg!r D4&ateg!r D4

Welded +!ints c!nnecting n!88les t! main shells) t! spheres)Welded +!ints c!nnecting n!88les t! main shells) t! spheres)t! transiti!ns in diameter) t! headsGt! transiti!ns in diameter) t! headsG

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Weld +!int eJcienc vsG #!int Tpe) &ateg!r LEadi!graphic @aminati!n

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14

Welding $!siti!nsWelding $!siti!ns There are vari!us p!siti!ns that a *eld can be made in4 There are vari!us p!siti!ns that a *eld can be made in4

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Root Pass Hot Pass

Fill Pass Cover Pass

Weld$asses

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TYPES OF

WELDING

APPLICATION PROCESS

CONSTRUCTION IN-SERVICE ARC GAS

RESISTANCE SOLID STATE

ENERGY BEAM

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Arc WeldingArc Welding((Arc *elding pr!cessArc *elding pr!cess

use electric p!*eruse electric p!*er

suppl t! create Lsuppl t! create L

maintain an electric arcmaintain an electric arc

b-* an electr!de andb-* an electr!de and

the base material t!the base material t!melt metals at themelt metals at the

*elding p!int,G*elding p!int,G

Welding $r!cessWelding $r!cess

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H!* an arc is "!rmed.H!* an arc is "!rmed.

The arc is li/e a The arc is li/e a5ame !" intense5ame !" intenseheat that isheat that isgenerated asgenerated asthe electricalthe electricalcurrent passescurrent passes

thr!ugh a highlthr!ugh a highlresistant air gapGresistant air gapG

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19

The Arc Welding &ircuit The Arc Welding &ircuit

The electricit 5!*s The electricit 5!*s

"r!m the p!*er"r!m the p!*er

s!urce) thr!ugh thes!urce) thr!ugh the

electr!de and acr!sselectr!de and acr!ssthe arc) thr!ugh thethe arc) thr!ugh the

base material t! thebase material t! the

*!r/ lead and bac/ t!*!r/ lead and bac/ t!

the p!*er s!urcethe p!*er s!urce

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20

Basic %teps !" Arc WeldingBasic %teps !" Arc Welding &h!!se the right *elding pr!cess&h!!se the right *elding pr!cess $reparati!n !" Welding$reparati!n !" Welding

$repare the base materials4 rem!ve scale) rust) !il) grease and$repare the base materials4 rem!ve scale) rust) !il) grease andan "!reign materialan "!reign material ualied Weldersualied Welders Welding $r!cedureWelding $r!cedure Tac/ Welds Tac/ Welds &h!!se the right ller material&h!!se the right ller material

$reIheating$reIheating &!nnecti!ns&!nnecti!ns Welding L Eem!val !" Temp!rar AttachmentWelding L Eem!val !" Temp!rar Attachment Assess and c!mpl *ith sa"et re7uirementsAssess and c!mpl *ith sa"et re7uirements se pr!per *elding techni7ues and be sure t! pr!tect the m!ltense pr!per *elding techni7ues and be sure t! pr!tect the m!lten

puddle "r!m c!ntaminants in the airpuddle "r!m c!ntaminants in the air

nspect the *eldnspect the *eld

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'act!rs Aecting the'act!rs Aecting the

WeldingWelding

;G;G Welding $r!cedureWelding $r!cedure

2G2G Thic/ness Thic/ness

>G>G @lectr!de etensi!n@lectr!de etensi!n

?G?G Angle !" bevelAngle !" bevelGG Travel speed Travel speed

6G6G &leanliness&leanliness GG Tpe !" +!int Tpe !" +!int

OGOG $!larit) &urrent L P!ltage$!larit) &urrent L P!ltage

9G9G E!!t Cpening distanceE!!t Cpening distance

;0G;0G Welding $!siti!nWelding $!siti!n

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Tpes !" Arc Welding Tpes !" Arc Welding

%hielded Metal I Arc Welding%hielded Metal I Arc Welding %MAW3%MAW3 as Metal I Arc Weldingas Metal I Arc Welding MAW3MAW3

as Tungsten I Arc Weldingas Tungsten I Arc Welding TAW3TAW3 %ubmerged I Arc Welding%ubmerged I Arc Welding %AW3%AW3 $lasma I Arc Welding$lasma I Arc Welding $AW3$AW3 'lu &!red I Arc Welding'lu &!red I Arc Welding '&AW3'&AW3

GAS WELDINGGAS WELDING Cacetlene WeldingCacetlene Welding CAW3CAW3

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as Tungsten Arc Welding TAW3as Tungsten Arc Welding TAW3

Also called T Also called Tungsten inert gas (TIG) This uses a similar inert gas shield to MIG, but thetungsten electrode is not consumed. Filler metal is provided from a separate rod fedautomatically into the molten pool

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@7uipment "!r TAW Welding@7uipment "!r TAW Welding

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Tpe !" &urrent L Tpe !" &urrent Lp!laritp!larit

Direct &urrentDirect &urrent Direct currentDirect current

straight p!laritstraight p!laritD&%$3D&%$3

Direct currentDirect currentreverse p!laritreverse p!laritD&E$3D&E$3

Alternating &urrentAlternating &urrent

Tpe !" $!*er Tpe !" $!*er%!urce%!urce enerat!renerat!r Trans"!rmer Trans"!rmer

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Tungsten @lectr!de Tungsten @lectr!de

N!n c!nsumableN!n c!nsumable

Melting p!int Q 6;0Melting p!int Q 6;0R'R'

Tungsten All!s 4 Tungsten All!s 4

Th!ria) 1irc!nia) &eria) Th!ria) 1irc!nia) &eria)=anthana !r a=anthana !r a

c!mbinati!n !" !idesGc!mbinati!n !" !idesG

=ength Q > t! 2?=ength Q > t! 2?

inchesinches Diameter Q G0; t! GDiameter Q G0; t! G

2inches2inches

@tensi!n L %hape@tensi!n L %hape

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TAW %hielding asesTAW %hielding ases Arg!n) Helium !r miture !" asesArg!n) Helium !r miture !" ases

nert gases d!nSt "!rm c!mp!und *ithnert gases d!nSt "!rm c!mp!und *ith

!ther elementsG!ther elementsG

These gases pr!tect the tungsten These gases pr!tect the tungsten

electr!de and *eld metal "r!melectr!de and *eld metal "r!mc!ntaminati!nGc!ntaminati!nG

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$r!perties C" nert ases$r!perties C" nert ases

Properties of Argon Properties of HeliumArg!n is a heav gas that is !btained "r!mthe atm!sphere b the li7uicati!n !" air

Helium is a light gas that is !btained bseparati!n "r!m natural gas

Ma be used as a c!mpressed gas Ma be used as a c!mpressed gas

uieter L sm!!ther arc acti!n Deeper penetrati!n

=!*er c!st @pensive

%uitable gas "!r TAW ives a smaller heat aected 8!ne

Better "!r thin metals Better "!r thic/er metals

!!d cleaning acti!n

=!*er 5!* rates are re7uired Higher 5!* rates are re7uired

Better "!r *elding dissimilar metals

M!re availabilit =ess available

Better "!r *elding at higher speeds

Arg!n I helium miture are used *hen better c!ntr!l !" arg!n and the deeper penetrati!n !"helium are neededG U helium) 2U Arg!n3

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E 70 1 8R

Electrode

Type of Covering (usually for GTAW only)

Tensile Strength in Ksi

Position of Welding (1 )

Current Condition

A1Allo! Constituent of "iller

%electi!n !" 'iller metal depends up!n chemical%electi!n !" 'iller metal depends up!n chemicalc!mp!siti!n !" base metalGc!mp!siti!n !" base metalG

T! increase the tensile strength) ductilit) and c!rr!si!n T! increase the tensile strength) ductilit) and c!rr!si!nresistanceGresistanceG

'iller metal is /ept in (HCT CP@N%, "!r preheating "!r'iller metal is /ept in (HCT CP@N%, "!r preheating "!rsm!!th !perati!nGsm!!th !perati!nG

&lassicati!n !" 'iller metals in AW%&lassicati!n !" 'iller metals in AW% %tainless steel%tainless steel AG9AG9 &arb!n steels&arb!n steels AG;OAG;O =!* all! steel=!* all! steel AG2OAG2O

Dep!siti!n EateDep!siti!n Eate

'iller Metals'iller Metals

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&!st !" TAW&!st !" TAW =ab!r=ab!r 20U t! ?0U320U t! ?0U3

Cverhead c!stCverhead c!st Ma+!r &!st3Ma+!r &!st3

'iller metal c!st'iller metal c!st

%hielded gas c!st%hielded gas c!st

@lectric p!*er c!st@lectric p!*er c!st Min!r c!st3Min!r c!st3

Tungsten @lectr!de c!st Tungsten @lectr!de c!st

?U!" %hielding gas c!st3 ?U!" %hielding gas c!st3 Welding T!rchWelding T!rch

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AdvantagesAdvantages

High ualit WeldHigh ualit Weld N! 'lu !r %lagN! 'lu !r %lag

sed "!r b!th 'err!us L N!nI'err!us metalssed "!r b!th 'err!us L N!nI'err!us metals

N! %m!/es !r 'umesN! %m!/es !r 'umes

Welding can be d!ne in all p!siti!nWelding can be d!ne in all p!siti!n 'iller metal is n!t al*as re7uired'iller metal is n!t al*as re7uired

The arc L *eld p!!l is clearl visible t! the The arc L *eld p!!l is clearl visible t! the

*elder*elder

'!r man applicati!n) it is the best meth!d'!r man applicati!n) it is the best meth!d

@cellent "!r *elding thin metals and pipeline*elding

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=imitati!ns=imitati!ns

Welding speed is sl!*Welding speed is sl!* @lectr!de is easil c!ntaminated@lectr!de is easil c!ntaminated

N!t eJcient "!r *elding thic/ secti!nsN!t eJcient "!r *elding thic/ secti!ns

Thic/ness sh!uld n!t eceed V,G Thic/ness sh!uld n!t eceed V,G

=!*er ller metal dep!siti!n rate=!*er ller metal dep!siti!n rate

N!t @c!n!micalN!t @c!n!mical

Hand ee c!I!rdinati!n s/ill is re7uiredHand ee c!I!rdinati!n s/ill is re7uired Highl s/illed lab!r needed "!r this pr!cessHighl s/illed lab!r needed "!r this pr!cess

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%hielded Metal Arc Welding%hielded Metal Arc Welding

%MAW3%MAW3

This is the most commonly used techniue. There is a !idechoice of electrodes, metal and flu"es, allo!ing applicationto different !elding conditions.

The gas shield is evolved from the flu", preventing

o"idation of the molten metal pool.

Also referred to as #$tic% &elding' Also referred to as #$tic% &elding'

sed for everything from pipeline !elding, farm repair andsed for everything from pipeline !elding, farm repair andcomple" fabrication.comple" fabrication.

ses a #stic%' shaped electrode.ses a #stic%' shaped electrode. an !eld* steel, cast iron, stainless steel, etc.an !eld* steel, cast iron, stainless steel, etc.

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%hielded Metal Arc Welding%hielded Metal Arc Welding

%MAW3%MAW3

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as Metal Arc Welding MAW3as Metal Arc Welding MAW3

+lectrode metal is fused directly into the molten pool. The+lectrode metal is fused directly into the molten pool. Theelectrode is, therefore, consumed rapidly, being fed from aelectrode is, therefore, consumed rapidly, being fed from amotoried reel do!n the centre of the !elding torchmotoried reel do!n the centre of the !elding torch

Also referred to as #MIG' !elding Also referred to as #MIG' !elding

ses a shield gas and a continuous !ire electrodeses a shield gas and a continuous !ire electrode

sed for all types of fabricatiosed for all types of fabricatio

Great for thin metals up to -'Great for thin metals up to -'

+"cellent speed of deposition+"cellent speed of deposition

sed for metals such as* steel, aluminum and stainless steel.sed for metals such as* steel, aluminum and stainless steel.

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as Metal Arc Weldingas Metal Arc Welding

MAW3MAW3

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Higher dep!siti!n rates than %MAWHigher dep!siti!n rates than %MAW

All p!siti!n capabilitAll p!siti!n capabilit

=ess !perat!r s/ill re7uired=ess !perat!r s/ill re7uired

=!ng *elds can be made *ith!ut starts and st!ps=!ng *elds can be made *ith!ut starts and st!ps

Minimal p!st *eld cleaning is re7uiredMinimal p!st *eld cleaning is re7uired

M Welding BenetsM Welding Benets

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nstead !" using shielding gas) the arc and *eld 8!ne are

c!mpletel submerged under a blan/et !" granulated5uG

A c!ntinu!us *ire electr!de is "ed int! the *eldG This is ac!mm!n pr!cess "!r *elding

%ubmerged arc *elding %AW3%ubmerged arc *elding %AW3

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This is similar t! the M pr!cess) but uses a c!ntinu!us h!ll!*electr!de lled *ith 5u) *hich pr!duces the shielding gasG

The advantage !" the techni7ue is that it can be used "!r!utd!!r *elding) as the gas shield is less susceptible t!draughtsG

'luIc!red arc *elding'luIc!red arc *elding'&AW3'&AW3

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lasma !elding is similar to the TIG process.

A needle/li%e plasma arc is formed through an orificeand fuses the base metal.

$hielding gas is used. lasma !elding is most suitedto high/uality and precision !elding applications.

$lasma I Arc Welding $AW3$lasma I Arc Welding $AW3

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Oxygen/ Fuel WeldingOxygen/ Fuel Welding

tili8es !gen and a "uel gas t! heat metaltili8es !gen and a "uel gas t! heat metaluntil it is in a m!lten state and "use multipleuntil it is in a m!lten state and "use multiple

pieces !" metal t!getherG &an be used *ith !rpieces !" metal t!getherG &an be used *ith !r

*ith!ut a ller r!dG*ith!ut a ller r!dG

reat "!r bra8ing dissimilar metals t!getherGreat "!r bra8ing dissimilar metals t!getherG Clder techn!l!g that can be replaced bClder techn!l!g that can be replaced b

TAWTAW

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42

Welding %mb!lsWelding %mb!lsWelding smb!ls c!ntain in"!rmati!n ab!ut the *eld t! be madeWelding smb!ls c!ntain in"!rmati!n ab!ut the *eld t! be made

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43

Welding smb!ls give the *elder specic instructi!ns ab!ut theWelding smb!ls give the *elder specic instructi!ns ab!ut the

*eld including4*eld including4

$lacement) %i8e) =ength) $r!cess$lacement) %i8e) =ength) $r!cess An !ther special n!tesAn !ther special n!tes

Welding smb!ls areWelding smb!ls are niversall usedniversall used

!verned b the AW%!verned b the AW%

'!und !n engineering dra*ings'!und !n engineering dra*ings

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Reference Line (Required element)

Ee"erence =ineEe"erence =ine

Always Horio!"al

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Reference Line (Required element)

Arro

Arr!* =ineArr!* =ine

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R#$#r#!%# Li!# &R#'(ir#) #l#*#!"+

Arro

!ail

Tail Tail

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R#$#r#!%# Li!# &R#'(ir#) #l#*#!"+

Arro

!ail

Reference Line must ala"s #e $ori%ontal&

Arro 'oints to t$e line or lines on drain $ic$ clearl" identif" t$e 'ro'osed oint or

eld area*

!$e tail of t$e eldin s"m#ol is used to indicate t$e eldin or cuttin

'rocesses& as ell as t$e eldin s'ecification& 'rocedures& or t$e su''lementar"

information to #e used in ma+in t$e eld*

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R#$#r#!%# Li!# &R#'(ir#) #l#*#!"+

Arro

!ail

Reference Line must ala"s #e $ori%ontal&

Arro 'oints to t$e line or lines on drain $ic$ clearl" identif" t$e 'ro'osed oint or

eld area*

!$e tail of t$e eldin s"m#ol is used to indicate t$e eldin or cuttin

'rocesses& as ell as t$e eldin s'ecification& 'rocedures& or t$e su''lementar"

information to #e used in ma+in t$e eld*

Basic components of a WELDING SYMBOL

!ail omitted $en reference not used

Arro connects reference line to arro side

mem#er of oint or arro side of oint

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A %ir%l# a" ",# "a!#!" o$ ",# arrow a!) ",# r#$#r#!%# li!#

*#a!s w#l)i! "o .# all aro(!)/

All the *a Ar!undAll the *a Ar!und

i ld ld % b l'i ld W ld % b l

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A $la a" ",# "a!#!" o$ ",# r#$#r#!%# li!# a!) arrow

*#a!s Fi#l) W#l)/

'ield Weld %mb!l'ield Weld %mb!l

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ARROW SIDE

OTHER SIDE

Weld %mb!l Termin!l!gWeld %mb!l Termin!l!g

* *

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* *side must be side thatside must be side that

beveling !r !therbeveling !r !therpreparati!n re7uiredGpreparati!n re7uiredG

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'illet Weld Arr!* %ide Cnl3'illet Weld Arr!* %ide Cnl3

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'illet Weld Cther %ide3'illet Weld Cther %ide3

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012

012

%i8e !" 'illet Weld%i8e !" 'illet Weld

@ample !" D!uble Bevel r!!ve@ample !" D!uble Bevel r!!ve

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012

012

&3104+

&3104+

D#5", o$

5r#5ara"io! or

roo6#

D#5", o$ 5#!#"ra"io!

@ample !" D!uble Bevel r!!ve@ample !" D!uble Bevel r!!ve*eld*eld

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$lug !r %l!t Weld %mb!l$lug !r %l!t Weld %mb!l

Arr!* %ideArr!* %ide

%ingleIBevelIr!!ve and%ingleIBevelIr!!ve and

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3104

3104

%ingle Bevel r!!ve and%ingle Bevel r!!ve and

D!uble 'illet Weld %mb!lD!uble 'illet Weld %mb!l


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D!uble 'illet *eld %mb!lsD!uble 'illet *eld %mb!ls

&hain ntermittent 'illet&hain ntermittent 'illet

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&hain ntermittent 'illet&hain ntermittent 'illet

WeldWeldWeld b!th sides each end andWeld b!th sides each end and

;0 inches center t! center in;0 inches center t! center inbet*eenbet*een

012

012

7-08

7-08

08 i!

%taggered ntermittent%taggered ntermittent

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%taggered ntermittent%taggered ntermittent

'illet Weld'illet WeldWeld ends than ;0 inchWeld ends than ;0 inch

centers staggered each sidecenters staggered each side

08 i!

08 i!

7-08

7-08012

012

%tandard Weld %mb!ls%tandard Weld %mb!ls

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%tandard Weld %mb!ls%tandard Weld %mb!lsAs per AW% 2G?I;99OAs per AW% 2G?I;99O

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Some common symbol List published by AWS

/ i

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Bac/ $urgingBac/ $urging ,ac+ Purin Procedure,ac+ Purin Procedure

-sed to 'rotect t$e electrode and t$e molten eld metal-sed to 'rotect t$e electrode and t$e molten eld metal

from atmos'$eric contaminationfrom atmos'$eric contamination

Protect t$e underside of t$e eld . its adacent #ase metalProtect t$e underside of t$e eld . its adacent #ase metal

surfaces from o/idation durin eldinsurfaces from o/idation durin eldin

A''lication All e** Pi'e Fa#ricationA''lication All e** Pi'e Fa#rication

2as ,ac+in for minimum of t$e first to 'asses2as ,ac+in for minimum of t$e first to 'asses

3inimum 'ure time #efore eldin& flo rate and3inimum 'ure time #efore eldin& flo rate and

ventin& etcventin& etc 4$ieldin 2as t"'e (Aron& He or mi/ture of 56nert 2ases4$ieldin 2as t"'e (Aron& He or mi/ture of 56nert 2ases

for s$ieldin)for s$ieldin)

**

Cccupati!nal Cpp!rtunities inCccupati!nal Cpp!rtunities in

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Cccupati!nal Cpp!rtunities inCccupati!nal Cpp!rtunities in

WeldingWelding

WeldersWelders Tac/ Welders Tac/ Welders

Welding HelperWelding Helper

Welding Cperat!rsWelding Cperat!rs Welder Assemblers- Welder ttersWelder Assemblers- Welder tters

Welding nspecti!nWelding nspecti!n

Welding %h!p %upervis!rWelding %h!p %upervis!r

Welding @ngineersWelding @ngineers

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66

Arc Welding %a"etArc Welding %a"et

$r!tect !ursel" and !thers "r!m$r!tect !ursel" and !thers "r!mp!tential ha8ards including4p!tential ha8ards including4

'umes and ases'umes and ases

@lectric %h!c/@lectric %h!c/ Arc EasArc Eas

'ire and @pl!si!n Ha8ards'ire and @pl!si!n Ha8ards

N!iseN!ise

H!t !b+ectsH!t !b+ects

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EFEEN!ESEFEEN!ES

Technical uide "!r TAW b H!bart nstitute Technical uide "!r TAW b H!bart nstitute American Welding %!ciet AW%3American Welding %!ciet AW%3 http4--***G/ha/eGc!m-pageO9Ghtmlhttp4--***G/ha/eGc!m-pageO9Ghtml

A%M@ %ecti!n I $art & 4 %pecicati!ns "!r Welding E!ds)A%M@ %ecti!n I $art & 4 %pecicati!ns "!r Welding E!ds)@lectr!des) and 'iller Metals@lectr!des) and 'iller Metals A%M@ %ecti!n P < DivG;4 Eules "!r &!nstructi!n !" $ressureA%M@ %ecti!n P < DivG;4 Eules "!r &!nstructi!n !" $ressure

PesselsPessels A%M@ %ecti!n I Welding and Bra8ing ualicati!ns "!rA%M@ %ecti!n I Welding and Bra8ing ualicati!ns "!r

pers!nnel and pr!cedurespers!nnel and pr!cedures

http://www.khake.com/page89.html



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0uestions10uestions1

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Than/ F!u Than/ F!u

welding

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